Table of Contents

Kugadziridza kweBumbiro reMitemo kunomirira chinjo huru kana kuti wedzero kurugwaro runodzora rwenyika, dzichibatira semitoo yakakomba yokugadziridza miganhu yemitemo kuti igadzirise mipimo yenzanga, kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu, uye kururamisa kusaruramisira kwegadziriro. Uku kugadziridza kunoratidzira kurukurirano iri kupfuurira pakati penheyo dzokutanga dzenyika nezvinodikanwa zvinochinja zvavagari vemo vayo. Munhau yose, kuchinja kwemitemo kwakaita mabasa anokosha mukukudza democracy, kuchengetedza rusununguko rwevagari vemo, uye kuvimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inonzvera kurukurirano yemitemo inokosha zvikurusa, nokusimbiswa zvikuru paChiteshiso chemitemo cheUnited States, apo inonzverawo kugadziridzwa kwedzimwe migariro inokosha kubva kumamwe marudzi munyika yose.

Kunzwisisa Kugadziriswa kweBumbiro reMitemo

Kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo renyika, zvikurukuru kunoda mutoo wetendero wakaoma kuti pave nechokwadi chebvumirano yakafara. Muitiro wokugadziridza wakarongedzerwa kudzikamisa pakati pekuchinja kwenguva dzose uye kusachinjika. Iyi chitambudzo chamaune mubumbiro remitemo rinovimbisa kuti chinjo netsigiro yakapararira bedzi dzinova rutivi rwomutemo mukuru.

Nhau yokugadziridza kwebumbiro remitemo zvikurukuru inhau yokuwedzera kwamaruramiro nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, ine gumi namanomwe amano 27 akatenderwa kugadziridzwa kwekodzero dzomunhu oga kana kuti kufutunurwa, kubatanidza maruramiro okuvhota. Kugadziridzwa kunobatira sechiratidzo chipenyu chehurumende, kuchibvumira nzanga kururamisa kusaruramisira kwomunguva yakapfuura uye kuchinjira kuzvinetso zvitsva pasina kurega nheyo dzadzo dzenheyo.

Muitiro We Amendeji muUnited States

Kugadziridzwa kungaitwa ndokutumirwa kunyika nokuda kwokuparadza nevoruzhinji vaviri muzvose zviri zviviri Dare neImba yaVamiririri, kana kuti nekokorodzano yenyika yakadanwa neCongress pakushanda kwemitemo yembiri yezvitatu dzenyika. Kuva rutivi rweBumbiro remitemo, kugadziriswa kunofanira kusimbiswa nevezvitatu zvehurumende (3859).

Kunotora nguva refu uye mwero wakakwirira webvumirano yenzanga kuti vawane kugadziridzwa kunotenderwa kwebumbiro remitemo.

Bhili of Rights: Amendement Gumi Yokutanga yeAmerica

Kugadziridza gumi kwokutanga kwakagamuchirwa ndokutumirwa kuhurumende neCongress seboka, uye gare gare kwakatenderwawo pamwe chete; ikoku pamwe chete kunozivikanwa seBill of Rights. Gumi rezvibvumirano 12 zvinokarakadzwa zvakatenderwa nenhimbe nhatu nechina dzemitemo yehurumende musi waDecember 15, 1791, uye kunoumba gadziriso dzokutanga 10 dzeBumbiro reMitemo remitemo, kana kuti U.S.

Kuti awanire tsigiro yeBumbiro reMitemo pakati peAnti-Federalist, avo vakatya kuti rakapa simba rakawanda kuhurumende yenyika pandyiko dzehurumende imwe neimwe, James Madison akabvuma kunyora Bill of Rights mukati mechirongwa chokutanga cheCongress. Idzi dzitsidzo dzakatanga dziviriro dzinokosha idzo dzakava nheyo huru dzehurumende yedemokrati yeAmerica uye dzakapesvedzera kukura kwebumbiro remitemo munyika yose.

Kudzikamiswa Kwokutanga: Chisakiso Chokutaura

Kuchinja kwacho kunovimbisa rusununguko rwechitendero, rwokutaura, rwokubudisa nhau, rwokuungana, uye rwokuteterera, kuchiumba gadziriro yakasimba yokuratidza mumwe nomumwe uye yokurambana.

Kugadziriswa uku kunodzivisa Congress kutanga rudzidziso rwapamutemo kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwakasununguka kworudzidziso, kuvimbisa rusununguko rworudzidziso nokuda kwavaAmerica vose.

Kudzivirira kwaro kwasvika pakutaura kusingadiwi uye kunomutsa nharo, kuchiratidza nheyo yokuti kutaura norusununguko kunokosha zvikuru apo kunodenha tsika dzinozivikanwa.

Kuchinja Kechipiri: Kodzero Yokutakura Zvombo

Dare reChipiri reMitemo rinodzivirira kodzero yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo, gadziriro yakaparira gakava rinokosha pamusoro poukuru hwaro nokushandiswa kwaro. Pakutanga rainzwisiswa mumashoko akapoteredza emauto ehurumende, dudziro dzazvino uno dzakawedzera kodzero dzomunhu oga dzokuva nepfuti nepo dzichibvumira mirau yakati. Iyi gadziridzo inoramba iri imwe yerwisano huru mune zvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica zvenguva ino, nekurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokudzikamisa itiro dzekotsekano yavose norusununguko rwomunhu oga oga.

Wechitatu: Kubatanidzwa Kwevarwi

Sechiito chinorwisana nemitemo yekare chinobvumira varwi veBritain kuvanda mudzimba dzavarwi panguva ipi neipi yavaida, Third Amendment hairatidziki kuva ine revo huru yebumbiro remitemo nhasi, sezvo hurumende yehurumende isingabviri kubvunza vagari vemo voga kuvarwi vanogara mumba. Dare Rapamusoro harina kutongosarudza mhaka pahwaro hweThird Amendment, asi rakataura nezvedziviriro dzayo munhau dzakapoteredza dzepfuma nekodzero dzomunhu oga.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kudzivirirwa Pakutsvakurudza Kusina Upenzi

Chipikirwa cheWechina cheMwedziso ye “kodzero yevanhu yokuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa nemigumisiro, pakunzverwa kusina mufungo uye kubatwa nepfari" chakawedzera zvakananga kubva muzvinoitika zvevaAmerica vanodzorwa nehurumende pamberi peHondo yeRevolution, apo zviremera zveBritain zvakashandisa magwaro epamutemo, ayo akanga ari mirayiro yedare yaibvumira vakuru vakuru vehurumende kunzvera pasina ganhuriro.

Iyi gadziridzo inoda kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuwana magwaro akavakirwa pachikonzero chinobvira pamberi pokunzvera kana kuti kubatwa nehosha, kudzivirira vagari vemo pasundo dzehurumende. Munhambo yazvino uno, Fourter Amendment jurisprudency yakura kukurukura unyanzvi hutsva, kubatanidza kunyora michina, GPS, kunzvera serura, uye kunzvera kwamagetsi, kumutsa mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pezvakavanzika muzera remichina.

Chechitatu Kupfurikidza Ne Amendement Yechisere: Ruramisiro Yeutsotsi Inodzivirira

Penjero yeshanu inopa dziviriro dzakawanda kuvanhu vanopomerwa mhaka, kubatanidza kodzero yokuzvishora, dziviriro panjodzi mbiri, uye vimbiso yokuti hakuna munhu achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti pfuma pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Chitsama chakakurumbira "kuteterera woweshanu" chinonongedzera kumaruramiro okuramba kuzvipupurira amene.

Dare Rechitanhatu Rekudzora rinovimbisa kodzero yokutongwa nokukurumidza uye kwavose, vatongi vasingasaruri, kodzero yokuziviswa nezvepomero, kodzero yokutaura nezvapupu, uye kodzero yezano repamutemo.

Seventh Amendment inochengeta kodzero yokutongwa kwedare redare rinobetsera vatongi mumhaka dzevagari vemo, nepo Repulment yechisere ichirambidza bhezaro rakanyanyisa, faindi yakanyanyisa, uye chirango choutsinye uye chechienzi.

Mvudziro Yechina Neyechigumi: Kodzero Dzakachengetwa Nesimba

Ninth Amendment inojekesa kuti kurongwa kwekodzero dzakananga muBumbiro Remitemo hakurevi kuti vanhu havana dzimwe kodzero dzinokosha dzisinganyatsorongwa.

Maererano nePendeko re10, masimba ehurumende anoganhurirwa kuavo vanopiwa kwairi zvakananga neBumbiro reMitemo, nepo mamwe masimba ose akachengeterwa hurumende kana kuti vanhu, kunyange zvazvo gakava rakapfuurira pamusoro pemasimba anowira muboka iri rapashure, uye ganhuriro dzinofanira kuiswa pamasimba anokura ehurumende yomubatanidzwa.

Kugadziridza Kuitwazve Kwemitemo: Kutangwa Kwechipiri kweAmerica

Kugadziridzwa kwechi13, kwechi14, uye kwechi15 kunobata nouranda, dziviriro yakaenzana nekodzero dzakati dzebumbiro-mitemo; pamwe chete, izvozvi zvinozivikanwa seReconstruction Amendments. Nguva yeReconstationo kubva muna 1865 kusvikira muna 1870 yakatipa gadziridzo nhatu dzokuchinja idzo nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinonongedzera kwadziri se "Sicond Reading". Idzi dzidzodzodzo dzakachinja zvikurukuru mutemo weAmerica nenzanga pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa chavagari chemo.

Kuchinja Kwechi13: Kubviswa Kwouranda

Zvichida Kugadziridzwa kweHwendemu Yechi13 ndiko kugadziridzwa kunokosha zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica, kwakasimbiswa muna 1865 sekugadziridzwa kwokutanga kwemitatu ye “Reconsticement" yakagamuchirwa nokukurumidza pashure peHondo Yavagari Vemo, uye nepo kugadziridzwa kwacho kusingawanzodudzirwi nematare, tapuro yakwo panzanga yeAmerica haigoni kunyanyodziviswa.

Kugadziridzwa uku kwakabvisa uranda nouranda muUnited States yose, kunze kwokunge sechirango choutsotsi. iyi chinjo huru yakabvisa sangano rakanga ravapo chifo chenguva dzehurumende uye rakanga radzivirirwa neBumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba. Ithth Amendment yakaratidzira chinjo huru mumipimo yeAmerica ndokuisa hwaro nokuda kwedziviriro dzamagariro avagari vemo dzinotevera.

Kurambidza kwekurambidza kuisa uranda hwetsika kuti husanganisirwe zvimwe zvimiro zvouranda hwokusazvidira, uye kunoramba kuri madikanwa muzviitiko zvazvino uno zvinobatanidza kutengesa vanhu, kumanikidzirwa kushanda, uye miitiro yebasa romujeri. Kuchinja kwakwo kwaimirira kwete bedzi chinjo yapamutemo asi chinjo yetsika munzanga yeAmerica.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechigumi Nemana: Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana Negadziriro Yakafanira

Iyi gadziridzo iri pakati pegadziriro dzinotevera zvikurusa uye dzinogarwa kazhinji kazhinji muBumbiro reMitemo, ichichinja zvikurukuru ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende, hurumende dzehurumende, uye vagari vemo voga.

Kuva Mugari Wemo Claus

Chinjo inovamba kupfurikidza nokusimbisa kuti vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa vari muUnited States vagari vemo vose vari vaviri veUnited States nehurumende kwavanogara. ichi chigaro chougari hwemo chakapidigura chisarudzo chakaipa Dred Scott ndokutanga kuva mugari woudangwe senheyo yebumbiro remitemo, kuvimbisa kuti kuva mugari wemo hakugoni kurambwa padzinza.

Kudzivirira Claus Zvakaenzana

Kudzivirira Kukaenzana kwaClaus igadziriro inokosha inowanwa muKineth Amendment of the Constitution of the U.S., inotaura kuti hakuna hurumende icharamba munhu upi noupi ari mukati mesimba rayo "dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo". Iyi ndima yakabuda semhinduro kukusaenzana kunopfuuridzirwa nouranda norusaruro, zvikurukuru pashure peHondo yevagari vemo.

Kuiswa pachena sezvakwakanga kwaita pashure peHondo yevagari vemo muna 1868, kune panikiro duku yaiitirwa kuti ive: mirai miganhu yokusasarura vatema, asi mashoko aClaus akanyorwa zvakafara zvikuru uye asvika kure kubva padonzo rayo rapakuvamba. Mashoko anowanzoshandiswa naanowanzopfuurwa mugadziridzo iri "dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo", iyo inoratidzirwa zvikuru mumhatsa yakafara yenhau dzemabumbiro enhau, kubatanidza Brown v. Board of Educare res formation, Roe v. Wade (kodzero dzokusarura), Bush. Gore (kurondedzera), Rededgen. v.Vhed , v.

Munhau dzakaitika kare Dare Repamusorosoro rakadudzira chirevo ichi kuti chitaure nezvemarudzi akasiyana - siyana, pakutanga chichinyanya kutaura nyaya dzerusaruraganda asi gare gare chichiwedzera kukura kwaro kuti risanganisire vanhurume nevakadzi uye mamwe marudzi.The Exmetic Protection Claus yazova nheyo yebumbiro remitemo uye miitiro inodenha kusarura murusaruraganda mumativi akawanda, kubva padzidzo nebasa kusvika kukodzero dzokuvhota uye kuenzana kweroorano.

Kuronga Claus Kunofanira

Gemendment ye14t Accomment’s Claus inorambidza kutaura nezvokunyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Iyi gadziriro yakadudzirwa kubatanidza zvakawandasa zveChivimbo chekodzero pahurumende, dzidziso inozivikanwa sechikamu chehurumende. Kupfurikidza neiyi nzira, maruramiro makuru pakuvamba anoganhurira bedzi hurumende yehurumende zvino inoganhurira chiito chehurumende.

Bhuku rinonzi (The Grace Procession Claus) rakadudzirwawo kuti ridzivirire dzimwe kodzero dzinokosha dzisinganyatsotaurwi muBumbiro Remitemo, kusanganisira kodzero dzemunhu oga, kodzero yokuroora, uye kodzero dzevabereki.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechishanu: Kupa Vanhu Kodzero

Kugadziridzwa kwokutanga kwokuchinja zvikwaniriso zvokuvhota kwakanga kuri chibvumirano che15, chakasimbiswa muna 1870, makore mashanu pashure pomugumo weHondo yeChivili, icho chinorambidza nyika ipi neipi kuramba vhoti ipi neipi kumunhu upi noupi "nemhaka yedzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda". Zvisinei, kugadziriswa kwacho hakuna kumanikidzwa kutozosvikira pashure pokupfuudzwa kweVoting Rights Act ya1965, makore 95 gare gare gare, iyo yakatangwa muCongress pashure pokutepfekerwa kwezviteshipo zveterevhizheni yaizivisa kukwidzwa kwe "Blody Sunday," apo vakwidzi vekodzero dzokuvhotera vane rugare muSelma vakadzvinyirirwa nechisimba navaOri vaAlabama.

Pasinei zvapo nomutauro wakajeka wegadziridzo, nyika dzokuMadokero dzakashandisa nzira dzakasiana- siyana kuzvidza vavhotai vaBlack, kubatanidza kunzverwa kwokurava nokunyora, mitero yokuvhota, zvitsama zvasekuru, uye tyisidziro yakananga. Mukaha pakati pechipikirwa chegadziridzo nokudzikamisa kwacho unoratidzira kurwisa kunopfuurira kwekodzero dzokuvhota uye ukoshi hwezvose zviri zviviri dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo nemiitiro yokuchengeta.

Kuchinja Nguva Kunofambira Mberi: Kuchinja Kwedemocratic

Kutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri kwakachinja zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvakawedzera kubatanidzwa mune zvehurumende yegutsaruzhinji uye kugadziriswa kwehurumende kuti dziite kuti dzinzwe zvakanaka nevagari vemo.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechitanhatu: Mutero Wemari Inotambirwa Nehurumende

Kupfuudzira kwe 16 Amendment muna 1913 kwakapa hurumende simba rokuunganidza mutero wemari, chinjo iyo yakashandura nenzira inobudirira chirambidzo mukurwisana ne "mutero wakananga" yakabatanidzwa muChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo. Simba re 16 rePramendement rakanga riri nhau ye 1894 U.S. Dare Gurusa rePollock v. Varimi 'Loan & Trust Co., iyo yairangarira kuti mutero wemari panzvimbo wakanga wakaenzana nomutero wakananga uye nokudaro wakarambidzwa, uye apo kupera uku kwakaitwa neDare reHurumende muna 1909, kwakanga kuchingove kunomutsa nharo, kuchitora chinjo dzinoverengeka uye dzinokosha munyika yezve zvoupfumi nemamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika zvisati zvaitwa pakupedzisira muna 1913.

Iyi gadziridzo yakashandurwa zvikurukuru kutsigira mari kwehurumende yehurumende yemubatanidzwa, kuchigonesa kutangwa kwegadziriro dzenzanga dzazvino uno nehurumende yehurumende inoshingaira zvikuru. Mutero wemari yanowanwa wazova manyuko makuru emari yehurumende, uchitsigira mari chinhu chiri chose kubva kudziviriro yorudzi kusvikira kuchengeteko yenzanga neMedicare.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechigumi Nezviviri: Kusarudzwa Kwakananga Kwavasarudzi

Pesvetment yechi 17 yakachinja mutoo weSarudzo weDare reUnited States, ichipa vanhu veAmerica ($rather kupfuura masangano ehurumende apamutemo) kodzero yokusarudza vatenzi vehurumende. Chibvumirano ichi chisati chaitwa muna 1913, vatengi vakasarudzwa nematare ehurumende, izvo zvakatungamirira kuushati hwaionekwa mune zvematongerwe enyika uye sangano rokubvumira vagari vemo kuvhota zvakananga vatongi vavo.

Iyi chinjo yakamirira kuchinjwa kwehurumende yehurumende yeAmerica kunokosha, kuchiita kuti vamiririri vazvidavirire zvakananga kuvavhoti panzvimbo pokuva vaiti vemitemo. chinjo yacho yakaratidzira kuitira hanya kweNguva Inofambirana Nedzose pamusoro poushati hwezvamatongerwe enyika nechishuvo chokuita kuti hurumende igamuchire zvikuru kuda kwakakurumbira.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Negumi Negumi Negumi Neviri: Kutongwa uye Kudzorerwa

Pesvedzero yegumi nerechisere, yakasimbiswa muna 1920, yakarambidza kugadzirwa, kutengeswa, uye kutakura doro rinodhakisa muUnited States yose. Ikoku kwakaratidzira mugumo wenhamburiko dzesangano rokudzora kugadzirisa zvinetso zvenzanga zvine chokuita nedoro.

Chibvumirano Chamakumi maviri Chokutanga, chakasimbiswa muna 1933, chakadzorerazve kugadziridzwa kweChibvumirano cha1920, chakabvisa mitemo yehurumende inorambidza doro ndokudzokera kuhurumende simba rokugadza mitemo yavo vamene yezvinodhaka, uye ndicho chigadziridzo bedzi chinochinja zvakananga chimwe. Kukundikana kweProvition kwakaratidzira ganhuriro dzokushandisa kuchinja kwemitemo kudzora mufambiro womunhu oga noukoshi hwetsigiro yavose nokuda kwegadziriro dzemitemo.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechipfumbamwe: Kudzorwa Kwavakadzi

Panguva apo Demedzero ye19 yakatenderwa muna 1920, ichirambidza United States kana kuti nyika ipi neipi kuramba kana kuti kuderedza kodzero yokuvhotera kuvagari vemo vapi navapi "nokuda kwevatano," nyika 30 uye imwe ndima yakabvumira vakadzi kuvhota munenge masarudzo. Susan B. Anthony nevamwe vatsigiri vevakadzi vakaodzwa mwoyo zvikuru pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa Chenyika, apo Dare rakabvisa kuva murume kana kuti mukadzi muboka raisagona kushandiswa kuramba kodzero dzokuvhotera muPenderero ye15, uye nebumbiro remitemo raidzorwa muCongress Congress kwamakumi emakore, mabhirita akaisa ngwariro panhamburiko dzavo pamusoro pehondo, apo vakanga vachikwanisa kuita fambiro mberi zvishoma nezvishoma.

Mutezo weChigumi Nechipfumbamwe wakamirira rukundo rukuru rwesangano ravakadzi pashure pamakumi amakore okusabvumirana, kunyunyuta, uye kunyengera.

Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo Kwazvino Uno: Kupfuurira Kushanduka - shanduka Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Nepo kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kwaderera zvikuru mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kugadziridzwa kunoverengeka kunokosha kwakasimbiswa chifo cheHondo yeNyika II, kukurukura kodzero dzokuvhota, kutevedzana kwapurezidhendi, uye kushanda kwehurumende.

Mhedziso Yakabvumiranwa Yamakumi Maviri: Miganhu Yemitemo YaPrezidhendi

Kuiswa pachena muna 1951, Dare reRemendment ramakumi maviri neSanihedhession rinoganhurira purezidhendi kumirano miviri inosarudzwa muhofisi. Iyi gadziridzo yakapfuudzirwa mukupindura Franklin D. Roosevelt kumashoko mana, kuputsa tsika yenhambo mbiri yakagadzwa naGeorge Washington. Kugadziriswa kunovimbisa kudzorwa kwechinzvimbo chehurumende nguva dzose uye kunodzivisa kuwedzerwa kwesimba rakanyanyisa mumunhu mumwe.

Amakumi maviri neThitatu Amendment: D.C. Electoral Votes

Dare reThird Amendment, rakasimbiswa muna 1961, rakapa vagari veRuwa rweColumbia maruramiro okuvhota muvhoti yapurezidhendi kupfurikidza nokuronga vhoti dzinosarudzwa kuRuwa. Iyi mhedziso yakataura zvishoma nezveperevedzo yehurumende inotarisana naD.C. vagari vemo, kunyange zvazvo vachigere kumirira dare rakazara.

Kupera Kwemitero Yechimakumi Maviri Nezvina: Kubviswa Kwemitero Yetsika Dzinotevedzerwa

Kudzorwa kwakaitwa muna 1964, Kudzorwa kweMakumi maviri neFour Amendment kwakarambidza mitero yokuvhota muvhoti dzehurumende. Mitero yokusasarura yakanga yashandiswa zvikurukuru munyika dzokuMaodzanyemba kubvisa vavhoti veBlack nevagari vemo varombo. Iyi bvumirano, pamwe chete neVoting Rights Act ye 1965, yakabetsera mhinganidzo dzokuvhota idzo dzakanga dzapfuurira pasinei zvapo neFireveth Amendment.

Mvura Yakapedzerwa Yamakumi maviri namashanu: Kubudirira Kwapurezidhendi Nokushatiswa

Amakumi maviri neFiffter Amendment, yakasimbiswa muna 1967, yakajekeswa miitiro yokutevedzana kwapurezidhendi uye yakagadzwa miitiro yokutaura nokuremara kwapurezidhendi. Kugadziridzwa kunopa mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi kuti atore masimba apurezidhendi kana purezidhendi asingakwanisi kuita mabasa, uye inotanga miitiro yokuzadza zvigaro zvoupurezidhendi. Iyi gadziridzo yakakumbirwa kanoverengeka, kubatanidza apo purezidhendi akapinda mumiitiro yokurapa.

Kupera Kwemashoko: Kuchinja Kwezera Rakaderera kusvika Ku18

Yasimbiswa muna 1971 mukati menhambo yeHondo yeVietnam, Amakumi maviri neSixth Amendment yakaderedza zera rokuvhota kubva pa 21 kusvikira ku 18 mukusarudza kwose. Kugadziridza kwayaita kunharo dzokuti kudai vakura vamakore 18 vakura zvakakwana kunyoreswa ndokurwiwa muhondo, vanofanira kuva vakura zvakakwana kuti vavhote. Iyi gadziridzo yakamirira kumwe kukura kukurusa kwevhoti munhau yeAmerica.

Kupedziswa kweMitemo kweChigumi Negumi Nemana: Congregation Convention

Muna 1992, makore 203 pashure pokunge kwakarakadzwa, Chikamu 2 chakasimbiswa seChibvumirano cheChine Chinetso cheChine Chinetso cheMitemo. Ichi chigadziridzo chinodzivisa mubhadharo wesangano kukwira pakushanda kutozosvikira pashure pokusarudzwa kunotevera kwavamiriri, kuvimbisa kuti mitezo yeDare haigoni kuzvivhotera imene mari inowedzera nokukurumidza. Chikarakadzo chapakuvamba serutivi rwaBill of Rights muna 1789, ichi chigadziridzodzo chakava nenhambo refu zvikurusa yokubviswa kwebumbiro remitemo ripi neripi.

Chiratidzo Chenhau dzeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Dzinotsanangura Gadziriro Dzebumbiro reMitemo

Kugadziridza mutemo kunobva mukududzira kwedare, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvinoshandisa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzisinganzwisisiki kunhau dzakasimba. Kunzwisisa iyi nhau yechiratidzo chinokosha kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti kugadziridza kunoshanda sei mukushanda.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Ichi chisarudzo chakabatana cheDare Gurusa chakazivisa kuti rusaruraganda muzvikoro zvavose rwakaputsa Kudzivirira kweNhengo ye 144, kuchiputsa "dzidziso yakapesana asi yakaenzana" yakatangwa muPlesty v. Ferguson (1896). Brown Board of Education yakava chinoparira sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo ndokuratidzira simba redudziro yemitemo yokuparira chinjo yenzanga.

Miranda muArizona (1966)

Mhaka iyi yakaratidza kuti mapurisa anofanira kuzivisa vanonyumwira kodzero dzavo dzeFith neSitanhatu dzePramendment vasati vabvunzurudzwa. Nyevero dzinovapo somugumisiro "Miranda" dzazova rutivi rwakarovedzeka rwemiitiro youtsotsi yeAmerica, dzichidzivirira kodzero pasimba rokuzvitutumadza uye kodzero yokupa zano.

Rudo v. Virginia (1967)

Dare Repamusorosoro rakaputsa mitemo inorambidza kuroorana kwemadzinza akasiyana - siyana, richiti mitemo yakadaro yaiputsa zvose zviri zviviri Kudzivirira Claus neGueling Procesme of the 144th Amendment (Kuitwa kwaClaus).

Mubatanidzwa weMagedhoni weChirungu (Chikamu 1973) naDobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)

Roe Wade akaziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kubvisa pamuviri pasi peGumbi reChibvumirano chaNineth Clausse, achigadza gadziriro inodzikamisa fariro dzehurumende mukurwisana norusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Anodokusvika makore makumi mashanu gare gare, Dobts na. Vakadzi veWomen’s Health Organization vakapidigura Roe, vachirangarira kuti Bumbiro remitemo haripi maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri nokudzorera nhau yacho kumadzitateguru enyika. Zviitiso izvi zvinoenzanisira kuti kududzira kwemitemo kunogona kuva kwechinjo zvikuru munguva inosvika.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

IPendement yechi14 inoda hurumende kuti ibvumire roorano pakati pavanhu vaviri vevatano imwe cheteyo nokuziva roorano pakati pavanhu vaviri vevatano imwe cheteyo apo roorano yavo yakanyoreswa pamutemo ndokuitwa kunze kwehurumende.Ichi chisarudzo chakaziva roorano imwe cheteyo youtere sekodzero yebumbiro remitemo, ichiratidzira fambiro mberi inokosha muLGBTQ+ maruramiro.

Kugadziriswa kweBumbiro reMitemo Mune Dzimwe Nyika

Nepo Bumbiro Remitemo reUnited States rakabatira somuenzaniso nokuda kwamarudzi akawanda, nyika kupota nyika dzakatanga magamuchidzanwa adzo dzimene ebumbiro remitemo negadziridzo dzinokosha dzinoratidzira nhau dzadzo dzakasiana nemipimo.

Canada: Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Muna 1982, Canada yakaparadza bumbiro rayo remitemo ndokuwedzera Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, iyo inovimbisa rusununguko rukuru, maruramiro edemokrati, maruramiro okufamba, maruramiro apamutemo, maruramiro okuenzana, uye maruramiro omutauro. Charter yazova musimboti kumutemo webumbiro remitemo reCanada uye yakapesvedzera dziviriro yamaruramiro munyika yose. Chikamu 15 cheCharter, chichivimbisa maruramiro okuenzana, chave chichikosha zvikuru mukudzivirira kufambira mberi kwamapoka anopesana.

South Africa: Pasi peApartheid Constitution Amendment

Dare reMitemo reSouth Africa ra1996, rakaitwa pashure pomugumo worusaruraganda, rinobatanidza imwe yemabhiri anofambira mberi zvikurusa enyika ekodzero. Bumbiro remitemo rinorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa pazvikonzero zvinoverengeka zvinosanganisira dzinza, chirume, vatano, pamuviri, dzinza, dzinza kana kuti nzanga, dzinza, mamiriro ezvinhu, vatano, zera, urema, rudzidziso, rudzidziso, tsika, mutauro, uye kuberekwa. Dare reMitemo rinotonga radudzira izvi gadziriro dzokufambisira ruramisiro yenzanga nechiremera chomunhu.

India: Mitemo Yekodzero Dzechokwadi

Bumbiro reMitemo reIndia rinobatanidza maruramiro makuru akakudzwa nokunatswa kupfurikidza negadziridzo dzakawanda. Ipendment (1976) yakawedzera mashoko "construction" uye "secostance" kusumo, nepo chinjo dzakasiana-- siyana dzakakurukura nhau dzinobatanidza mitemo inoganhurirwa yamapoka akaderera, kodzero dzezvinhu, uye maruramiro edzidzo. Gadziriro ye 86th Amendment (2002) yakaita dzidzo maruramiro anokosha nokuda kwavana vane makore 6-14.

Germany: Matendero Anokosha Omutemo

Dare reGermany reSicreen Law (Grungesetz) rinobatanidza kodzero dzinokosha dzinodzivirirwa ne "chikamu chemashoko chomutemo" chinodzivisa kubviswa kana kuti kugadziridzwa. Kugadziridzwa kwadzo kwakakurukura nhau kubatanidza kubatana kweEurope, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye mashoko akavanzika. Kudzivirira chiremera chakasimba kwechiremera chomunhu kwakapesvedzera kukura kwebumbiro remitemo muEurope yose.

Japan: Bumbiro Remitemo Rorugare

Chikamu 9 chebumbiro remitemo reJapan pashure peHondo yeNyika II chinoramba hondo uye chinorambidza kuchengeta mauto akashongedzerwa nokuda kwehondo. Nepo chirongwa ichi chisina kutongogadziriswa nenzira yetsika, chave chichidzoserwa kutsanangurwazve kubvumira mauto anozvitonga. Nharo pamusoro peChikamu 9 chinogadziriswa chinopfuurira kuumba matongerwe enyika eJapan nechizivikanwo chorudzi.

Misoro Inozivikanwa Navose Mumitemo Yemitemo Munyika Yose

Pasinei zvapo negadziriro dzakasiyana - siyana dzezvamatongerwe enyika namagamuchidzanwa emitemo, chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo munyika dzose kazhinji kazhinji dzinotaura itiro hanya dzinokosha dzakafanana:

Kukura Kwekodzero Dzokupa Vamwe

Kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kwakawedzera nenzira inofambira mberi, kuchibvisa ganhuriro dzakavakirwa pakuva nezvinhu, dzinza, chirume, uye zera.Idzi kombamiro dzinoratidzira muitiro wenyika yose kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inobatanidza zvikuru uye kuziva kuti kutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika ikodzero inokosha.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzokuwana Maruramiro Maduku

Kugadziriswa kweBumbiro reMitemo kunowanzotaura nezvekodzero dzemapoka mashoma, dzingava dzinorondedzerwa nedzinza, rudzidziso, mutauro, kana kuti mamwe mavara.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba uye Kuchinja uye Kudzikamisa

Kuchinja kunowanzonatsa kuparadzirwa kwesimba pamapazi ehurumende, kuumba kana kuti kusimbisa nzira dzokudzivirira nadzo kuiswa simba uye kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira.

Kodzero Dzemagariro Avanhu Nezvemari

Mitemo yakawanda yazvino uno inobatanidza kuchinja kuziva maruramiro enzanga neezvemari, akadai sekodzero dzedzidzo, tarisiro youtano, pokugara, uye basa. iyi gadziriro inoratidzira nzwisiso yeizvo hurumende dzine musengwa wevagari vadzo uye chiri madikanwa nokuda kwechiremera chohunhu.

Kudzivirirwa Kwemhoteredzo

Kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kuri kuwedzera kugadzirisa kudzivirirwa kwemhoteredzo uye kuchengeteka, zvichiziva kukosha kwokuchengetedza zvinhu zvakasikwa zviripo nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi.

Nguva Yemberi Ye Amendement dzeBumbiro reMitemo

Kwave kuri makore anopfuura makumi matatu chifo chokugadziridza kwedu kwebumbiro remitemo kwokupedzisira muUnited States, kuchimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti mutoo wokugadziridza uchiri kupfuurira here munguva yokuparadzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Chinetso chokuwana mativi makuru anodikanwa nokuda kwokugadziriswa chinoreva kuti chinjo yebumbiro-mitemo inoitika nenzira inowedzera kupfurikidza nedudziro yedare panzvimbo pokugadziridza.

Kakavadzano dzepanguva ino pamusoro pokugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo muUnited States dzinosanganisira zvikarakadzo zvokutaura nezvemari yenhimbe, Electoral College, ganhuriro dzemashoko edare, zvinodikanwa zvemari yakarongwa, uye kodzero dzakaenzana pasinei zvapo nevatano. Nepo pasina zvikarakadzo izvi zvakawana tsigiro iri madikanwa nokuda kwokuitwa kwechikanganiso, zvinoratidzira kurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pemipimo yebumbiro remitemo nezvivako.

Kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo kunopfuurira nokukurumidza zvikuru, nenyika dzakawanda dzichigara dzichichinja mitemo yadzo kuti dzigadzirise zvinetso zviri kumuka.

Zvinetso Netsoropodzo Zve Amendement yeBumbiro reMitemo

Kunyange zvazvo kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kuchibatsira mabasa anokosha, kuri kupawo zvinetso uye kwave kuchitsoropodzwa zvakasiyana - siyana.

Chinetso Chokurwisa Chikuru

Kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo, kwangotenderwa, kunogona kuva kwakaoma zvikuru kuchinja, kuchigona kuvhara mitemo isingaratidzi zvinofarirwa nevakawanda.

Migumisiro Isingakarirwi

Kugadziridzwa kweMitemo kunogovera muenzaniso wakajeka wegadziridzo yakatadza kusvika nharidzano dzayo dzakarongwa ndokuparira zvinetso zvikuru zvisingakanwi.

Mikaha Yokumanikidza

Sezvinoratidza nhau yeFirefendment yechi15, gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoshanda bedzi senzira dzadzo dzokuita nadzo kuti zvinhu zvitevedzerwe.

Kuomarara Kunopesana.

Kunyange zvazvo zvichivimbisa kugadzikana uye zvichidzivisa kuchinja kwokukurumidzira, zvinogonawo kuita kuti bumbiro remitemo risanyatsopindura mamiriro ezvinhu anochinja, zvichigona kutungamirira kunjodzi dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kuvimba netsananguro dzisina kutsarukana.

Basa Re Amenduruko Yebumbiro remitemo Munzanga Yedemocratic Society

Kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo kunobatira mabasa anokosha akawanda munzanga dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kunogovera miitiro yechinjo ine rugare, kuchibvumira nzanga kushanduka pasina chinjo. Kunodzivirira maruramiro makuru kubva kuzvinhu zvikuru zvechinguvana, kuchiita kuti nheyo dzakati dzirambe dzisingasviki. Dzinoratidzira uye dzinoumba mipimo yenyika, dzichibatira setsinhiro dzezvizvisarudzo zvakadzika zvenzanga.

Kugadzirisa zvinhu kunoda kuti pave nokubvumirana, kunokurudzira kukurukurirana uye kubvumira chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe kuti chibatsire pakufambira mberi kwebumbiro remitemo asi zvichienderana nebasa rezvizvarwa zvakapfuura.

Kunzwisisa kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kunokosha kuti munhu ave mugari wemo achiziva. Urongwa uhwu hunoumba kodzero dzatinadzo, marongerwo ehurumende yedu, uye tsika dzinotsigirwa nenzanga yedu. Kungave tichigadzirisa kusaruramisira kwenhau, kuchinjira kuzvinetso zvitsva, kana kuti kudzivirira rusununguko runokosha, kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo kunoramba kuri chinhu chinokosha kuhurumende inosarudzwa nemitemo.

Zvinhu Zvinobatsira Kuti Tirambe Tichidzidza

Kune vaya vanoda kudzidza zvakawanda nezvokugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo, zvinhu zvakawanda zviripo:

  • [[NHURI] Rekodhi renyika inogovera kuwanika kwezvinyorwa zvapakuvamba zvebumbiro remitemo nezviwanikwa zvedzidzo pamusoro pekugadziridzwa
  • Constitution Center yeNyika inopa miratidziro yokukurukura, mapurogiramu edzidzo, uye zviwanikwa zvenyanzvi pakududzira mutemo
  • Consitution Anetection inobva muRaibhurari yeCongress inogovera kuongororwa kwakakwana kwegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo negadziridzo
  • Magazini anofundwa akadai seHarvard Law Review, Yale Law Journal, uye Constitution Commentary anobudisa nyaya dzounyanzvi pamusoro pegadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo
  • Masangano akafanana ne American Civil Livotion Union anogovera mashoko pamusoro pokuti kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo kunotapura sei nhau dzerusununguko rwavagari vemo dzapanguva ino

mhedziso

Kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo kunomirira nhamburiko inopfuurira yavanhu yokuita gadziriro dzakakwana zvikuru dzehurumende nenzanga dzakarurama zvikuru. Kuvambira paBill of Rights inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga kusvikira kuRendements dzinotaura nhaka youranda, kubva kudzoreswa kwavakadzi kusvikira kudziviriro dzekodzero dzokuvhota, kugadziridzwa kwakakudza rusununguko nokuenzana nepo kuchichinjira gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo kusvikira kunguva dzinochinja.

Mienzaniso inokurukurwa munyaya ino — kuongorora nhau yeAmerica uye kugadzirisa zvinhu kunokosha kunobva kune mamwe marudzi — zvinoratidza zvose simba nokusakwanisa kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo.

Sezvatinotarisana nezvinetso zvemazuva ano kusanganisira kuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kuoma kwemhoteredzo, uye kunzwisisa kusingachinji kwekodzero nokuenzana, kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo kuchapfuurira kuita basa rinokosha mukuumba nguva yedu yemberi yose.

Kunyange kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa kwapamutemo kana kuti kududzira kusingachinji, bumbiro remitemo rinoramba riri magwaro mapenyu anoratidzira zvishuvo zvedu zvakakwirira zvikuru apo rinogovera gadziriro dzokupedza zvinetso zvedu zvakaoma zvikurusa. Nhau yokugadziridza kwebumbiro remitemo pakupedzisira inhau yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu imene ($akakwana, anokwikwikwidzana, asi nguva dzose anoedza kumifungo yeruramisiro, kuenzana, uye chiremera chavanhu.