Chikonzero Nei Vanababa Vakawanikwa Vakasika Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

Dare reMitemo reU.S. rakatanga hurumende yamasimba akaparadzana, ichikamuranisa chiremera pakati pebazu remitemo, rinotungamirira, uye rinotonga. Ichi chivako chakanga chisiri chapashure pokufunga. Chakanga chiri muuyo wekurukurirano huru, makore efundo yenhau, uye kusavimba kukuru kwesimba rakanangidzirwa. Vagadziri vanodavira kuti nzira yakanakisisa yokudzivirira nayo rusununguko yakanga iri kuva nechokwadi chokuti hapana munhu mumwe kana kuti boka raigona kudzora hurumende. Kunzwisisa chikonzero nei vakasarudza iyi gadziriro kunoda kunzvera zvinetso zvavakanga vapupurira, pfungwa dzavakawana, uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwavo pachatapuko muFiradhefiya mukati mefiya mukati me 1787.

Kutya Kwavatangi Kwesimba Rinosimbiswa

Varume vakanyora Bumbiro reMitemo vakanga vararama mukutonga kweBritain. Vazhinji vakanga vabatira mumitemo yehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende kana kuti muContinental Congress. Vakanga vaona kuti mambo neparamende vaigona sei kushandisa zvisina kufanira chiremera. Vainge vararamawo munyongano yeSpecies of Confederation, hurumende yenyika isina simba yaisagona kusimudza mitero, kuisa mitemo, kana kuti kuchengeta nhevedzano. Zvose zviri zviviri kunyanyisa .

James Madison, anowanzonzi Baba veBumbiro reMitemo, akapikisana mu Munzveri Nha. 51 kuti “kuzvitutumadza kunofanira kuitwa kuti kurwisa kuzvikudza.” Aidavira kuti hunhu hwakanga hwakashata uye kuti mutungamiriri upi noupi aigona kuva akashata. Dziviriro bedzi yakanga iri yokuita hurumende umo simba rakakamurwa uye bazu rimwe nerimwe rakanga rine zvose zviri zviviri vavariro nemitoo yokudzivisa nayo kupindira kwavamwe.

Mavambo Edzidziso: Montesquieu uye Mudzimu Wemitemo

Vavambi vakanga vari vadzidzi veNjereso. Vakarava John Locke, William Blackstone, uye zvinokosha zvikurusa, Baron de Montesquieu. Mubasa rake 1748 Mudzimu weMitemo[, Montesquieu akataura kuti rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika rwaida kuparadzaniswa kwomutemo, mukuru mukuru, namasimba okutonga. Akanyevera kuti “apo masimba emitemo nevakuru vakuru akabatanidzwa mumunhu mumwe cheteyo, kana kuti muboka rimwe ravatongi, hakugoni kuva nerusununguko. Vavambi vacho vakatora iyi pfungwa ndokuvaka Bumbiro remitemo.

Montesquieu akanga afunda gadziriro yeBritain, yaaiyemura, asi akanzwisisa zvisina kufanira mamwe udzame hwayo.

Utera Hwenyaya Dzokubvuma

Pamberi peBumbiro reMitemo, United States yakashanda pasi pePeats of Confederation, yakatenderwa muna 1781. Gwaro iroro rakaumba Unicameral Congress isina mutungamiriri kana kuti dare redare. Hurumende yenyika yaisagona kumanikidza hurumende kubhadhara mitero kana kuti kukwidza hondo. Nyika yakatsikirira mari yadzo dzimene uye zvibvumirano zvisinonge. Humukira hwechiShays muna 1786.Nhangemutange yezvombo zvevarimi muMassachusetts. Yakaziva kuti hurumende yorudzi yaifanira kusimba zvikuru, asi kuti simba rayo rinofanira kudzorwa.

Panzvimbo pezvo, nhume dzakaabvisa ndokutanga matsva. Virginia Plan yakakarakadzwa naEdmund Randolph uye yakanyorwa zvikurukuru naMadison, yakaraira hurumende yenyika yakasimba ine mapazi matatu akaparadzana.

Mapazi Matatu: Kugadzira, Kupa Simba, uye Kuganhurira

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rakapiwa mabasa akasiyana, asi rimwe nerimwe raipiwawo maturusi okunzvera mamwe. aya akanga asiri pamusoro pokubudirira (kwaiva pamusoro pekotsekano). vavambi vaidisa kugamuchira kugutsikana kwakati mukutsinhana nokuda kworusununguko.

Bhuku Romutemo: Congress

Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo chinoumba Congress ndokuipa simba remitemo.Vavambi vakaita Congress bazu rokutanga neane simba zvikurusa. Vaikarira kuva pedyosa navanhu. Asi vakatyawo “vadzvinyiriri voruzhinji,” naizvozvo vakakamura Dare kuva makamuri maviri.

Imba yaVamiririri yakarongedzerwa kuratidzira chiverengero chavagari vemo. Vamiriri vanobatira mashoko amakore maviri uye vanosarudzwa zvakananga navanhu. Irworwu rwakanga rwuri rutivi rwamademokrasi zvikurusa rwehurumende itsva. Dare, rakasarudzwa pakuvamba namatare ehurumende (yakachinjwa ne 17th Amendment muna 1913), rakamirira nyika zvakafanana. Vamiriri vakabatira mashoko amakore matanhatu, vachivapa murangariro murefu zvikuru nokuvadzivirira muzvishuvo zvavose zvechinguvana.

Congress ine simba rokubhadhara mutero, kukwereta mari, kudzora kutengeserana, kuzivisa hondo, uye kusimudza mauto. Inewo simba rokudzosa purezidhendi nevamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Vavambi vakava nechokwadi chokuti Congress haigoni kuita iri yoga. Chibvumirano chinofanira kupfuura matende ose ari maviri uye ipapo chinofanira kupiwa kuna purezidhendi kuti chitenderwe. Kana purezidhendi akaidzosa, Dare rinogona kukunda dare nevhoti mbiri dzezvitatu muimba imwe neimwe.

Kunzvera kukuru pamamwe mapazi:

  • Kunzwa [[[FLT: 1] kunobvumira Congress kunzvera bazu ravakuru vakuru.
  • Kusimbisa [ kunodikanwa nokuda kwokugadzwa kwapurezidhendi kumahofisi edare redare redare rapamusoro nerepamusoro.
  • Simba rechikwama [ rinoreva kuti hapana purogiramu yavakuru vakuru inogona kushanda pasina kutsigira mari kwesangano.
  • Kudzidza nokubvisa [ kunogona kushanda kupurezidhendi, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, uye vatongi vehurumende, kunyange zvazvo mipimo yakakwirira.

Bazi Rine Chinzvimbo Chapamusoro: Purezidhendi

Iyi yakanga iri kutsauka kukuru kubva muNhengo dzeConfederation, idzo dzakanga dzisina mukuru mukuru.Vavambi vakaitirana nharo kana mukuru mukuru wacho achifanira kuva munhu mumwe kana kuti dare. Vakasarudza purezidhendi mumwe nokuda kwechinzwano nokuzvidavirira.

Purezidhendi ndiye mukuru mukuru wemauto ane zvombo, asi Congress bedzi inogona kuzivisa hondo. Purezidhendi anogona kuita zvibvumirano, asi izvo zvinoda tendero nevhoti mbiri. Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende navakuru vakuru vedare, asi Dare rinofanira kuvasimbisa. Purezidhendi anogona kuvapa mutemo, asi Congress anogona kukurira mhaka idzodzo. Purezidhendi anogona kukanganwira mhaka dzomubatanidzwa, asi simba iroro haritambanudziri kumhosva dzinotongwa.

Vavambi vakanetseka kuti purezidhendi angava mambo.Vakapa hofisi yacho shoko remakore mana risina ganhuriro dzenhambo pakutanga (miganhu yenhambo yakawedzerwa ne 22 Amendment muna 1951 pashure pekuva mukuru wenhambo ina). Roosevelt vakaitawo kuti purezidhendi azvidzore kutongwa nokuda kwe “mhosva huru nemhosho."

Kunzvera kukuru pamamwe mapazi:

  • chubhu [ inopa purezidhendi chenjero yakananga paCongress.
  • Simba rokugadza [[FLT: 1] rinobvumira purezidhendi kuumba masangano edare rehurumende neanotungamirira.
  • Mirairo inofambiswa parinopa rega purezidhendi achitungamirira bazu ravakuru vakuru, richiva rinodzokororwa nokudzorwa kwedare.
  • Simba rinokanganwira [ ichekedzo padare remitemo, richibvumira purezidhendi kudzosera mitongo kana kuti kukanganwira mhaka.

Bazu Rokutonga: Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa uye Matare Anotonga

Chikamu III chinosimbisa bazu redare. Vavambi vakaita bazu redare redare redare rakaneta zvikurusa pamusoro pesimba pamari nesimba, asi vakariitawo kuti rizvimiririre. Vatongi veFederal vanobatira kwoupenyu hwose mukati momufambiro wakanaka, uye mibhadharo yavo haigoni kuderedzwa apo vanenge vari muhofisi. Uku kuzvimirira kunorehwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti vatongi vanogona kutonga zvakanaka pasina kutya kutsiva kubva kune mamwe mapazu.

Simba rinokosha zvikurusa reDare Gurusa (*) harina kunyorwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo. Rakatangwa muna 1803 mu Marbury v. Madison. Muchiitiko ichocho, Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akanyora kuti i “nenhau kuti idivi redhipatimendi redare kutaura kuti mutemo chii.” Ikoku kunoreva kuti matare anogona kuputsa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvechiremera zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo.

Vavambi vaitarisira kuti vatongi vave vatongi vasina kwavakarerekera.Vakakupa simba rokunzwa nyaya dzinomuka mubumbiro remitemo, mitemo yehurumende, uye zvibvumirano. Dare Repamusorosoro rinewo simba rokutonga mhosva dzakawanda kubva kumatare ehurumende epasi uye matare ehurumende apo anenge achibatanidza nhau yehurumende.

Kunzvera kukuru pamamwe mapazi:

  • [ Kuhwirudzura [ kunobvumira matare kushayisa simba mitemo isiri pamutemo nezviito zvevakuru vakuru.
  • [ Kuiswa kwemitemo [ kunosarudza kuti mitemo yeDare inoshandiswa sei.
  • Upenyu hunodzivirira vatongi padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, asi vanogona kudzorwa nokuda kwomufambiro usina kururama.
  • Miganhu yemuitiro [ mumatare ehurumende inogadzwa nedare redare, risingachinjiki.

Makepi Nedzikamo Zvinoshandiswa

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo hadzisi paradzano yakaoma. Zvakafanana zvikuru negadziriro yamasimba anorongeka umo bazu rimwe nerimwe rine kutaura mubasa redzimwe. Ikoku kunoparira ukama hunoshamisa, hunowanzova hunodzora chiito chehurumende. Vavambi vakaona ikoku sorutivi, kwete chipukanana.

Heino mimwe mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo yechekero nedzikamo pabasa:

  • Professile churuti yedare reProfession nesangano kupfuvura: Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt wirirano Chirevo [ cha 1943, asi Dare rainyanyodzora vhato'.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuramba kupiwa kweDare Rapamusorosa: Muna 1987, Dare rakaramba kupiwa zita kwaPurezidhendi Reagan kuDare Rapamusorosoro pashure pokutongwa kukuru nekurukurirano.
  • judicicial respect remotect remouse contrement re Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [20], Dare Guru rakatsigira murairo womunhu oga weAfford Care Act semutero asi rakaputsa gadziriro iyo inoranga nokuda kwokusawedzera Mdhicaid.
  • Nzvero yokusashanda yomukuru mukuru: House Judicary Committee yokunzvera kwokusateererwa kwaPurezidhendi Richard Nixon yakatungamirira kukurega kwake basa muna 1974.

Asi iwoyo ndiwo mutengo wehurumende yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira rusununguko kupfurikidza nokukuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuita chiito nokukurumidza.

Tapuro Panzanga yeAmerica

Gadziriro yezvikamu zvitatu yakaumba anenge mativi ari ose oupenyu hweAmerica. Yakabvumira hurumende kufutunuka nokuchinjira apo inochengeta rusununguko rukuru. Yakaparirawo kusawirirana kunomanikidzira nyika kukurukura mipimo yayo pachena.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunodzivirira vanhu kupfurikidza nokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuti pfundo rimwe ripi neripi ridzore zvishandiso zvose zvehurumende. Kana Congress ikapfuudza mutemo unodzvinyirira, purezidhendi angauisa kana kuti matare angaurova. Kana bazu guru rikanyengera, Congress rikaderedza mari kana kuti kunzvera. Kana matare akasvika kure zvikuru, Dare rinogona kunyorazve mitemo kana kuti kukarakadza kugadziridza kwebumbiro-mitemo. Uku kudzokera shure nokupa vagari vemo mikana yakawanda yokudenha chiito chehurumende.

Kuzvidavirira Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Mapepanhau anobudisa nyaya dzemapazi. Vagari vemo vanogona kuona zviri kuitwa nehurumende yavo uye kuita kuti vatungamiriri vavo vazvidavirire pabhokisi rebhoti rokuvhota.

Kusimba Nokunonoka Kwakakwana

Gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kuva inononoka. Hurumende yeAmerica yakapukunyuka hondo, kuderera kwavagari vemo, kusimbisa Dare, uye hwirudzuro yokutonga zvose zvinoparira mhinganidzo kurumbidzika. Ikoku pane dzimwe nguva kwakakangaidza, asi yakadzivisawo mitemo inodzorwa, isina kurongeka. Hurumende yeAmerica yakapukunyuka hondo, kuderera kwendangariro, uye misikanzwa yezvisakiso nemhaka yokuti kunzvera uye kudzikamisa simba zvinobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Zvokuparadzana Kwesimba

Vavambi vanotarisana nedzvinyiriro itsva muzana ramakore rechi 21. Kumuka kwehurumende yokudzora kwakadzika mitsetse pakati pamapazu. Masangano ane chiremera zvino anonyora mitemo ine simba romutemo (kuuraya nokutsivana), kumanikidza mitemo iyoyo (basa rokuuraya), uye kukakavadzana (basa rehurumende). Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti ikoku kunopesana nokuparadzana kwapakuvamba kwamasimba. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti kuri madikanwa nokuda kwehurumende dzazvino uno.

Rimwe denho kukura kwesimba ravakuru vakuru mukati memigariro yengozi yenyika. Mapurezidhendi akataura chiremera chakafara chokuita pasina tendero yesangano munhau dzechengeteko yorudzi, hondo, uye utano hwavanhu vose. Dare rapamusoro pane dzimwe nguva rakadzosa, somu vaduku shopu yeMarch & Tube. V. Sawyer [1952], iyo yakaramba kubvuta kwaPrezidhendi Truman zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea. Asi miganhuro ichiripo.

Kuparadza mativi enzvimbo dzakaregeredzawo gadziriro. Apo purezidhendi neCongress zvinobva mumativi akasiyana, kurongedzerwa kwakawanda kunoguma. Vamwe vakaraira nokuda kwechinjo dzakadai sechikamu chemutsetse, ganhuriro dzeshoko nokuda kwavatongi, kana kuti miitiro iri nyore zvikuru. Vavambi sezvingabvira vaizova vasina kushayiswa nhevedzano yokuparira rwisano. Asi vakavimbawo kuti mapazi aizowana nzira yokutonga nayo.

Chikonzero Nei Tsika Ichigara

Gadziriro yezvikamu zvitatu yapfuura makore 230 zvino. Yakagadziridzwa ka7, asi chivako chayo chikuru hachina kuchinja. Vavambi vakabudirira mukutanga hurumende yakasimba zvakakwana kuti iite chiito uye yakaganhurirwa zvakakwana kudzivirira rusununguko. Kuparadzana kwamasimba kwazova muenzaniso wehurumende dzakawanda dzinotonga pasi pose.

Kunzwisisa gadziriro iyi kunokosha nokuda kwomugari upi noupi. Kunotsanangura chikonzero nei hondo dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzichirwiwa munhandare dzakawanda: muCongress, muWhite House, mumatare, uye mudare revoruzhinji. Vavambi havana kusika muchina wakakwana. Vakagadzira gadziriro yehurumende yavo vamene inotsamira pakusvinurira kwavanhu. Sezvakanyorwa naJames Madison mu Fideralist Nhai. 51, “vanhu ndivo manyuko bedzi apamutemo esimba. . Mapazu matatu aripo kuti aende kunzira iyoyo yokuchenjera uye kudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira.

Kumwe Kurava Namanyuko

Mabhuku aya anonyatsotaura nezvenguva yakatanga kunyorwa zvinhu, mashoko ebumbiro remitemo, uye kushanda kwemapazu matatu nhasi.