Nheyo Dzebumbiro Romutemo reOath, Mutungamiriri Wehurumende

Mhiko yapurezidhendi yehofisi inomira sechimwe chezvinodikanwa zvinokosha zvikurusa zvebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotora kuva purezidhendi weUnited States. Yakatorwa neChikamu II, Chikamu 1, Clause 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., iyi mhiko inomirira chipikirwa chakakomba icho purezidhendi ari wose anofanira kuita asati ashandisa masimba ehofisi.

“ Ndinopika zvakasimba (kana kuti ndinosimbisa) kuti ndichashandisa nokutendeka Hofisi yaPurezidhendi weUnited States, uye ndichaita zvakanakisisa pamano angu, ndinochengetedza, ndinodzivirira uye ndinodzivirira Bumbiro Remitemo reUnited States.”

Rugwaro urwu rwakaramba rusina kuchinja chifo chaapo Bumbiro reMitemo rakatenderwa muna 1788, kuchikuita chimwe chezvinhu zvinogara zvikurusa zvehurumende yeAmerica. Mhiko yacho inobatira zvose zviri zviviri basa rapamutemo nerokufananidzira, ichisunga purezidhendi kumupimo womufambiro uyo unokurira zvamatongerwe enyika dzinopesana nevavariro yomunhu oga. Kunzwisisa mhiko yacho kunoda kunzvera mavambo ayo, mutauro wayo wakananga, uye kurukurirano dzinodudzira dzakaipoteredza munhau yose yeAmerica.

Mavambo Nokuchinjwa Kwechikwata chaOath Claus

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakashandisa zvisarudzo zvechiNgezi nechidzori pakugadzira mhiko youpurezidhendi. Mutemo weEngland wakanga wagara uchida vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vapike basa, uye mabumbiro enyika anoverengeka akagamuchira zvinodikanwa zvakafanana mumigumisiro yokuzvimirira. Mutauro wakananga wemhiko youpurezidhendi wakabuda muDare pamusoro peMitemo paKokorodzano yeMitemo ya1787, iyo yaibatanidzwa kubudisa chinyorwa chinoshanda cheBumbiro reMitemo.

James Wilson wePennsylvania, mumwe wenhume dzine simba zvikurusa pakokorodzano, akaita basa guru mukuumba mashoko emhiko. Gadziriro yedare pakuvamba yakakarakadza kuti purezidhendi apike ku "nokuvimbika auraye hofisi yaPresidenti weUnited States" uye ku "Servering, dzivirira, uye dzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States" Pashure pekurukurirano yakati, nhume dzakagamuchira mutauro uyu nemugadziridzo muduku, dzichiziva kuti mhiko yaifanira kuva zvose zviri zviviri yakakwana uye yakananga.

Vagadziri vaibatanidza namaune "kana kuti vatsigire" kubvumira varambi vorudzidziso vaisagona nehana yakanaka kupika. Iyi gadziriro yakaratidzira dzikamo yokungwarira yeBumbiro reMitemo pakati porusununguko rworudzidziso nerwehurumende, ichivimbisa kuti hapana munhu aizorambidzwa padare nemhaka yezvipo zvechitendero pamusoro pokupika.

Vana Claus Vaviri Vemumunda

Kupa Nokuvimbika Claus

Chitsama chokutanga chemhiko yacho chinoraira purezidhendi kuti aipe dare raPurezidhendi weUnited States. Mutauro uyu unoisa basa rokutendeka rinopfuura kungoteerera mutemo womutemo. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakadudzira kuti purezidhendi anofanira kuita zvinhu nokutenda kwakanaka, mukati memiganhu yechiremera chebumbiro remitemo, uye nefariro dzorudzi.

Chikamu ichi chinobatanidzawo neTake Care Claus of Article II, Chikamu 3, icho chinoraira purezidhendi ku "Tarisisai kuti Mitemo ipetwe nokutendeka". Chikatorwa pamwe chete, iyi gadziriro inogadza basa rebumbiro remitemo rokuvimbika kwoukurusa risingagoni kuderedzwa kumusengwa wetsika kana kuti wokusada kupindura. Musengwa wapurezidhendi wokuita hofisi yacho nokutendeka unoshanda kuchisarudzo chiri chose chinoitwa, murayiro uri wose unobudiswa, uye chiito chiri chose chinoitwa apo unenge uri muhofisi.

Bheni, Dziviriro, uye Kudzivirira

Chitsama chechipiri chinoda purezidhendi kuti "chengete, dzivirira uye dzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States". Mutauro uyu unoisa basa rinopfuura kungoteerera Bumbiro remitemo. Purezidhendi anofanira kudzivirira nokushingaira murayiro webumbiro remitemo pazvose zviri zviviri tyisidziro dzokunze nedzemhuri. Chiito chinoitwa "shongedza," "dziviriro," uye "dhentend" chimwe nechimwe chine revo dzakajeka idzo pamwe chete dzinotanga basa rakafara rekuchengeta pamutemo.

[[FLT:] Kudzivirira [[[FLT:] kunoreva kuchengeta Bumbiro reMitemo riripo, kudzivisa nhamburiko dzokusekesa zvivako zvaro kana kuti nheyo kupfurikidza nemitoo yokuwedzera. Kudzivirira[ zvinoreva kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo pakudenha kwakananga, kana richibva kumasimba okumwe ane utsinye, mapoka edzimba, kana kuti kunyange mukati mebazi guru. Kudzivirira nokushingaira kudzivirira nhamburiko dzokukurira kana kuti kubvisa gadziriro yemitemo, kubatanidza kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kwapamutemo kunoreva zvakadai sokupandukira kana kuti kupandukira.

Pamwe chete, izvi zviito zvinotanga basa riri zvose zviri zviviri riri mukati nerinooneka. Purezidhendi anofanira kudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo kwete bedzi muvavengi vokunze asiwo mukushata kwemifungo muhurumende imene. Ikoku kunobatanidza kudzivisa dzvinyiriro yokuputsa maruramiro emitemo, kukurira mirau yedare, kana kuti masimba anobvutira ari eCongress kana kuti masangano. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzebumbiro remitemo dzakataura kuti ichi chitsama chikurusa chemipimo mumhiko yose yapurezidhendi [, sezvo ichida chiito chinorevesa panzvimbo pokungotsungirira chete.

Kutanga Kwenhau Kwoutarisiri Hwezvipfuyo

Kutanga Kwekuvamba

Kutsaurirwa kwokutanga kwaGeorge Washington musi waApril 30, 1789, kwakagadza muenzaniso wenzira iyo mhiko yaizoitwa nayo. Mupikicha Robert R. Livingston weNew York akapa mhiko panze paFederal Hall muNew York City. Washington yakawedzera mashoko okuti "sondibetsera Mwari" pashure pokudzokorora muitiro webumbiro remitemo, muitiro uyo purezidhendi vazhinjisa vakatevera vakatevera asi uyo unoramba uri nhau yegamuchidzanwa panzvimbo pezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro-mitemo.

Mutemo weBumbiro reMitemo hautauri kuti ndiani anofanira kuita mhiko. Kupfurikidza negamuchidzanwa, Mutongi Mukuru weDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States anowanzoshandisa mhiko pakutsaurirwa kwavose, asi uyu muitiro wakanga usati uri ufananidzo munhau yose yeAmerica. John Adams akapikirwa mauri naMutongi Mukuru Oliver Ellsworth, nepo Thomas Jeffer aipikirwa muMutongi Mukuru John Marshall. Zvisinei, apo purezidhendi anenge atora nzvimbo pashure porufu kana kuti kurega kwomutangiri, mhiko yacho yave inowanzoitwa nomutongi akaderera, mugari wehurumende asingazivikanwi, kana kuti kunyange mugari wehurumende wapachivande muzvinoitika zvakati.

Zvikoro zveOath Ceremonia Pashure Penzuru Dzakafa

Mitambo yemhiko inoshamisa zvikurusa yakaitika pashure porufu rusingakarirwi rwapurezidhendi akagara. Apo William Henry Harrison akafa muna 1841, Mutungamiriri wePurezidhendi John Tyler akarongerwa mumaawa apakuvamba amangwanani ndokuita mhiko mukamuri rake rehotera pamberi pomutongi woruwa. Kufungidzira kwaTyler kwamasimba akazara epurezidhendi, panzvimbo pokungoita bedzi sapurezidhendi, kwakavamba muenzaniso wokuti mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi wacho anova purezidhendi parufu rwomurwi.

Nenzira yakafanana, pashure pokuurawa kwaAbraham Lincoln muna 1865, Andrew Johnson akaita mhiko mukamuri rake rehotera pamberi poMutongi Mukuru Salmon P. Chase. Pashure pokuurawa kwaJohn F. Kennedy muna 1963, Lyndon B. Johnson akaita mhiko muAir Force One pamberi poMutongi weRepadhipatimendi Sarah T. Hughes, achiratidza nguva yokutanga mukadzi akanga aita mhiko youpurezidhendi. Mhiko imwe neimwe yeiyi mhiko yekurumidziro yakaratidzira simba reBumbiro remitemo kusimbirira kupfuurira kwehurumende kunyange munguva dzenjodzi dzorudzi.

Mapepa Avoruzhinji

Constitution haidi kuti vanhu vapindure mhiko. Mapurezidhendi akafunga basa racho kazhinji kazhinji akapika pachivande asati aridzokorora mutambo wavose pamusi wakatevera. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokurega kwaRichard Nixon muna 1974, Gerald Ford akaita mhiko muEast White House pamberi pokuungana kuduku kwavakuru vakuru nemitezo yemhuri. Nenzira yakafanana, pashure pokurega Spiro Agnew somutevedzeri wapurezidhendi muna 1973, Gerald Ford akanga atora muteveri mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende mumhiko yepamberi yePumiriyo pauriri hweHome yaVamiririre.

Kuchinja uku muurongwa hwokupika kunoratidza zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvinoshanda zvekudzora kwebumbiro remitemo. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti mhiko yacho ikurumidze kuitwa kuitira kuti purezidhendi wacho asatombova asina munhu, kunyange kwekanguva.

Kukakavadzana Kwokududzira Nemakakatanwa

Revo ye" Kuuraya Nokuvimbika"

Imwe yekurukurirano dzinopfuurira zvikurusa ine chokuita nerevo chaiyoiyo yemashoko okuti "Nokutendeseka unoita Hofisi yaPurezidhendi". Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti uku kutaura kunoisa musengwa wapamutemo unomanikidzirwa kupfurikidza nokusateererwa uye zvichida kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare. Vamwe vanotaura kuti kutaura kwacho zvikurukuru ndokwechishuvo, kugadza mupimo womufambiro uyo uri wezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo petsika dzapamutemo.

Kupomerwa kwaPurezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon, naBill Clinton vose vakabatanidza nharo pamusoro pokuti purezidhendi akanga aputsa basa rokuuraya kwokutendeka here. Muchinoitika chimwe nechimwe, Imba yavamiririri yakapomera kuti purezidhendi akanga aita nenzira dzinosekesa kuvimbika kwehofisi. Kuregiwa kweDare kwavose vari vaviri Johnson naClinton, uye kurasha kwaNixon pamberi pevhoti yakazara, kwakasiya mibvunzo yakawanda pamusoro pomupimo unomanikidzirwa wemhiko yemhiko.

ZVIDZIDZIWA zvemitemo zvakakarakadza rondedzero dzinoverengeka dzinokwikwidzana[ dzeicho "kushandisa nenzira yokutendeka" zvinoda. Rondedzero yechitendero inodavira kuti purezidhendi anofanira kushanda somuvimbi wevanhu veAmerica, achiita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pafariro yavose panzvimbo pemhindu yomunhu oga. Rondedzero yemagwaro inoti mashoko acho anoda kuwirirana bedzi namashoko akananga eBumbiro remitemo nomutemo wehurumende. Rondedzero yakanaka yokutenda inoreva kuti purezidhendi anofanira kuita nenzira yokutendeseka uye nevavariro dzakarurama, kunyange kana zviito zvakati gare gare gare zvikabvumikisa kuva zvisina kururama kana kuti zvisino.

Kutora uye Kutora Bumbiro Remitemo

Chipikirwa chacho chakava nezvachinoreva chaizvo munguva dzenjodzi yepamutemo.MuHondo yevagari vemo, Purezidhendi Abraham Lincoln akaita mhiko pakutsaurirwa kwake kwechipiri muna 1865 norudzi rwacho ruchiri kutsemurwa nerwisano.Lincoln akashandisa hurukuro yake yokutanga kududzira mhiko yacho mukunzwisisa kurwisana kwaipfuurira, achizivisa zvakakurumbira kuti haasati aizodzongonyedza uranda apo hwaiva asi aizotsigira Bumbiro remitemo ndokuchengetedza Union kupfurikidza nemitoo yose yapamutemo.

Mukati menjodzi yeWatergate yema 1970, mhiko yakatanhamara mukurukurirano pamusoro pomufambiro waPurezidhendi Nixon. Vatsoropodzi vakapikisa kuti kubatanidzwa kwaNixon mukuvanzika kwokupunzika padzimbahwe reDemocratic Committee National kuputsa mhiko yake yokuita mitemo nokutendeka. Dare reHouse Judicary rakataura mhiko seimwe yenzvimbo dzokusatevedzerwa, richitaura kuti Nixon akaita kuti "apunzi Bumbiro remitemo" ndokuputsa basa rake rakapikirwa. Kurega kwaNixon muna 1974 kwakadzivisa kutongwa kwakazara kwokutendeka, asi chinoitika chakasimbisa kunzwisisa kuti mhiko inoisa misengwa yapamutemo.

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, mhiko yave ichishandiswa munharo pamusoro pesimba rapurezidhendi mukati memigariro inotambudza yenyika. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakataura kuti mhiko yacho inoda kuti purezidhendi aite chiito chakakomba kudzivirira rudzi, kunyange kana chiito ichocho chikapfuvura kana kuti chinopfuura chiremera. Vamwe vakapikisa kuti mhiko yacho inoda kuwirirana neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo, zvikurukuru mukati menguva dzenjodzi apo muedzo wokupfuura miganhu iyoyo unokura. Uku kuoma kwechengeteka pakati pechengeteko nerusununguko kunoramba kuri imwe yenhau dzinokwikwikwidza zvikurusa mumutemo webumbiro remitemo. Nokuda kwokunzvera kwakakwana nzira iyo purezidhendi akadudzira nayo mhiko yavo mukati menjodzi, ona [[FLT:] Hurumende yeNational Constitution Center paChitegiti II[FLD]. [FLT]]

Mugove Muzvisarudzo Zvakaedzwa

Mhiko yacho yakabatanidzwawo munharo pamusoro pesarudzo yapurezidhendi. Apo muuyo wesarudzo usingavi nechokwadi, mibvunzo inomuka pamusoro pokuti ndiani ane maruramiro okuita mhiko uye rini. Nhambo yakakurumbira zvikurusa yakaitika muna 1876, apo sarudzo pakati paRutherford B.Hayes naSamuel Tilden yakapokanidzwa munyika dzinoverengeka. Dare rakagadzira Electoral Commission kuti ripedze gakava, uye Haye pakupedzisira rakaziviswa kuti mukundi. Iye akakunda pachivande pana March 3, 1877, pamberi pekutsauriro yapachena pana March 5, nemhaka yokuti purezidhendi angasapedzwa panguva yakafanira.

Munhambo yazvino uno, kusarudzwa kwa 2000 pakati paGeorge W. Bush naAl Gore kwakapokanidzwa kweinopfuura mwedzi pamberi pechisarudzo cheDare Gurusa muBush v. Gore yakapedza nenzira inobudirira makwikwi. Kana gakava rakatambanudzwa kupfuura Zuva rokuisa Uori, Bumbiro reMitemo harina nzira yakajeka yokusarudza anofanira kuita mhiko. Artitution II neGaramendi II neGamendment yeMitevedzero inorangarira kuti nguva yapurezidhendi inovamba masikati pana January 20, asi hapana gadziriro dzinotaura zvinoitika kana mugumisiro wesarudzo wacho ukaramba usina kuzivikanwa panguva iyoyo. Mukahahaana uyu mugadziriro wemabumbiro emitemo wakasaruko wakasarudzo wakatongowanwa nenyanzvi asi hauna kumboedzwa.

Sarudzo 2020 yakamutsa mibvunzo yokuwedzera pamusoro pemhiko yacho, sezvo Purezidhendi Donald Trump akaramba kubvuma kukundwa ndokuita pomero dzechitsotsi chakapararira. Vamwe vacherekedzi vapamutemo vakarangarira kuti kuzivisa kwaTrump kwakapfuuridzirwa kwesarudzo yakabiwa, pashure pokunge denho dzake dzapamutemo dzarambwa nematare akawanda, dzakaputsa mhiko yake yokuchengeta, kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo. Vamwe vakarangarira kuti mhiko yacho haidzidzivisi purezidhendi kuti asakwikwidziridze miuyo yerutsiro kupfurikidza nomutoo wapamutemo, kubatanidza kupfurikidza nokutaura pachena pamusoro pezvisingaiwiriraniswi zvinofungwa. Capitol waJanuary 6, 2021, akaunza iyi mibvunzo mujeko, sezvo mimwe mitezo yeDare nenyanzvi dzapamutemo dzakataura kuti zviito zvaTrump zuva raidzorwa nokutyorwa kwemhoto.

Kududzira Kwokutonga Nokumanikidza

Dare rave richizengurira kazhinji kazhinji kuita kuti mhiko yapurezidhendi ive yakananga. Hapana dare rati ramborerutsa chiito chapurezidhendi pahwaro bedzi chokuti chakaputsa mhiko yacho, uyewo dare ripi neripi harina kurayira purezidhendi kuita zviito zvakananga zvakavakirwa pamhiko yoga. Uku kuganhurirwa kwekutonga kunoratidzira kuparadzana kwamasimba uye murangariro wegamuchidzanwa wokuti gadziriro huru yokuchengeta mhiko ndeyezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo papamutemo.

Dare rapamusoro rakanongedzera mhiko mumhaka dzinoverengeka dzinokosha. MuUnited States v. Curtiss-Wright Transport Corp. (1936), Mutongi George Sutherland akanyora kuti mhiko yapurezidhendi inoisa chipikirwa che "kuuraya kwokutendeka" icho chakazvimirira pamurairo upi noupi wemitemo. Muteel Seitura Case (Vhibherie. V. Sawyer, 1952), Mutongi Robert Jackson akakurumbira anoraira mhiko sechiyeuchidzo chokuti simba rapurezidhendi rakaganhurirwa neBumbiro remitemo. Nguva pfupi yapfuura iyi, muTrump v. Hawaii (208), Dare rakarangarira kana kufamba kwapurezidhendi kuchidzongova kutyo, nokupesana nedare raidzwa kwaClauslaus, nokupesana nedare pamusoro penhau pamusoro penhau yaidzoro yedare remitemo pamusoro penhau ye "Musipomenderi, muganhu webumbiro remitemo.

Basa remhiko mukuita zvisakafanira rinomirira chimiro chakananga zvikurusa chokusimbisa. Bumbiro remitemo rinopa kuti purezidhendi ashongwe nokuda kwe "Nyama, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe Matsotsi makuru naMakanganiso. Nepo mhiko yacho isingatsaurwi zvakajeka senzvimbo yemisikanzwa, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinopikisa kuti purezidhendi anozvidza achiziva mhaka yacho anoratidzira mhaka isingakodzeri nemhaka yokuti mhiko inorondedzera basa guru rebumbiro remitemo. Imba yavamiriri yakadudza mhiko sehwaro yezvipopo muzviitiko zvizhinji, zvikurukuru munyaya dzinopesana naPufundisi Nix.

Kunze kwemashoko akapoteredza, mhiko inobatira zvikurukuru setsika inoumba mufambiro wapurezidhendi. Mapurezidhendi anoziva kuti zviito zvavo zvichatongwa mukuwirirana nemupimo wakagadzwa nemhiko, uye uku kuziva kunopesvedzera kuita chisarudzo munzira dzakaoma kuyera nadzo asi sezvingabvira zvinokosha. Mhiko yacho inoshanda sechinorambidzwa nebumbiro remitemo kunyange mukushaikwa kwemiitiro yokuchengeta. Kunzverwa kukuru kwemhiko dzemitemo dzinowirirana negadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica, ona kufungwa kwechikwaratiso chePronell Reformation Information Institute yezvinodikanwa [.

Simba Remaoath Negurukota

Muhara Somupi Wechiremera

Vamwe purezidhendi nenyanzvi dzemitemo vakarangarira kuti mhiko yacho haisati ichingomanikidzira bedzi asi inopawo chiremera. Chibvumikiso chinomhanya: nemhaka yokuti purezidhendi akapika kuchengetedza, kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo, purezidhendi anofanira kuva namasimba anodikanwa kuzadzika mhiko iyoyo. Iyi rondedzero, pane dzimwe nguva inonzi "synole" rondedzero yesimba roupurezidhendi, inopa kuti purezidhendi wacho agove nesimba romuzvarirwo rokuita mufariro yenyika, zvikurukuru munhau dzokumwe nyika nechengeteko yerudzi, kunyange pasina kutaura mvumo.

Iyi rondedzero yave ichimutsa nharo munhau yose yeAmerica. Thomas Jefferson akaikumbira apo akabvumira Louisiana Purchase pasinei zvapo nokupanikira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rakapa hurumende simba rokuwana nzvimbo. Abraham Lincoln akaikumbira apo akaturika habeas corpus ndokuita mimwe mipimo yechienzi mukati meHondo yeChiviko. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, mapurezidhendi akakumbira mhiko kururamisa chiito chehondo pasina mvumo yedare, kurovanyanisa zviremera zveAmerica zviri kunze kwenyika, uye kushandiswa kwezviratidzo zvehurumende kuti zviite zvinhu zvinokosha.

Vatsoropodzi verondedzero yechiremera yakafara vanotaura kuti inobvisa donzo remhiko. Mhiko, ivo vanotaura kuti, imanikidzirwa pasimba roupurezidhendi, kwete manyuko aro. Purezidhendi anopika kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo, uko kunoreva kuwirirana neganhuriro dzaro pachiremera chavakuru vakuru. Apo purezidhendi anoita zvinopfuura ganhuriro idzodzo, purezidhendi anoputsa mhiko panzvimbo pokuizadzika. Iyi kurukurirano inopfuurira kuumba zvamatongerwe enyika nedzidzo yapamutemo, pasina chisarudzo chakajeka mukuona.

Kusawirirana Pakati Pamapurezidhendi Nevamwe Vakuru Vehurumende

Mhiko yapurezidhendi iripo pamwe chete nemhiko dzakaitwa navamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza mitezo yeCongress, vatongi vehurumende, uye vakuru vakuru vebazu. Iyi mhiko dzinoparira mubatanidzwa wemisengwa yebumbiro remitemo iyo inogona kupinda pane dzimwe nguva murwisano. Somuenzaniso, kana purezidhendi akaraira mukuru mukuru wamauto kuita chiito icho purezidhendi anodavira kuti hachibvumikiswi, mhiko yomukuru mukuru ku "tsigira nokudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo" ingada kusateerera murayiro wapurezidhendi. Nenzira yakafanana, kana Congresssion ikapfumisa mutemo unodavira kuti mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende, mhiko yomukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende ingakumbirwa kururamisa pamutemo kana kuti kuramba kuchengetwa.

Muenzaniso unoshamisa zvikurusa werwisano yemhiko wakaitika mukati menhau yeIran-Contatra yama 1980, apo vakuru vakuru vebazu vakapinda mukuvanza zvombo nokuda kwavamiriri vemibato vanotonga kuti Congress yakanga yarambidza zvakajeka. Independent Counser Lawrence Walsh Counser yakagumisa kuti vakuru vakuru vanoverengeka vakanga vaputsa mhiko dzavo kupfurikidza nokuvanza kushanda kweCongress uye vapurisa vaitsausa. Vapokani vakatevera vakamutsa mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pekuti mhiko ipi inotanga apo rwisano inorwisana.

Vakuru vakuru vemauto vanotarisana zvikuru nerwisano dzakakomba, sezvo vanofanira kudzikamisa basa ravo rokuteerera chiremera chavo chisiri chehurumende mukurwisana nebasa ravo rokudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo. Dare reUniformal Code of Military Linoita kuti kuve mhaka kusateerera murairo wapamutemo, asi kunodawo kuti vashandi vehondo varambe mirairo isiri yapamutemo. Mukushanda, vakuru vakuru vehondo vanowanzowirirana nemirairo yapurezidhendi kutoti murayiro wacho wakajeka uye usingabvumirwi nenzira isati iri yapamutemo. Mhiko yacho inogovera mupimo wemitemo womutemo wokuita uyu rutongeso rwakaoma, asi haigoveri nhungamiro yokupedza nhau dzakaoma.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa PaOath yaPrezidhendi

United States haisati iri yoga mukuda mhiko yapamutemo nokuda kwomusoro wayo wenyika, asi mhiko youpurezidhendi yeAmerica yakasiana mumativi anoverengeka. Kusafanana negadziriro dzakawanda dzeparamende, umo musoro wemhiko dzehurumende zvikurukuru unoitirwa, mhiko youpurezidhendi yeAmerica ine uremu huduku hwebumbiro remitemo nemhaka yokuti purezidhendi anoshandisa simba routungamiriri rapasi rinozvimirira. Mhiko yapurezidhendi icherekedza simba iroro, ichiyeuchidza purezidhendi kuti hofisi ichivimbo chinofanira kushandiswa mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo.

Humwe utongi hunosarudzwa nebumbiro remitemo hunotora nzira dzakasiana. MuFrance, Purezidhendi weRepublic anopika ku "remekedza nokuvimbisa ruremekedzo nokuda kweBumbiro remitemo" uye ku "chengetedza kuzvimirira kworudzi neperero yendima yarwo". MuGermany, Purezidhendi weFederal anopika kuti aiite kuti agadzirise nhamburiko dzangu kugarisana zvakanaka navanhu veGermany, kufambisira mberi fariro dzavo, kudzivisa kuvadziko, uye kutsigira nokudzivirira nokudzivirira Mutemo waSini nemitemo yeFredera. Rudziro rweidzirime runoratidza magamuchidzanwa akati emitemo uye mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika enyika enyika.

Kusvika kweCanada kunopa musiano unorairidza. Gavhuna Mukuru, anomirira mambo somusoro wehurumende, anopika ku "ndinei uye zvirokwazvo anoshumira Mambokadzi waHero" uye ku "kutendeka kuita mabasa ebasa. Iyi mhiko inosimbisa kuvimbika kuHuru panzvimbo pebumbiro remitemo rakadai, kuratidzira chigaro chebumbiro remitemo reCanada. Mutungamiriri wehurumende, somusoro wehurumende, anoita mhiko yakasiana somutezo wePrivi, kupika kuti "va mubatiri wechokwadi uye akatendeka kuna Mambokadzi." iyi misiyano inosimbisa gamuchidzanwa nemhiko yezvikwano zvetsika nenhau. Nokuda kwokuenzanisa kwemiitiro youkuru, [[FLD:] Dare remitemo renyika yose, rinopa mitengororo yeProputo yePropuko.[F]

Matambudziko Emazuva Ano Nemakakatanwa

Nzvimbo Yokugara Yechitendero Neoti

Gadziriro yeBumbiro reMitemo yokusimbisa panzvimbo pokupika yakapedza zvikuru kuramba kwerudzidziso kupika, asi mibvunzo inomuka panhambo nenhambo pamusoro pokupindirana kworudzidziso nemhiko. Vamwe vapurezidhendi vakasarudza kuwedzera mutauro worudzidziso kumutambo wacho, kazhinji kazhinji zvikurusa kupfurikidza nokugumisa mhiko ne "ndibetserei Mwari". Nepo iyi wedzero iri yegamuchidzanwa, haidikanwi, uye mapurezidhendi anoverengeka akairega. Franklin Pierce akatsigira panzvimbo pokupika mhiko, uye Theodosevelt akarega mutoo worudzidziso.

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, mibvunzo yakamutswa pamusoro pokuti muitiro wokuisa ruoko paBhaibheri apo vaiita mhiko unoputsa Chivako chaClaus cheFirst Amendment. Matare akaomerera nguva dzose kuti uyu muitiro itsika yemitemo nemhaka yokuti igamuchidzanwa retsika panzvimbo pokurevererwa kwehurumende yorudzidziso. Mapurezidhendi akasununguka kusarudza bhuku ripi neripi kana kuti bhuku romutambo wemhiko, uye vanoverengeka vakasarudza maBhaibheri ane revo yomunhu oga kana kuti renhau. John Quincy Adams akashandisa bhuku romutemo, rinoratidzira mugariro wake somumiriri wemitemo nemumiririri. Kuchinjika kwemhiko kuratidzira ruramiro sechinodikanwa chapamutemo chinogona kuchinjirwa kumigariro yomunhu oga.

Mutambo Muzera Rezvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga

Mugariro wezvinobudisa nhau wazvino uno wakaparira denho itsva nokuda kwokududzira nokusimbisa mhiko yapurezidhendi. Mapurezidhendi zvino anokurukura zvakananga navanhu kupfurikidza nezvikamu zvesociation, achimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti kutaura kwakati kunoputsa chinodikanwa chemhiko yokutendeka. Vamwe vatsinhiri vapamutemo vakarangarira kuti mapurezidhendi anoshandisa zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga kudenha vatongi, varovereri vemhosva, kana kuti vashori vezvamatongerwe enyika vangave vachisekesa ruremekedzo nokuda kwemitemo munzira dzinopesana nemhiko. Vamwe vakapikisa kuti mhiko yacho haiganhuriri rusununguko rwapurezidhendi rwekutaura uye kuti tsinhiro yezvamatongerwe enyika rutivi rwapamutemo rwehurukuro yehurumende.

Department of Justice’s Office of Legal Council yakapa mifungo pamusoro pomupimo wemhiko pamusoro pekurukurirano yapurezidhendi, asi iyi mirangariro yakarangarira zvikuru chisarudzo choupurezidhendi. Hapana dare rakarangarira kuti kutaura kwapachena kwapurezidhendi kunoputsa mhiko, asi mubvunzo unoramba uri nhau inonyandura yekurukurirano yenyanzvi. Rudzi rwekurukurirano yenzanga runoreva kuti iyi nzvimbo yomutemo webumbiro remitemo ichapfuurira kukura kwamakore anouya.

Kuzvidavirira Kwakaitwa Mutungamiriri Wehurumende

Mimwe yemibvunzo yazvino uno inosanofungwa kuti mhiko yacho inowirirana sei nemimwe miitiro yokuzvidavirira kwapurezidhendi, kubatanidza kuzvidavirira, kupomerwa mhaka, uye kuhwirudzurwa kwokutonga. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzakataura kuti mhiko yacho inogovera mupimo webumbiro remitemo nokuda kwokunzvera mufambiro wakasununguka kumutemo kana kuti mabumbiro outsotsi. Mumurangariro uyu, kunyange mufambiro uyo usati uri wapamutemo ungaputsa mhiko yacho kana uchipesana nomusengwa wokuuraya kwokutendeka kana kuti musengwa wokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo.

Iyi dudziro huru yemhiko yakakumbirwa munharo pamusoro pekanganwiro dzapurezidhendi, mirairo yavakuru vakuru, uye kushandiswa kweuto. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kufutunura kusvika kwemhiko yacho kungaparira kusanyatsoziva pamusoro pemipimo inodzora mufambiro wapurezidhendi uye kungakoka vatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika kushandisa mhiko sechombo chinorwisana napurezidhendi avo vanoshora.Vadziviriri vanotaura kuti mhiko yacho yakafara noune nemhaka yokuti mutungamiriri wacho inzvimbo yokuvimbwa zvikuru uye Bumbiro remitemo rinorongedzerwa kudika kutendeka kubatira dare panzvimbo pokungova kudzorwa kwoutariri.

Gakava pamusoro penzvimbo yemhiko rinoratidzira kusabvumirana kukuru pamusoro porudzi rwebumbiro remitemo muUnited States. Avo vanofarira kududzirwa kwakaganhurirwa kwemhiko yacho vanorangarira Bumbiro remitemo zvikurukuru segadziriro yemitemo inomanikidzira chiito chehurumende. Avo vanoda kududzirwa kukuru vanorangarira Bumbiro remitemo segadziriro inoisawo mabasa akanaka kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende. Izvi zviono zvinokwikwidzana zvakaumba tsika yemitemo yeAmerica chifo chokuvamba, uye havangatongogoni kupedzwa nedudziro ipi neipi yomutauro wemhiko.

mhedziso

Mhiko yapurezidhendi yebasa, kunyange zvazvo mashoko ane makumi mana nerimwe bedzi achitaura misengwa mikuru yebumbiro remitemo inorondedzera purezidhendi weAmerica. Mhiko yacho inoda purezidhendi kuti aite basa nokutendeka uye kuchengetedza, kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo. Iyi misengwa yose iri miviri yapamutemo neretsika, misengwa mikuru inotambanukira murutivi rwuri rwose rwomufambiro woupurezidhendi.

Nhau yemhiko inhau yedudziro nekurukurirano. Kuvambira pakutsaurirwa kwokutanga kwesarudzo nenjodzi dzebumbiro remitemo dzenhambo yazvino uno, mhiko yabatira sechiyereso chekurukurirano pamusoro pesimba rapurezidhendi, kuzvidavirira, uye ganhuriro dzechiremera choutungamiriri. Mhiko yacho yakakumbirwa napurezidhendi anotsvaka kufutunura chiremera chavo uye navatsoropodzi vanotsvaka kuidzvinyirira. Yakadudzwa mukurukurirano dzechibvumirano, mirangariro yokutonga, uye kurukurirano dzapachena pamusoro pechiito chapamutemo chapurezidhendi.

Chipikirwa chinogara chiri musimba racho rokuyeuchidza vose vari vaviri mapurezidhendi navanhu kuti purezidhendi haasati ari chinhu chomunhu oga asi chivimbo chebumbiro remitemo. Mutungamiriri anoshandisa simba kwete kupfurikidza nechakarurama asi nechaanotipa, uye mvumo inotsamira pakuurawa nokutendeka nokutendeka kwebumbiro remitemo. Purezidhendi mumwe nomumwe anofanira kupindura mubvunzo uyo mhiko inopa: uchazviisa umene kuBumbiro reMitemo, kunyange apo kuita saizvozvo kunenge kwakaoma, kusingafarirwi, kana kuti kunopesana nefariro yomunhu oga? Mhinduro, yakanyorwa murugwaro rwamabumbiro remitemo uye inodzokororwa parutsauriro iri yose, ndeyokuti purezidhendi anofanira uye anoda.

Kunzwisisa mhiko yapurezidhendi nedudziro dzayo zvinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa tsika yemitemo yeAmerica. Mhiko yacho haisi muitirowo zvawo wetsika asi chinodikanwa chiduku chebumbiro remitemo icho chinoumba mufambiro woupurezidhendi uye chinogovera mupimo wokunzvera kushanda kwapurezidhendi. Sezvo rudzi runopfuurira kukurukura mwero wakafanira wesimba routungamiriri, mhiko yacho icharamba iri pfundo guru munharo pamusoro pezvinofanira kuva zvinofanira kuva uye chinogona kuva.