Muvambi ’ Anovimbisa: Dzikamo Yakaoma

Chivako chehurumende yeUnited States hachisi tsaona. Apo Framers dzakaunganidzwa muPhiladelphia muna 1787, dzakanga dzichinyatsoziva nezvengozi dzesimba rakanyanya. Vachangobva kurwa nechinjo mukurwisana neumambo, vakatsvaka kutanga tsika yaizodzivisa munhu upi noupi kana kuti boka kuva anonyanyodzora. Chigadzikiso chadzo chakanga chiri hurumende yakakamurwa mumapazu matatu akasiana ̬, mutungamiriri, uye dare ̬ rimwe nerimwe namasimba ayo amene akarondedzerwa uye, nomutoo wakakomba, mano okunzvera mamwe. Uku kuparadzana kwamasimba, kwakabatanidzwa negadziriro yakaoma yechekero neregiro, zvinovimbisa kuti hurumende ishande zvishomanene kana kuti ichengetedzei vanhu.

Mavambo Okuparadzana Kwesimba

Murangariro wokuparadzanisa masimba ehurumende wakanga usati uri mutsva chose chose. Zviratidzo zvakatorwa zvikuru mumabasa avazivi vezvamatongerwe enyika vakadai saJohn Locke uye, zvikurukuru, Baron de Montesquieu, ane bhuku Mudzimu weMitemo [ wakataura kuti rusununguko runochengetwa zvakanakisisa apo chibvumirano, mutungamiriri, uye mibato yedare zvinochengetwa namatunhu akasiana. VaFrame vakashandisa uzivi ihwo kumashoko akapoteredza eAmerica, vachiumba nyika umo bazi rimwe nerimwe rinowana chiremera charo muBumbiro remitemo uye, pakupedzisira, kuvanhu.

Basa Remutungamiriri Wehurumende Nhamba 51

James Madison, anowanzonzi Baba veBumbiro reMitemo, akagovera ruramiso yakajeka zvikurusa yeiyi gadziriro muna Fideralist No. 51. Akanyora nenzira yakakurumbira, ̴]; Kusarudza kunofanira kuitwa kuti kurwisa chinzvimbo. Ý Madison akapikisa kuti nzira yakanakisisa yokudzivisa nayo udzvinyiriri yakanga iri yokupa bazu rimwe nerimwe uye vavariro yokudzivisa kupindira nevamwe. Kupfurikidza nokuita kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rive rimwe nokuda kwemabasa akati, dzvudziro rinoita kuti risavimba nezvakanaka nevakuru vakuru vakuru. Iri igadziriro yehurumende yogaro kuti isati iri yezvinodikanwa zvehurumende:

Bazu Romutemo: People ’ Inzwi

Bazu rewisgnostic, Congress, ibazu rokutanga rehurumende rinorondedzerwa muBumbiro remitemo (Article I). Rinoumbwa namakamuri maviri ̬ Imba yaVamiriri neDare ̬ imwe neimwe ine mabasa namasimba akasiyana. Dare rine mutoro mukuru wokuita mitemo, asi masimba aro anotambanudzwa zvikuru kupfuura izvozvo. Inodzora bhajeti rehurumende, inozivisa hondo, inodzora kutengeserana kwezvibvumirano, uye ine chiremera chikuru pabazu rapamusoro.

Masimba Akasiana Neimba Yavamiriri

Imba yeVamiririri yakagadzirwa kuva imba iri pedyosa navanhu, nemitezo inosarudzwa makore maviri ari ose. Ine simba rimwe rokutanga mabhiri emari yemari (mutero nokushandisa mutemo). Iyi ̴ simba rechikwama ” icherekedzo yakakomba pabazu revakuru, sezvo Purezidhendi asingagoni kutsigira gadziriro ipi neipi pasina musangano. Imbawo ine simba chairo rokupfuudza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza Purezidhendi, Mutungamiriri wehurumende, uye vatongi. Kupfurikidza nokuunza pomero dzepangiro dze “ chioko, kana kuti mamwe matsotsiro akakwirira uye mapazi edare, ̵ Imba inogonawo kuva nesimba rokuva nomutungamiriri wehurumende namapazu anozvidavirira.

Simba Rakasiyana Nevedare

Dare, nemitezo inobatira mashoko amakore matanhatu, rakaitirwa kuva rinosunungura zvikuru uye rinodzivirirwa padzvinyiriro dzakakurumbira dzinokurumidza. Rine mutengo wakakomba ̴advise nemvumo ” masimba: Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi kuKabinate, matare ehurumende (kubatanidza Dare Rapamusorosoro), uye nhume. Rinorongawo zvibvumirano zvakataurirwa naPrezidhendi nezvivhoti zviviri. Mukuwedzera, Dare rinobatira savatongi mukutonga pashure pokunge Horo yavhotera kutemwa. Voruzhinji vaviri muDare vanodikanwa kukunda nokubvisa dare rapamutemo.

Kuda Kunoita Dare Mamwe Mapazi

Pasinei zvapo nechiremera chayo chikuru, Congress haigoni kushanda yoga. Inotsamira pabazu guru kuti itsigire mitemo yarinopfuudza. Mutemo usingasainwa naPurezidhendi (kana kuti unopfuudzwa paveto) hausi mutemo usati uritongori mutemo. Kokorodzano inotsamirawo pabazu rinotonga kutsanangura mitemo yayo ndokuvimbisa kuti iwirirane neBumbiro remitemo. Kana Dare Rapamusorosoro rikaputsa mutemo serisingawirirani, Congress inofanira kubvisa mutemo kana kuti kuronda gadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo kuti isvike nharidzano yawo. Kupfuurirazve, kazhinji kazhinji kacho Dare rinoda mashoko kubva kumasangano anotungamirira uye madhipatiro kuti riite mutemo unoshanda zvakanaka, rinoita tarisiro uye kunzvera chishandiso chinokosha chinoshanda.

Bazi Rine Chinzvimbo Chikuru: Kugutsikana Nesimba

Bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi weUnited States (Article II), rine mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo nokushandisa hurumende yehurumende. Purezidhendi anobatira soMutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo, anoitisa mirau yokumwe, uye anogadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Bazu rinobatanidzawo Vice Purezidhenti, Kabhinekisi, uye madhipatime makuru evakuru vakuru namasangano.

Masimba Apurezidhendi Anotsamira Pamamwe Mapazi

Purezidhendi ane masimba makuru anokosha avonekwa navanosarira voga, akadai sokubudisa zvirevo zvavakuru vakuru uye kutungamirira hurumende. Zvisinei, nzvero dzine simba zvikurusa pamukuru mukuru dzinobva kune mamwe mapazu. Purezidhendi anogona kunyora mutemo unopiwa neDare, asi kuti veto vanogona kushatiswa nevoruzhinji vaviri netutatu mudzimba dzose. Purezidhendi anogadza ruramisiro yeDare navamwe vatongi vehurumende, asi kugadza ikoko kunoda kusimbiswa kwedare. Purezidhendi angataurirana zvibvumirano, asi zvinova zvinoshanda bedzi pashure pokunge Dare rava raMakurukota anozvibatanidza. Samutungamiriri weChie, Purezidhente anogona kuzivisa mauto, asi Dare bedzi rinogona kuzivisa hondo uye kutsigira mauto. Uku kubatira kwokumanikidzirwa kudzora navose vari mubatanidzwa kwemitemo.

Mirayiro Yavatungamiriri Nedikanwo Yehwirudzuro

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru chishandiso chine simba kuti Purezidhendi atungamirire kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende. Zvisinei, iyi mirairo haisati iri isingatapurwi kunzvera. Bazu rinotonga rinogona kurova zvirango zvavakuru vakuru kana vakapesana nomutemo wehurumende uripo kana kuti Bumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, zviito zvikuru zvokutungamirira zvakashorwa kazhinji kazhinji mudare uye zvimwe zvakatsigirwa kana kuti zvimwe zvisina basa nadare rejaji. Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti bazu revakuru vakuru rinotsamira sei pamatare kurondedzera miganhu yechiremera charo.

Purezidhendi ’ Kutsamira PaCongress

Kupfuura zvibvumirano nezvibvumirano, Purezidhendi anoda Congress kuti atsigire bazu rose rinodzora. Muitiro wemari yegore negore unoda kukurukurirana nokubvumirana pakati peAdministration neCongress. Pasina bhajeti kana kuti chisarudzo chinopfuurira, hurumende ingavharwa. Mukuwedzera, Congress inogona kugadzira, kurongazve, kana kuti kubvisa masangano ehurumende, achitapura zvakananga Purezidhendi ’ mano okuita kuti mitemo ishande. Bazu rewi remitemo rinoitawo nzvero inogona kunyadzisa kana kuti kudzosa purogiramu yedare revakuru vakuru vakuru. Nomusengwariresa.

Bazu Rokutonga: Guta Rebumbiro reMitemo

Bazu rokutonga, rakatangwa neChikamu III, ibazu dukusa mune zvevashandi uye kuronga mari, asi rinoshandisa simba guru kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare. matare ehurumende, anotungamirirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro, anorondedzera mutemo ndokusarudza kuva kwemitemo yezviito zvemitemo nezviito zvavakuru vakuru. Iri simba rinoita kuti mutongi ave mutauriri wokupedzisira weBumbiro remitemo.

Judicial Review naMarbury v. Madison

Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo risingapi simba rehwirudzuro, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaigadza mumhaka yechiratidzo 1803 Marbury v. Madison. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akanyora kuti i ̴ yakaita kuti ive purovhinzi nebasa redhipatimendi redare rokutonga kutaura kuti mutemo uripi. ” Chifocho, Dare rakarova mazana emitemo yehurumende nehurumende, pamwe chete nezviito zvokutonga, kuti yakawana kuti haina kutongwa. Iri isimba rejudiary &817; gurusa pamapazu.

Kudzosera Kwakaita Mufundisi Pamapazi Ane Mitemo Neanotungamirira

Pasinei zvapo nechiremera charo, bazu redare rinotonga rinotsamira zvikuru pane dzimwe mbiri. Dare repamusorosoro namatare ehurumende akaderera zviripo nemhaka yokuti ndiyo yakasikwa. Congress inosarudza nhamba yevatongi paDare Gurusa (pari zvino pfumbamwe) uye chirongwa chematare epasi. Bazu remitemo rinewo simba rokuganhurira matare & ’ simba uye rinogona kupa mitemo yokugadzirisa pamutemo kuti zvisarudze zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro. Kunyange zvinonyanya kukosha, vatongi vanotsamira pabazu guru kuti vatsigire mitemo yaro. Apo dare rinopa mutongo kana kuti mitemo mumhaka yaro, iBazi rinotsigira kutonga. Pasi pePust Seprie &817; musembro wedare, kuisa mitemo, kudare, izvi zvingava zvisingarevi zvazvirevo. Chiva chiyeuchidzo chirevo chine simba kuti dare risare kudarika chiwindiro charo charo.

Gadziriro Yemakemikari Nedzikamo Zviri Kushanda

Unyanzvi hwechokwadi hwokuparadzana kwemasimba hunooneka kupfurikidza nemienzaniso chaiyo yecheki nedzikamo pabasa.

Kuvenga Mutemo

Apo Purezidhendi anonyora musengwa, Congress angada kurapwa. Inogona kurangarirazve mutongo wacho uye, kana zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvezvose zviri zviviri imba nedare zvikavhota kuti zvikurire, mutemo unova mutemo pasina Purezidhendi ’ sigini. Iyi cheki haiwanzowaniki asi inopa sundo ine simba yokuti Purezidhendi ashande neCongress asati abudisa chivhoti.

Kuvavarira Nokuparadzana

Kuongorora kungatonyanya kushamisa. Imba inogona kuvhura Purezidhendi, Purezidhendi weSanihedrini, kana kuti kutonga nevoruzhinjiwo zvavo. Ipapo Dare rinotonga nyaya. Kana zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvedare zvikavhota kuti zvitongwe, mukuru mukuru anobviswa pahofisi. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti bazu remitemo ringaita kuti bhizi risaparadzwe nemhaka yezvakaipa zvakakomba. Panguva imwe cheteyo, muitiro wacho unooma nemaune, kurambidza kushandiswa kwaro nokuda kwekusawirirana kwematongerwe enyika.

Kutsigira Hondo Nezano uye Kubvumirana

Purezidhendi ari wose anowana uchokwadi hwesimbiso yeDare. Kurevererwa kuDare Rapamusoro kunorwisana zvikuru. Dare rinogona kutendera, kuramba, kana kuti kuramba kuva nevhoti padare. Ikoku kunopa bazu remitemo chirevo chakananga mukuumbwa kwebazu redare, irowo rinopesvedzera kuti mitemo nezviito zvoukuru zvinohwirudzurwa sei. Naizvozvo vapurezidhendi vanofanira kusarudza vadzorwi avo vanogona kuraira voruzhinjiwo zvavo muDare, kukurudzira mwero nemavara.

Mitemo Yaitungamirira uye Zvinetso Zvedare

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru chishandiso chenguva dzose, asi inogona kuparadzwa nematare. Somuenzaniso, miraidzo mizhinji yavakuru vakuru pakupinda munyika, ganhuriro yemhoteredzo, uye chengeteko yenyika yakashorwa ndokushaikwa navatongi vehurumende. Bazu rinotonga rinoshanda sechinongedzero chebumbiro remitemo, richivimbisa kuti Purezidhendi haapfuuri ganhuriro dzemitemo kana kuti miraudzo. Iyi inonzvera ganhuriro yebazu ravakuru vakuru kuti rirangarire nenzira yapamutemo nokuda kwezviito zvaro.

Chii Chinoitika Apo Rimwe Bazu Rinova Nomukurumbira?

Rimwe bazi parinoongorora zvarisingakwanisi kuita, harifaniri kutevedzera zvarakamboita.

Dambudziko Redare Rinorwisana ra1937

Purezidhendi Franklin. Roosevelt, akakanganisika neDare guru raiparadza mutemo weNew Decretal, akakarakadza mutemo waizomubvumira kugadza ruramisiro yokuwedzera nokuda kweruramisiro iri yose yakagara pazera ramakore anopfuura 70, achigona kuwedzera ruramisiro itsva nhanhanhatu dzine ushamwari kumitemo yake. Uyu Mutongi weSauchte-packing” rongedzero yakaonekwa zvikuru sedenho pakuzvitonga. Congress, kubatanidza vazhinji veRoooosevelt ̱ vapani, vanoramba kuipfuudza. Chiitiso chakaratidzira kuti kunyange Purezidhendi akakurumbira haagoni kuchinja muganhu wesimba. Bazu rePuay rePuni rakakurumbira &817; kuramba kutevera Dare rapazhesiro rapo neAult#817.

Chikwekwe Nematape eNixon

Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akaedza kushandisa ropafadzo yechiremera kunyima matepi nezvinyorwa mukati menzvero yeWatergate. Dare Rapamusorosarudza nokubvumirana mu United States v. Nixon kuti Purezidhendi aisagona kushandisa ropafadzo huru kuvanza ufakazi hwechakaipa. Nixon akateerera Court ’ murairo, asi kutonga ikoko, kwakabatanidzwa negadziriro yeSango, pakupedzisira kwakatungamirira kukurega kwake. Uyu muenzaniso webhuku rebhuku ramapazu ose matatu anoshanda pamwe chete ne̬ judicary yakanzvera mukuru mukuru, uye mutemisi wemitemo akaunza zvipo, kudzorera, kudzorera mutemo.

Kurwisana Kwazvino Uno Nokubatira Pamwe

Makore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona kusawirirana kwakawedzera pakati pamapazu, kwakadai sekakavadzano pamusoro pokutsigira mari nokuda kwechengeteko yemuganhu, masangano edare apasi pevhu, uye zvirango zvakafara. Idzi rwisano dzinoedza gadziriro, asi dzinosimbisawo kudikanwa kwebatira pamwe. Gridlock inokangaidza, asi inorongwa: Vapfuri veFrames vakasarudza hurumende inononoka kubvisa inodzivirira kodzero dzechiduku dzinodzivirira padzinogona kuva dzinoshanda zvakanaka. Munguva dzenjodzi, mapazi anowana nzira dzokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira nemhaka yokuti hapana anogona kutonga oga. Somuenzaniso, mukati mechino makuru akafanana neCHOVHOD, Hurusarudzo dzakapfudza zvikwereti, Purezidhendi akaa akaadzira, uye matare akahwina denho kumugariro wadzoro yehurumende.

Kushandira Pamwe Somutezo Webumbiro reMitemo

Kutaura kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rinoda mamwe mativi haasati ariwo pfundo redzidzo. Idi rinoshanda, rezuva nezuva rokutonga. Mutungamiriri wehurumende haagoni kushandisa mari pasina Congress. Congress haagoni kumanikidzira mitemo yake pasina mukuru mukuru. matare haagoni kusarudza mhaka pasina Congress achisika matare akaderera uye rutongeso runodzora. Apo bazi rimwe rinoramba kubatira pamwe, gadziriro yose inopesana nekuvadziko. Tariro yavaFramers yaizodzivisa chinzvimbo, kugadzira nyika inogaro, inogarisa.

Uku kubatana kunodzivirirawo rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Nemhaka yokuti simba rinoparadzirwa, vagari vemo vanogona kukwirira kumapazu akasiana - siana kana vachinzwa vakatadzirwa neimwe. Mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress ndokusainwa naPurezidhendi unogona kutopikiswa mudare. Chiito chapurezidhendi chinogona kudziviswa nemurairo wedare. Kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kunogona kukarakadzwa neCongress uye kusimbiswa nehurumende kana Supreme Court ̱ kududzirwa hakufarirwi. Sangano inogovera mapfundo akawanda okupinda nokurevesai, zvose nemhaka yokuti hakuna bazi rimwe rine shoko rokupedzisira pachinhu chiri chose.

Mugumisiro: Kubatsirana Sesimba

Panzvimbo pokuva utera, kutsamira kwebazu rimwe nerimwe pamamwe isimba gurusa regadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica. Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunosimbisa kuti chiito chehurumende chinoda bvumirano, kurangarira, uye kuremekedza ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Bazu remitemo rinoita mitemo, asi rinofanira kuwina Purezidhendi ’ tendero kana kuti kuronga kusimba kukuru kukunda dare. Bazu guru rinochengeta mitemo, asi rinofanira kuremekedza mitemo yedare nedare. Bazu rinotonga rinotsanangura mitemo, asi rinotsamira pamamwe mapazu maviri kuti ritsigire matare uye ritonge richitonga. Uku kutsamira pairi hakusati kuri kukanganisa; injini inochengetedza hurumende yedemocracy.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera rugwaro rwakazara rweBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. panzvimbo yeRekodhi reNational, dzidza pamusoro pe mapazi matatu ehurumende paUSA.gov, uye verenga mirangariro yeDare [[FLT:] SUPME] kuona zvii nedziringaniso zviri kushanda.