Murangariro wokuparadzana kwamasimba unomira sechimwe chembiru dzinogara zvikurusa dzehurumende yeUnited States, dzakagadzirwa nokungwarira naMadzibaba Anovamba kudzivirira rusununguko. Iyi tsika inokamura chiremera chehurumende kuva mapazi matatu akasiana, ichivimbisa kuti hakuna munhu anogona kushandisa mabasa makuru eimwe. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi zvakafanana, kunzwisisa ichi chiono chinokosha mukunzwisisa mavambo ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica uye kushanda kunopfuurira kwegadziriro yemitemo.

Mavambo Edzidziso: Vanofunga Zvakajekeswa uye Vatongi Venyika Imwe Chete

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba hakuna kuoneka muchinhu. Kwakapesvedzerwa zvikuru navazivi vezvamatongerwe enyika veNyereso, zvikurukuru vaFalamfr Baron de Montesquieu, vane basa ra 1748 Mudzimu weMitemo [ wakataura kuti rusununguko runochengetwa zvakanakisisa apo simba rehurumende rinokamurwa pakati pamapazu akaparadzana. VaFathers, vanorava zvikuru muaya magwaro, vakatya kuiswa kwesimba kwakanga kwatungamirira kuudzori hunodzvinyirira. Chinoitika chehurumende pasi paMambo George III, uko mukuru, chibvumirano, uye mabasa okutonga kazhinji kazhinji kacho zvakasimbisa kudikanwa kwegadziriro yakaparadzaniswa.

“ Mudzimu Wemitemo ” waMontesquieu

Montesquieu akazivisa marudzi matatu esimba rehurumende: romutemo, roukuru, uye redare. Akaomerera kuti apo maviri kana kuti akawanda aaya masimba akabatanidzwa mumunhu mumwe cheteyo kana kuti muviri, rusununguko runorasika. Mifungo yake yakaparadzirwa zvikuru pakati pavatangi veAmerica, avo vaiwanzomududza muFederalist Papers. James Madison, zvikurukuru, akakweverwa zvikuru paMontesquieu pakugadzira gadziriro yapamutemo, ichidudza kuti “kuumbwa kwamasimba ose, chibvumirano, mutungamiriri, uye jadhiyariary, mumaoko mamwe chetewo... kungaziviswa nenzira yakarurama rondedzero imene youdzvinyiriri.[FLT] [1]

Kukundikana Kwenyaya Dzokubatanidza

Pamberi peBumbiro reMitemo, Theats of Confederation yakaumba hurumende yapakati yakaneta isina muganhu wakasiana kana kuti utongi. Iyi nzvero yakabvumikisa kuva ine ngwavaira: Musangano waisagona kumanikidzira mitemo, kudzora kutengeserana, kana kuti kusimudza mitero nenzira inobudirira. Shays’s Regivergion muna 1786-1787 yakaratidzira nyongano inovapo nemhaka yokusava namasimba akasimba, akaparadzana. Chizvarwa chakavamba chakadzidza kuti rusununguko harudiwi bedzi miganhuro pasimba asiwo chivako chakabvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe kushanda nenzira yokuzvimirira. Filadelphia Convention ya 1787 yakaitwa zvakananga kuti ipedzei idzi zvikanganiso.

Mapazi Matatu: Kupesana Kusingadzivisiki

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., rakasimbiswa muna 1788, rakagadza mapazu matatu ehurumende akaenzana. rimwe nerimwe rakapiwa mitoro yakasiyana uye mutoo wokudzivisa nawo kupindira kwemamwe. Uku kupesana kwakanga kusiri kwokusafunga; kwakaratidzira kusanongwarira pamusoro pohunhu uye kudikanwa kwegwinyiriro yokukurira chinzvimbo.

Gragislative Branch [IFUM] ine mutoro wokuita mitemo. Ineingano yeBimearral Congress: Imba yaVamiririri, ine mitezo inosarudzwa zvakananga navanhu makore maviri ari ose, uye Dare, rakasarudzwa pakuvamba nedzinogarwa dzehurumende asi zvino rakasarudzwa zvakananga. Mugadziri weBidaral unomirira kumwe kupesana kweupenyu (*, Imba huru zvikuru, inova huru zvikuru yakadzikamiswa neSangano yeSangano remitemo yokudzivisa mutemo yokukurumidza. Bazi remitemo rinobata simba rechikwama, rinozivisa hondo, uye kugadza kwapurezidhendi.

Bazu Rine Mutungamiriri (Artle II) rinodzika mitemo uye rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi. Vagadziri vakaitirana nharo kana mukuru mukuru wacho achifanira kuva munhu mumwe kana kuti dare, pakupedzisira anosarudza pamukuru mukuru mukuru weboka kuti ave nechokwadi chesimba nokuzvidavirira. Purezidhendi anoshanda somutungamiriri weProfesi wePhondo, muitiro wokumwe nyika, uye anogona kuisa mutemo. Zvisinei, simba rokugadza nokuita chibvumirano zvinoda tendero, kunzvera basa roukuru.

Bhaabhu reRuramisiro (Article III) rinotsanangura mitemo uye rinoumbwa neDare Rapamusorosoro nematare ehurumende akaderera. Mafiream akatanga jaji yakazvimirira (pakudzorwa nomufambiro wakanaka) kudzivirira vatongi padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall gare gare akasimbisa simba rehwirudzuro yedare mu Marbury v. Madison (1803]), achibvumira matare kudzosa mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Iri bazi rinobatira somugadziri wokupedzisira werevo remitemo.

Macheki Nedzikamo: Kutarisirwa Kwomubatanidzwa

Kuparadzana kwamasimba kwoga kwakanga kusina kukwana; vagadziri vakawedzera gadziriro yokunzvera nedzikamo kuitira kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rigogona kudzivisa kukunda mamwe. Seizvo Madison akatsanangura muna Federalist No. 51, “Kuda chinzvimbo kunofanira kuitwa kuti kudzivise chinzvimbo.” Urongwa uhwu hunovimbisa kuti nepo masimba akaparadzaniswa, akabatanidzwawo munzira dzinodzivisa udzori.

Mienzaniso Yakanyanya Yekuongorora uye Yedzikamo

  • .Legislative Checks pa Hurusarudzo: Congress inogona kukurira purezidhendi nevoruzhinji vari mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Inogonawo kubvisa Purezidhendi nokuda kwe “mhosva dzakakwirira namaperembudzi,” uye inodzora mari kupfurikidza nomuitiro wekurukurirano.
  • Nzvero dzeChirevo paChirevo: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kusvitsa mutongo upi noupi unopfuudzwa neCongress, kunyange zvazvo veto vachigona kuva vasingashandurwi. Mutungamiriri weProfesi anewo simba rokuronga Congress mumarusando chaiwo uye anogona kubudisa mirairo yechiremera inotakura simba romutemo mukati memiganhu yakati.
  • Judicial Checks paMapiri ose: Dare Gurusa rinogona kuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvisina kuwirirana kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare. Zvisinei, vatongi vanosarudzwa naPrezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare, vachipa mamwe mapazu simba pamusoro pekuumbwa kwejantiary.
  • .Legislative Checks paJudia: Congress inogona kubvisa vatongi vomubatanidzwa, kuchinja chiverengero chevatongi paDare Rapamusorosoro, uye kukarakadza wirirano dzebumbiro remitemo kukurira zvisarudzo zvedare.

Somuenzaniso, simba reDare rezano nokubvuma kupiwa zano kwokutonga zvazova chigadzikiso cherwisano inoparadzanisa, zvichisimbisa kuti kunzvera uye dzikamo zvinoramba zviri chinhu chikuru sei kuti zvitonge nhasi.

Vavariro Dzavanababa Nenharo

VanaBaba vakawanwa vakaisa muchiono hurumende yaizodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga kupfurikidza nokudzivisa kumuka kwoudzvinyiriri. Vavariro dzavo dzakanga dzisati dziri dzokuita bedzi gadziriro inoshanda asi kugadzira gadziriro ingagona kuchinjira kunguva dzinochinja dzichichengeta nheyo huru. Gakava reConstitution yeBumbiro remitemo rinozivisa kusabvumirana kukuru pamusoro pedzikamo chaiyoiyo yesimba, zvikurukuru pakati pavaFederalist naveAntifedalist.

Mapepa Anowirirana Nevanhu uye Zvinokonzera Kuparadzana

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, naJohn Jay vakanyorera Federalist Papers kunyengetedza New York kuti itenderere Bumbiro reMitemo. No. 47, rakanyorwa naMadison, inodzivirira zvakananga kuparadzana kwamasimba sezvinokosha kurusununguko. Federal List No. 48 inonyevera pamusoro pe “kushandiswa kwakaparadzana kwesimba remitemo rokutora simba — uye inotsanangura chikonzero nei kuparadzanisa pepa kusina kukwana pasina kunzvera kwemibatanidzwa. Murongi No. 51 anopa ruramiso yakatanhamara nokuda kwemifungo neganhuriro, achipikisa kuti“ kushandiswa kwakaparadzana kwamasimba akasiyana- siyana ehurumende... kunokosha kukuchengetwa kwerusununguko.[FL:][FF] [FF:]

Zvinonetsa Vari Kurwisana Nenyama

Vatsoropodzi vakafanana naBrutus (sezvingabvira Robert Yates) vakarangarira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo harina kufamba zvikuru zvakakwana mumasimba anoparadzanisa uye kuti hurumende itsva yehurumende yaizova ine simba zvikuru, zvikurukuru mukuru mukuru namatare anobetsera. Vakatya hurumende yakasimbiswa yaizoparadza uchangamire hwehurumende. Bill of Rights, zvikurukuru Pentementation yeTenth, yakawedzerwa kukurukura zvimwe zveidzi itiro hanya kupfurikidza nokuchengeta masimba kunyika navanhu. Uku kuoma kuri pakati pesimba rehurumende nouchangamire kunoramba kuri nhau huru mukuparadzana kwazvino uno kwamasimba.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba Munguva Yazvino Uno

Nheyo yokuparadzana kwemasimba inopfuurira kuumba udzori hweAmerica muzana ramakore ramakumi maviri namashanu. Nepo chivako chikuru chinoramba chisina kukanganiswa, denho itsva dzakaoneka idzo dzinoedza miganhu iri pakati pamapazu. Kunzwisisa idzi denho kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti chiono chapakuvamba chinoshanda sei nhasi.

Simba Rine Simba Rine Simba Nedzidziso Yesangano

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, vamwe vapurezidhendi vakapfuudzira rondedzero ye “mukuru mukuru wehurumende”, vachitaura kuti Purezidhendi ane udzori hwose pabazu rinodzorwa uye kuti Congress haigoni kuganhurira chiremera ichocho kupfurikidza namasangano akazvimirira kana kuti ganhuriro pakubviswa. Iyi rondedzero yakashandiswa kururamisa zviito zvikuru zvehurumende, hondo pasina mvumo yedare, uye kutaura kwakafara kweropafadzo yehurumende. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kutaura kwakadaro kunoderedza gadziriro yechekero nedzikamo. Dare repamusoro redare rakakurukura nhau idzi mumhaka dzakadai se [[FLT: 0] PGUP], v. Sawterer.[FLT]

Kuongorora Kutonga Nemiganhu Yako

Simba rehwirudzuro yedare rakura zvikuru chifo Marbury v. Madison. Dare rapamusoro zvino rinowanzosarudza mibvunzo yakakwirira yezvamatongerwe enyika, kubva pakodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri kuti dzitsigire mari. Gakava pamusoro pe “chiito chejajistia" rinopesana ne“kudzorwa kwedare” kunoratidzira kusawirirana kunopfuurira pamusoro pebasa rakafanira rejaji. Romarkmmm se Brown v. Board yeDraise yeDzinesi yeDzidzo [1954])] uye [FLT] Dare rezvamatongerwe zvamatongerwe , rakavarira kupfurikidza nesimba rezvamatongerweroutiritirome. [FLT] Hogrome] [FLD] [FFF] [5] [5] [5] inoratidzira] sei kodzero, asi vanopikisa kudaro.

Kubvuma Kutenderwa Kwomutemo uye Kuchinja

Mugumisiro mumwe usingadzorwi wokuparadzaniswa kwemasimba ibviro yemichero apo mapazu akasiyana anodzorwa namapoka anopesana. Chinoumba chigadziko muDare, pakuvamba chishandiso chekurukurirano yakatambanudzwa, chazova chombo chokudzivisa nacho mitemo. Mapurezidhendi akatendeukira nenzira inowedzera kumirairo yehurumende nezviito zvokudzora kudzivisa kuita chiito, uko kunonyandurawo zvinetso zvedare. Ichi chinoitika chinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti vagadziri vemapurani vanogona kugona kushanda nenzira inobudirira here mumhoteredzo yakareruka zvikuru. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti tsika yacho yakanga iri mukuita maune kuti idzivise chinjo yokukurumidza, nepo vamwe vanodana kuti vagadzirise migariro yokudzorera.

Hurumende Dzehurumende Nokuparadzana Kwesimba

Kuparadzana kwamasimba hakuna kuganhurirwa kumwero wehurumende; bumbiro remitemo riri rose rinokamurawowo chiremera chehurumende pakati pomukuru mukuru, wemitemo, uye mapazi okutonga. Zvisinei, zvinoti zvinosiana zvikuru mukushandisa nenzira yakananga uku kuparadzana. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neNebraska, dzine mubatanidzwa wemitemo wenyika imwe neimwe. Dzimwe dzinobvumira vatongi kuisa zvinhu zvinotemwanwa mumitsetse mimwe nemitemo — simba rehurumende risati rine mubatanidzwa wehurumende. Masangano akawanda akatsaura judiacdia, anoparira simba rakasiana nerokugadzwa ravatongi vehurumende. Nheyo yomutemo pachayo imene inowedzera mumwe mubatanidzwa wemitengo yemitengo yemitengo yakaoma: U. Mitemo inoparadzanisa masimba akaenzana pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende, mukuwedzera kuparadzana kwakakwirira pamwero pamwero pamwero pamwero.

Kufurira Nyika Yose Kwomuenzaniso weAmerica

Gadziriro yeAmerica yokuparadzana kwamasimba yakabatira sechitevedzeri chehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kupota nyika. Nyika dzakadai seBrazil, Mexico, Nigeria, uye South Africa dzakagamuchira gadziriro dzemiitiro yejetura yakafuridzirwa neU.S. Zvisinei, vashomanene vakatevedzera nzvero dzakananga nedzinowirirana netsika. Gadziriro dzinoita kuti pave nemitemo inopesana. Somuenzaniso, kukumbira kupfuurira kwevatungamiriri nemitemo yemitemo yeAmerica kuri mukusimbisa rusununguko kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa, kunyange sezvo rudzi rumwe norumwe runokuchinjira kumamiriro ezvinhu omunzvimbomo. matare eMitemo yemitemo yenyika yose anowanzodudza misiyano yetsika U. Mitemo yetsika yemitemo painenge ichidudzira mibvunzo yemasimba makuru.[FLD:0][FFFFM]

Kuparadzana Kwesimba Kunodzidzisa: Kugoverana Chizvarwa Chinotevera

Pfungwa yacho inogona kuva yemadzidziro asinganzwisisiki, anobatsira zvikuru. Nokuita kuti mashoko acho ave anooneka, vadzidzisi vanogona kukurudzira kukoshesa zvikuru utungamiriri hwebumbiro remitemo uye kukurudzira vagari vemo vanoshingaira.

Mibato Inobudirira Yekirasi

  • Kurangarira neNharo dzeMock: Ronga rusando rwokunyepedzera rwemitemo umo vadzidzi vanofanira kupfuudza mutemo, ipapo vane “mutungamiriri” kwarwuri, uye pakupedzisira“ dare” rinohwirudzura pamutemo waro. Uku kusvika kunosimbisa mabasa ebazu rimwe nerimwe.
  • Nheyo yeMashoko reChidzidzo: Shandisa zvikamu zvamashoko zvomuMapepa eFederal List, zvikurukuru Nos. 47, 48, uye 51, uye ita kuti vadzidzi vatanhare zvibvumikiso zvaMadison mumavhesi azvino uno. National Archives inogovera shanduro dzinosvikika dzeaya magwaro.
  • Studies of Constitution Crises: Nzvera zvinoitika zvenhau zvakadai semhosho yeWatergate, kutendwa kwaPurezidhendi Bill Clinton, kana kuti basa reDare Rapamusorosarudzo ya 2000. Iyi mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo inoratidzira kuti basa nedzikamo zvinonzvera sei munguva dzenyanduko.
  • Hurumende yeIndangaratidzo: Enzanisa tsika yeU.S. negadziriro dzeparamende (mutoo, United Kingdom) kusimbisa kusafanana kwamasimba akaparadzana. Vadzidzi vanogona kukurukura betsero nedzisingabetseri.
  • ZVINOITIKA zvazvino: [ Kurudzira vadzidzi kuwana nyaya dzenhau pamusoro pezvirevo zvevakuru vakuru, mirau, kana kuti zvigadziko zvemitemo uye kuziva kuti mapazi api anobatanidzwa. Uyu muitiro unobatanidza kudzidza mukirasi kuupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Vadzidzisi vanogonawo kushandisa zvinhu zvinobatsira paIndaneti zvakadai seRaibhurari yeCongress kana kuti maicif kuti vasimbise zvidzidzo.

mhedziso

Chiono chaBaba chokuparadzana kwamasimba chinowanwa chinoramba chiri chinhu chinokosha chokutonga kweAmerica, sezvinoshanda nhasi somuna 1787. Midzi yacho youzivi muKuvhenekerwa, kuratidzirwa kwayo mumapazu matatu eBumbiro reMitemo, uye kusimbiswa kwayo kupfurikidza necherekedzo zvakaparira gadziriro inosimba inodzikamisa rusununguko nenhevedzano. Nepo denho dzazvino uno — gakava redare redare, ramaganhu edare — edza miganhu yaro yaro, nheyo yacho inoramba iri dziviriro mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri. Nokuti vadzidzisi, vanodzidzisa uyu murangariro nounyanzvi uye simba zvinovimbisa kuti zvisanzwisisa bedzi kuti chizvarwa chitsva chinoshanda sei hurumende yavo asi nei nhau dzacho. Sezvo rudzi runochinja, kuparadza masimba anomira sechibvumirano chouchenjeri uye chinopfuurira kudzivirira vagari vemo vose.

[FLT]1 James Madison, Federal Muslimu N. 47 (788). Rugwaro rwakazara runowanika pa Yaale Law School Avaton Project[[[FLT:]].

[[ITSORO]2 James Madison, Federal Muslini N. 51 (1788). Ona [. upfumi[.

[[FLT]3 Nokuda kwokunzvera kwokuenzanisa, ona Constitute Project[ kubva paUniversity of Texas paAustin.[[FL:5]]