Sumo: Vavambi veHurumende yeAmerica

Kudzora kweUnited States kunotsamira pagadziriro yakadzikama yakadzikama yemwero nhatu dzakati: dzomunzvimbomo, dzehurumende, uye dzehurumende. Ichi chivako, chakanangidzirwa muBumbiro remitemo reU.S. uye chakaumbwa namazana amakore omuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika, chinorondedzera kuti simba rinoparadzirwa ndokushandiswa sei munyika. Kunzwisisa aya mabasa haisiwo zvayo muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo yezvokurangarira kuti mugari wemo ari wose anotapura sei upenyu hwezuva nezuva, kuvambira pakuchengeta dziviriro yorudzi, kunoitwa ndokuitwa.

Gadziriro yeAmerica yehurumende yakabuda mukundikano dzeSpecience of Confederation (1781 188), iyo yakaumba hurumende yapakati yakaneta ndokusiya chiremera chikurusa kuhurumende. Constitution yeConstitution ya1787 yakabudisa gwaro iro rakakamuranisa masimba pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende, nepo richisiya hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kuva zvisikwa zvomutemo. Uku kusvika kwakanatswa, kupfurikidza nokugadziriswa, zvisarudzo zvedare, uye ruzivo rwokuzviwanira runoshanda, zvino zvino zvino zvino zvino zvino zvino zvino anotonga vanhu vanopfuura mamirioni 330 muruwa 50, 3 005, uye zviverengero zvine chitsamakwa chaidzo chezvinenge 19,500.

Hurumende dzemo dzinotarisira zvinodiwa nenzanga, hurumende dzinotarisira zvinonetsa zvinenge zvichidiwa nehurumende, uye hurumende yehurumende inoita zvinhu zvinonetsa nyika nenyaya dzemarudzi akawanda.

Hurumende Yomunzvimbomo: Mutsetse Wakananga Webasa Ravose

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo ndidzo dziri pedyosa navanhu uye dzinoshandisa chiremera panzvimbo dzapasi dzinorondedzerwa dzakadai samaguta, mataundi, mataundikita, uye matura. Dzinowanzonzi "hurumende dzedonzo" nemhaka yokuti dzinogovera ruwara rwakawanda rwemabasa ayo anoumba zvakananga runako rwavagari voupenyu. Kusafanana nehurumende nehurumende dzehurumende, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo hadzisati dziri dzvurudzo (h) dzinowana masimba adzo kubva mumirayiro yenyika nemiraute kupfurikidza netsika inozivikanwa se DILLON'S, iyo inochengeta kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinogona kushandisa masimba anogoverwa nenzira yakajeka bedzi nehurumende kana kuti sezvinobvira kubva kuna iwayo.

Zvimiro Zvehurumende Dzomunzvimbomo

Dare reCensus Bureau reUnited States rinotaura nezvemarudzi mashanu makuru ehurumende dzomunharaunda:

  • Nhamba:[ Zvikamu zvikuru zvenyika dzenyika, zvine mutoro wemabasa akadai sekuchengetwa kwomutemo, matare, marekodhi ezvinhu, uye utano hwevoruzhinji. Kune zviverengero zvinenge 3 005 muUnited States.
  • Minicial:[ Maguta akabatanidzwa, mataundi, uye misha inogovera mabasa omumaguta akadai semvura, tsvina, mapaki, uye mapurisa omunzvimbomo. Matura enzvimbo dzinogara vanhu aripo munyika yose.
  • Zvikepe zvakazviwanwa: zvinowanwa zvikurukuru muNorthernmast neMidwaster, izvozvi zvikamu zviduku zvezviverengero kana kuti zvinotaura zvinobata kugadziridzwa kwemugwagwa, dziviriro yomwoto, uye nzvimbo dzomunzvimbomo.
  • Maruwa eIndaneti: Hurumende dzeIndependent dzakaumbwa kuti dziite basa rimwe kana kuti mabasa matete, akadai samaruwa ezvikoro, maruwa emvura, zviremera zvokufambisa, uye maruwa eraibhurari. Kune maruwa chaiwo anopfuura 35 000 muU.S.
  • Hurumende dzeAmerica dzedzinza: Masangano aChangamire ari mukati meU.S. anoshanda zvakafanana kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo asi ane nzvimbo yapamutemo yechienzi pasi pomutemo wehurumende. (Nepo muruzivo rwezvoruzivo rweboka rakaparadzana, anowanzobatira pamwe namasangano omunzvimbomo nehurumende.)

Masangano Emacore Anopiwa Nehurumende Dzomunzvimbomo

Hurumende dzomunharaunda dzine mutoro wemabasa anotapura zvakananga upenyu hwevagari vemo. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

  • Public Safety:[ Madhipatimendi amapurisa, madhipatimendi emoto, mabasa okurapa ekurumidziro, uye kuchengetwa kwebumbiro remitemo. Mapurisa omunharaunda anobata runhare rwakawanda rwokuchengeta mutemo muUnited States.
  • [[FLT: 0] Tsika: Zvikoro zvehurumende zvemavambo nezvirefu zvesekondari zvinodzorwa zvikurukuru pamwero womunzvimbomo kupfurikidza namadare ezvikoro akasarudzwa navakuru vakagadzwa, kunyange zvazvo mari nemipimo zvichibatanidza hurumende nehurumende.
  • Furacture: Kuchengeta migwagwa yomunzvimbomo, mabhiriji, nzira dzomumugwagwa, magetsi emigwagwa, zviratidzo zvemotokari, uye gadziriro dzemvura dzinoyerera mvura. Makiromita 4 emigwagwa yavose zvikurukuru ari pasi pomunzvimbomo.
  • Kuisa musero wemarara: Muunganidzwa wemarara, kudzoserazve, kurasa tsvina, uye kurapa kwetsvina. Manisiparati akawanda anoshandisa zvisaririra zvavo vamene kana kuti chibvumirano nezvidhori zvokudhonza.
  • Mapaki evoruzhinji neNhandaro:[[FLT: 1] mapaka avose, nzvimbo dzemitambo, nzvimbo dzenzanga, madziva okushambira, minda yemitambo, uye nzvimbo dzetsika dzakadai samaraibhurari namamiziyamu.
  • [ Kuronga nokushandisa Nyika: Kudzora kukura kwezvinhu kupfurikidza nemirairo yokuvaka, mipimo yokuvaka, uye mirau yemapoka. Iri simba rinotema uko misha, mabhizimisi, uye mafekitari zvinogona kuvakwa.
  • Masangano okubatsira: Hurumende dzakawanda dzomunzvimbomo dzinogovera mvura, magetsi, gasi romusikirwo, uye masangano eInternet akafara, zvimwe zvakananga kana kuti kupfurikidza nezvitepu zvezviwi zvemagetsi.

Kubhadharwa Kunoitwa Hurumende Dzemo

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinovimba nemhatsa yamanyuko emari:

  • [ Mitero yakatsaurwa: Manyuko makurusa emari yomutero yomunzvimbomo, yakaunganidzwa yakavakirwa pamipimo yenhumbi inotemwa. Iyi inowanzova nzira huru yemari yezvikoro zvehurumende.
  • [ Mitero:[ Maguta mazhinji nenzvimbo dzinoverenga dzinowedzera mutero wadzo dzimene pamutero wemari.
  • Aser Fees neFapes: Pomero dzebasa semvura, tsvina, mvumo dzokupaka, uye mvumo dzokuvaka, pamwe chete nefaindi dzekuputsa kwemotokari nebumbiro remitemo.
  • State and Federal Grants: kutamisira hurumende nokuda kwamadonzo akati akadai sedzidzo, gadziriro dzehwaro, uye gadziriro dzoutano dzavanhu.
  • [ Mitero inobhadharwa: Dzimwe hurumende dzomunzvimbomo (kwakadai seNew York City namasipala mazhinji eOhio) mari yomumusha kana kuti mitero yemitero yemitero yemunzvimbo.

Mienzaniso Yehurumende Yomunzvimbomo Iri Kushanda

Rangarira chisarudzo chaichoicho: dare reguta rinovhota kutora nzvimbo kubva mudzimba kuenda kuzvokutengeserana kuti ribvumire chitoro chitsva chegirosa. Ichi chinoitika chinobatanidza kutongwa kwavose, kurongwa kwegadziriro, kunzvera kwemhoteredzo, uye zvikumbiro zvinobvira kumatare ehurumende. Chitoro chegirojitari, changovakwa, chichabhadhara zvinhu zvomunzvimbomo nemitero yokutengesa, chichagadzira mabasa, uye chinotapura mitoo yemotokari yemotokari iyo hurumende yomunzvimbomo inofanira kutarisira.

Nokuda kwokupinda kwakadzama zvikuru muzvivako zvehurumende yomunzvimbomo, shanyira National League of Cities, iyo inogovera pfuma nehurumende dzemanisiparati muUnited States.

Hurumende: Masangano Ehurumende Inotonga Nehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Hurumende dzine nzvimbo inokosha mugadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica. Dzine chiremera chadzo (kunze kwechinoganhurirwa neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S.) uye dzinoshandisa simba pamhatsa yakafara yenhau dzomumba. Chitsama chamashoko "Masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu," chakaumbwa naMutongi Louis Brandeis, chinoratidzira pfungwa yokuti hurumende dzinogona kuedza nemitemo yakasiana- siyana nepurogiramu pasina kuisa mungozi dzikamo yorudzi.

Kuvakwa Kwehurumende Dzehurumende

Hurumende imwe neimwe yehurumende inotevedzera muenzaniso wehurumende nemapazu matatu:

  • Bazu reRegitoriti: Bhameral munyika dzose kunze kweNebraska (iyo ine mutezo wehurumende wehurumende). Hurumende inoita mitemo pamisoro yakadai sedzidzo, tarisiro youtano, ruramisiro youtsotsi, mitero, uye zvokufambisa. Vanosimbisawo kugadzwa kwehurumende netsananguro yemari inobvumira.
  • Bazu reBazu reBazi: Rinotungamirirwa nagavhuna akasarudzwa, uyo ane mutoro wokushandisa mitemo yehurumende, anotarisira dare rehurumende, uye anoraira Hurumende yoRugare. Vamwe vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kazhinji kazhinji vanobatanidza gavhuna mukuru mukuru, ggweta mukuru, munyori wenyika, muchengeti wehomwe, uye mutarisiri womuraidzo wavose.
  • Dare reHurumende reJoucial Bank: Mitemo yeHurumende, kuvambira pamatare anotongwa kusvikira kumatare makurusa, kududzira mitemo yehurumende namabumbiro emitemo. matare ehurumende anobata mativi mazhinjisa enhau dzapamutemo muUnited States, kubatanidza kukwikwidzanisa mhaka, gakava rehurumende, nhau dzemhuri, uye probate.

Mabasa makuru eHurumende dzeHurumende

Hurumende dzinoshandisa masimba akawanda, mazhinji awo ari masimba .]

  • Throsa: Uniteds inogadza mipimo yedzidzo, inoshandisa mipimo inowirirana, vadzidzisi verezenisi, uye kuparadzira mari kumaruwa echikoro omunzvimbomo. Mitemo yeFrederal yakadai seAll Students Receeds Act (ESA) inogovera gadziriro asi inosiya kuitora kuzvinhu.
  • Health ne Welfare: United States inotarisira Medicaid, gadziriro youtano yavanhu vakaderera vanosvika, munhungamiro dzehurumende. Vanoshandisawo madhipatimendi outano hwavanhu vose, vanodzora zvipatara nemisha inochengetera vakwegura, uye vanotarisira gadziriro dzakafanana neServer Consolation for Needy Families (TANF) uye Conftion Interition Apption Program (SNAP).
  • transport: United States inovaka nokuchengeta migwagwa mikuru (kubatanidza migwagwa yapakati penyika mubatira pamwe nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende), inodzora kunyoresa kwomutyairi nemotokari, uye inodzora gadziriro dzokufambisa dzavose.
  • Public Safety:[ mapurisa ehurumende kana kuti vatariri vemigwagwa inodzorwa nemigwagwa inomanikidzira kuisa mitemo yemotokari ndokunzvera mhaka. Mapato ehurumende anoruramisa anotarisira majeri uye anotarisira kuganhurirwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kudzorwa kwezvemari:[[FLT: 1] Makambani ehasha eUnited States, nyanzvi dzerezenisi (vatambi, magweta, vachemi, zvichingodaro), kudzora inishuwarenzi nebhangi, uye kugombedzera mitemo yokudzivirira vatengi.
  • [[NU.0] dziviriro yezvemari: United States inoshandisa mitemo yemhoteredzo yehurumende (mutoo, Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act) uye kazhinji kazhinji inogadza mipimo yorumano zvikuru. Vanodzora mapaki ehurumende, masango, uye zviwanikwa zvemhuka.
  • Sarudzo: nyika dzinotarisira sarudzo dzose dzehurumende, hurumende, uye dzomunzvimbomo mukati memiganhu yadzo, dzinogadza mitemo inovhota, miganhu inodzorwa, uye miitiro yokuvhota.
  • [[FOL:0] United States revy rev remiswo), mitero yokutengesa (maruwa 45), mitero yebhizimisi, uye mitero yepeturu, zvinodhaka, uye fodya.

Basa Remitemo yeHurumende

Hurumende imwe neimwe ine bumbiro rayo amene, iro riri mutemo mukurusa wehurumende iyoyo (pasi poMutemo weU.S.). Mitemo yehurumende inokombamira kuva yakareba zvikuru uye ine udzame zvikuru kupfuura iyo yomubatanidzwa, kazhinji kazhinji kubatanidza gadziriro dzehurumende yomunzvimbomo, dzidzo, mutero, uye maruramiro avanhu. Inogona kugadziridzwa kupfurikidza nechiito chomutemo, zviito zvakakurumbira, kana kuti kokorodzano dzebumbiro remitemo.

Hurumende Dzehurumende Sedzinovandudza Mitemo

Mitezo yamapiona kazhinji kazhinji yakasvika gare gare panzvimbo yenyika. Mienzaniso inobatanidza:

  • Inishuwarenzi yeHealth: Mutemo weMassachusetts' wokuvandudza utano wa2006 wakabatira somuenzaniso weAffordible Care Act (2010).
  • [[FLT: 0] Chitsama Chidukusa: Nyika zhinji dzakakwidza mibairo yadzo yakaderera pamusoro pouriri hwehurumende, kuchisunda gakava renyika pamusoro pemwero yomubhadharo.
  • Kudzorwa kwemipimo yemotokari yeCalifornia yakatyaira motokari dzinochenesa munyika yose kupfurikidza nechinodzivisirwa chinopiwa neCeaty Air Act.
  • Chiratidzo Choutsotsi Chinjo:[[[FLT: 1] United States dzakafanana neTexas neNew York dzakaedza zvimwe zvinotsiva kusungwa, matare emirimo, uye kuchinja kwebheyi.

Nokuda kwemashoko ane chiremera pamibato yehurumende, naGavhuna veNational Association anopa mishumo yemiitiro nemiitiro yakanakisisa.

Hurumende Inotonga Nyika Yose

Hurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeUnited States, ine masimba anogoverwa neBumbiro reMitemo uye ane mutoro wenhau dzeitiro hanya yorudzi neyamarudzi ose.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende Inotonga Nyika Dzakabatana

Bumbiro reMitemo rinokamura chiremera chehurumende pakati pamapazu matatu akaenzana, rimwe nerimwe rine cheki nedzikamo:

  • Bhizi reRegistative (Choregn): Yakanyorwa neDare (mitezo 100, miviri pahurumende) neImba yaVamiririri (mitezo 4,35, inogoverwa navagari vemo). Dare rinoumba mitemo yehurumende, rinozivisa hondo, rinodzora mari yehurumende nekutengeserana kwokumwe, rinodzora mari inoshandiswa nedare rehurumende kupfurikidza nokunzwa nokunzvera. Masimba anokosha anobatanidza simba kumitero, mari yokukwereta, mari yemari, kutanga mahofisi epositi, uye kupa mabhiri.
  • Bazu rePurezidhendi: Riri kutungamirirwa naPurezidhendi, anobatira somusoro wehurumende nomusoro wehurumende. Purezidhendi anomanikidzira mitemo yehurumende, anoitisa mirau yedzimwe nyika, anoraira mauto ane zvombo, anogadza vatongi vehurumende navakuru vakuru vedare, uye anogona kushandisa mutemo. Bazu rehurumende rinoshandisa vasiri varwi vanopfuura mamirioni maviri mumadhipatimendi akadai seDefence, Justice, Treary, Unitor, Health and Human Security, uye Homeland.
  • Bazu reJoudicial: Vakosheri veDare Rapamusoro-soro (9 ruramisiro) uye matare ehurumende akaderera akaumbwa neCongress. matare eFederal anorondedzera Bumbiro remitemo nemitemo yehurumende, anopedza gakava pakati pehurumende, uye anonzwa nhau dzinobatanidza mibvunzo yehurumende. Simba reDare Rapamusoro rekuongorora dare(Nyakarongwa) muna Marbury v. Madison [1803]] [103]]

Akapiwa Simba uye Akashandiswa

Chiremera chehurumende yehurumende chakavakirwa mu masimba akarongwa muChikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo, kubatanidza simba rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kusimudza hondo, uye kutanga hofisi yepositi. Nacesary [Masimba ose] (Chikamu 8, Claus 18) anobvumira kuti mitemo yose ive "yakafanira uye yakafanira" yokuita kuti ipedze masimba ayo, kukwira ku [[FLT:]] masimba anoshandiswa [[FLT]]]. Hurumende yose inodzorwa kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu.

Mabasa Makuru eHurumende Inotonga Nyika Dzakabatana

  • National Defense: Department yeFout inodzora mauto ane zvombo (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Space Force) uye inodzivirira rudzi patyisidziro dzokumwe. Hurumende yehurumende inochengeta zvivako zvehondo munyika yose uye inofambisa mabasa ouchenjeri kupfurikidza neCIA uye mamwe masangano.
  • Mutemo wokumwe: Dhipatimendi reHurumende rinoita zvibvumirano, rinoita zvibvumirano, rinobata zvibvumirano, rinodzora zvibvumirano, uye mapasipoti. Mutungamiriri wehurumende ndiye mumiriri mukuru.
  • Kutengeserana kweInterstate: The Commerce Claus rinopa hurumende yehurumende yakafara kudzora mubato wemari uyo unodarika mitsetse yehurumende, kubatanidza chokufambisa, kubhangi, kukurukurirana nekombiyuta, uye Internet.
  • Inishuwarenzi yeSalvato yeIndasiti yePucial Security neWelfare: Inobetsera dzenzanga dzinogovera kurega basa neurema; Medicare inofukidza kutarisira utano nokuda kwavakweguru; Médicaid (mubatanidzwa nehurumende) inogovera purofiti dzoutano nokuda kwavanhu vanowana mari shoma. Hurumende yehurumende inogoverawo betsero dzavarwi venguva refu, yamuro yezvokudya, uye mari inogoverwa yedzimba.
  • Chivil Rights Inforcement: Department yeRuramisiro inomanikidzira mitemo yehurumende inorwisana norusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, vatano, rudzidziso, urema, uye mavambo orudzi. Mutemo weRwimipo unobatanidza Chirevo chaMaruramendi eChineidzo dza1964, uye vaAmerica vane Chibvumirano cheUnionscial Act cha1990.
  • Dziviriro yeMhesano: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inoshandisa ndokumanikidza mitemo yemhoteredzo yehurumende, kubatanidza Chrosha Air Act, Chwaichena Mvura Act, uye Super Superct.
  • Kutora nokunatsa: U.S.U.Unigation Service (USCIS) inoita mavhisa, makadhi akasvibira, uye zvishandiso zvevagari vemo. Tsvatom neFout Les Khuviriro neBood dziviriro yapamuganhu, uye Immigation and Customment Enforcementmentment (IE) inomanikidzira mitemo yokupinda munyika.
  • Policy: The Federal Reserve System inodzora kugoverwa kwemari, inoisa mitsara yemubereko, uye inodzora mabhangi kuti ave nechokwadi chokutsigisa kwemari.

Kushanda Muchishandirapamwe Nokukamukana Kwesimba

Chiremera chehurumende yehurumende hachina kuganhurirwa. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoganhurira zvakajeka simba romubatanidzwa munharaunda dzakadai sechinosundira kurukurirano yemitemo yemitemo (kunze kwokupandukira kana kuti kuvhozhokera), kupfuudza zvikwereti zvechikwereti chemubhadhari, kana kuti mitemo inoorora yapashure. Dare re10 rePramendement rinosimbisa kuti masimba asina kupiwa kuUnited States akachengetedzwa kuhurumende. Uku kuenzana kwave kuri manyuko ekurukurirano yebumbiro remitemo inopfuurira, kubva ku New Arect[FLD [F:1]] zera resimba renyika renyika kuchisarudzo chemisiona yeDare gurusa renyika inoganhurira chiremera chehurumende pamusoro pezvigadziko nesimba rezvokutengeserana.

Nokuda kwenhetembo yapamutemo yegadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, shanyira USA.gov, web yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Kupindirana Pakati Pehurumende Dzomunzvimbomo, Hurumende, uye Dzehurumende Dzinotonga

Kunyange zvazvo mwero mumwe nomumwe wehurumende une mitoro yakasiyana, havashandi vari voga. unani hweAmerica hunoratidzirwa negadziriro yakaoma yokufambidzana nehwuno(dzimwe nguva kubatira pamwe, pane dzimwe nguva kunokakavadzana) uko kunoumba muitiro wavose nokupiwa kwebasa.

Kushandira Pamwe Kwehurumende

Kuvambira muma 1930, hurumende yehurumende yakabatanidza nenzira inowedzera unani hwehurumende , umo hurumende dzorudzi, nyika, uye dzomunzvimbomo dzinoshandira pamwe chete kukurukura zvinetso. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza mari yemari yehurumende kunzvimbo nenzvimbo nokuda kwamadonzo akati, asi zvinouyawo nemigariro nemirairo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza:

  • [[FLT: 0] Hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari inokosha nokuda kwokuvaka nokutarisira mugwagwa mukuru mukuru kupfurikidza neHighway Trust Fund, inotsigirwa nemitero yepeturu yehurumende.
  • Medicaid: Hurumende yehurumende inowiriranisa mari inopedzwa paMedicaid pamwero yakasiana (kuvambira pa 50% kusvikira ku 83% kuchitsamira panzvimbo nepurogiramu).
  • , Hurumende yehurumende inogovera inenge 8-10% yemari yechikoro chavose kupfurikidza nepurogiramu dzakadai seTit (Hwiringiriro yavadzidzi vakaderera) uye Ambuya Nedzidzo I (IDEA). United States nenharaunda dzinogovera vasara.
  • Disaster Response: The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) inobatira pamwe namasangano ehurumende neomunzvimbomo anotarisira njodzi dzekurumidziro kuti aite chiito kungwavaira dzomusikirwo dzakadai sedutu, kudengenyeka kwapasi, uye mwoto.

Fiscal Frederalism NevaGrant

Kuyerera kwemari pakati pemwero yehurumende rutivi runodzora rweukama hwehurumende.

  • Giro dzemari: Nkwama dzinosarudzwa nokuda kwedonzo chairo, zvakadai sekusimukira kwenzanga kupa mari kana kuti zvipo zvokuchengeteka kwenyika yokumusha. Izvi zvinowanzoda mari kana kuti yomunzvimbomo yewirirano uye mukuwirirana nemirau yomubatanidzwa ine udzame.
  • ganhurira maGrands:[ Fund dzakagoverwa nokuda kwenharaunda dzakafara dzemiitiro (mutoo, utano hwendangariro, mabasa enzanga) ane tambo shomanene dzakabatanidzwa, kubvumira nyika nenharaunda kungwarira zvikuru mukushandisa kwadzinoita mari.

Hurumende dzinobatsirawo hurumende dzemo nemari, kunyanya kuti dzipe mari yokubhadhara mitero uye yokubhadhara zvinhu.

Kusunungurwa uye Kupinda Mumuedzo

Hurumende yehurumende inogona kusunungura Hurumende kana kuti mitemo yomunzvimbomo munharaunda umo ine chiremera chebumbiro remitemo, zvakadai sokutama, nhau dzokunze, uye kutengeserana kwepakati penyika. Supremacy Claus (Article VI) inoita kuti mutemo mukurusa wenyika utevedzere, kunyange zvazvo iwo pane dzimwe nguva achigona kudenha kusunungurwa mudare kana kuti kutsvakisisa.

Federal misi inoda nyika nenharaunda kuita zviito zvakati, kazhinji kazhinji pasina mari yakazara. Mienzaniso inobatanidza chinodikanwa kugovera vanhu vane urema muADA, kana kuti kuwirirana nemipimo yemhoteredzo yehurumende. The Unlidated Mandates Reform Act ya1995 yakatsvaka kuganhura mirairo yakadaro, asi inoramba iri manyuko erwisano.

Matambudziko Mukutonga Kune Vari Kufamba Nedzimwe Nyika

Kukurukurirana kwehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, dzehurumende, uye dzehurumende hakusi nyore nguva dzose.

Kusawirirana Kwepfungwa

Mienzaniso yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi inobatanidza rwisano pamusoro pamaguta matsvene (panoganhurirwa hurumende dzomunzvimbomo nokuchengetwa kwekupinda kwavanhu mumusha), kunyoreswa kwapamutemo kwembanje (uko mutemo wehurumende uchiri kurambidza cannabis pasinei zvapo nokunyoreswa pamutemo kwehurumende), uye murairo wemhoteredzo (chichengenges kuGeneral Power Plan ne Waters dzeUnited States). Zvisarudzo zvedare gurusa se Primpz v. United States (1997) uye [FLT:] MY]. NAC[FLT[FFF] v[FLT][FFF][FLT][3]] [208]) zvakasimbisa ganhuriro dzehurumende yehurumende kuti ipararire, asi vakuru vanoramba kudaro.

Kusiyana Mumari uye Mubasa

Nyika dzakapfuma nenharaunda dzinogona kuva nemabasa akakwirira uye marongerwo akakwirira kupfuura ane urombo. Izvi zvinotungamirira kukusiyana kwemari yokutsigira dzidzo, migumisiro youtano, uye mikana yezvemari. Zvirongwa zveFederal zvinogona kubatsira kuenzanisa pfuma, asi kazhinji kazhinji zvinouya nemamiriro ezvinhu angasawirirana nemamiriro ezvinhu omunzvimbo. Nenzira yakafanana, mataundi maduku okumaruwa angashaya simba rokukwikwidza nokuda kwezvipo zvehurumende kana kuti kuwirirana nemiraudzo yakaoma.

Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunowedzera kwakashata ukama hwehurumende. Hurumende dzingaramba kushandisa mitemo yomubatanidzwa (sezvinei, tsinhano dzoutano muACA), nepo hurumende yehurumende ingarega kutsigira mari kana kuti kuita chiito chapamutemo mukurwisana nenyika dzisina kubatana. dzimwe nguva hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinozviwana dzimene dzichibatwa pakati pemirayiro inorwisana nehurumende yehurumende.

Kuwa Kwoutarisiri uye Kusagutsikana

Somuenzaniso, kumanikidza mutemo kuri kuitawo pakati pemapurisa omunharaunda, mapurisa ehurumende, uye masangano ehurumende akadai seFBI neDEA. Kunyange zvazvo kubatana kuchigona kuvandudza migumisiro, kunogonawo kuita kuti pave netepi tsvuku negakava rehurumende.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwokunzwisisa Kushanda Nemabharo

Kukamukana kwesimba pakati pehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, dzehurumende, uye dzehurumende yehurumende ichinhu chehwaro choupenyu hweAmerica. Haisi gadziriro yevafundisi yevafundisi yakabatana asi igadziriro yasimba yakashanduka kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo, kududzirwa kwedare, chiito chomutemo, uye ruzivo rwokuzviwanira runoshanda. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi, kunzwisisa aya mabasa anokosha nokuda kwounziri hwenhaka yakaziviswa. Kunzwisisa kuti ndiani ane mutoro nokuda kweicho(* uye kuti mwero iyi inoshanda sei vanhu kuti vabatane zvinobudirira zvikuru nehurumende yavo, vatsigire chinjo, uye kunzwisisa kusatsana kwegadziriro yakagadzirirwa kuwirirana nemhatsa.

Nheyo dzehurumende dzinoramba dzichishanda nhasi sezvo nyika inonangana nezvinetso zvitsva: zvirwere zvinoyambuka nyika, kusaenzana kwezvemari kunosiyana - siyana nenharaunda, kugadzirwa kwezvinhu kunopfuura murairo, uye kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kunoda kutsinhiraniswa kwemabasa ehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, dzehurumende, uye dzehurumende, tikagadzirira chizvarwa chinotevera kudzora uku kuoma uye kubetsera gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende dzinodavirira.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, Service yoKunzvera inobudisa mishumo pamusoro pounani hwehurumende neukama hwehurumende, uye Brookings Institution[ inopa kuongororwa kwenhau dzehurumende dzazvino uno.