Hurumende yeUnited States ine nhau refu uye yakaoma yemiitiro yokutarisira yakagadzirirwa kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira, kuona, uye kushanda kwakafanira kwamasangano ehurumende. Iyi miitiro yakashanduka nokufamba kwenguva mukupindura kuchinja zvimiro zvezvamatongerwe enyika, zvinodikanwa zvavanhu, uye zvinoitika zvenhau. Kuvambira pakunzvera kwehwaro nedzinodzikamiswa dzebumbiro remitemo kusvikira kunzvero dzazvino uno dzokuona, tarisiro inoramba iri musimboti wekudzora kwedemocracy. Nyaya ino inonzvera nhano huru mukushanduka chitarisiko kwehurumende yeU.S., ichinzvera kuti nguva imwe neimwe inoumba sei maturusi namasangano zvinotsamira pairi nhasi.

Michina Yokutarisira Yapakuvamba: Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Segadziriro Yokutanga Yokuongorora

Mumakore apakuvamba eUnited States, miitiro yokutarisira yakanga iri yemaoresa asi yakaonwa. Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakatanga gadziriro yokunzvera nedzinodzikamisa pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende: chigaro, mutungamiriri, uye mapazu okutonga. Iyi gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuti risawane simba rakawanda zvikuru. James Madison akaitirana nharo dzakakurumbira mu Fideralistanstan. 51

Kuongorora Kwemasangano uye Kusava Nechinhu

Congress targery kupfurikidza nokutonga nokunzvera zvakatanga. Nzvero yokutanga yakaitika muna 1792 apo House of Desiderations yakanzvera kukundwa kwaMutungamiriri weHurumende Arthur St. Clair namauto eInitive American. Bumbiro reMitemo rakapawo Congress simba rokusatevedzerwa, chishandiso chine simba chakashandiswa kashoma asi chine simba guru. House of Messagests inobata simba rimwe chete rokusakarurama, nepo Dare rakaita muedzo. Iri basa rakakumbirwa kurwisana napurezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, uye Donald Trump, pakati pavamwe.

  • hwirudzuro yeJudicial yakaitwa mu Marbury v. Madison (103) akapa matare simba rokuputsa mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo, kuvamba cheki yechero yokutsoropodza pamusoro pezviito zvemitemo nechiremera.
  • Nzvimbo yeTreasurence (1789) yakagovera kuzvidavirira kwemari kwapakuvamba kupfurikidza nechinodikanwa chokuti ndyiko dzose dzinoshumwa kuCongress.

Kubudirira kweHondo dzePashure-Pamusana: Kugadziridza uye Masangano Matsva

Bureau yaVasunungurwa uye Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Dzinotarisirwa

Pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, kudiwa kwokutarisirwa kwakajeka. Nguva yokuumbwazve yakaona kuumbwa kwamasangano akasiyana - siyana aiitirwa kusimbisa kodzero dzevanhu uye kusimudzira kuzvidavirira muhurumende. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865-1872) yakasikwa kuti itarisire kuchinja kwevanhu vaimbova varanda munzanga, kutarisira zvibvumirano zvebasa, dzidzo, uye kudzivirira kwepamutemo. Kunyange zvazvo yakagara nguva pfupi, yakaita muenzaniso wokupindira kwehurumende mukutarisira kodzero dzevanhu.

Kuwedzera Kwomutemo Wehurumende

Kutangwa kweDhipatimendi reRuramisiro muna 1870 rakanangidzirwa kurwisa uori nokumanikidzira mitemo yehurumende, zvikurukuru pashure poudzori hunonyadzisa hweGrant. Dhipatimendi rakaita vachuchisi vehurumende vokutanga vehurumende nehofisi yeSocitori General. Mukuwedzera, Pendeton Civil Service Reform Act yeUThrilution ya1883 yakatsiva tsika yokutsigira nokuwana basa rakavakirwa pako, kuchideredza uorishongo mune zvematongerwe enyika mumasangano ehurumende uye kuumba Dare reU.Civil Servil Servity Service sedare reutariri.

  • Interstant Commerce Act (1887) yakaita Interstate Communist Commission (ICC), sangano rokutanga rakasununguka rokutungamirira, kutarisira mwero yenjanji nemiitiro.
  • SSherman Antisplant Act (1890) akapa simba rehurumende rehurumende kuti iputse nyika imwe, ichimanikidzirwa neBato reRuramisiro.

Nguva Inofambira Mberi Nokuzvidavirira Kwakawedzerwa

Kutungamirira Zvinhu uye Kurwisa Kuvimba

The Erroment Era (1890s ku 1920) yakaratidzira chinjo inokosha kutarisiro yakawedzerwa yehurumende. Vaiti vakadai saUpton Sinclair naIda Tarbell vakafumura ushati hwebhizimisi noushati hwehurumende, kuchitungamirira kudzvinyiriro yavose nokuda kwokuchinja. Purezidhendi Theodore Roosevelt akatsigira kuumbwa kwamasangano ezvengaratori akadai se Faceral Trader Commission (FC) muna 1914, iyo yakapiwa simba rokunzvera nokudzivisa miitiro yebhizimisi isina kururama. Chiito chakachena cheDS (1966) uye kutangwa kweFod Adroughtion (FDVC)

Hofisi Inozvidavirira yeHurumende (GAO)

Kutangwa kwe Office yeManist Accounting counting (GAO) [GAO)] muna 1921 muBhaundi nokuzvidavirira zvakanga zviri nguva yakapedziswa. Pakutanga yainzi Office yeAccounting Office, yakagadzirirwa kuongorora mari yakashandiswa nehurumende, kuongorora kubiridzira, uye kubudisa pfungwa dzepamutemo. GAO yakava munharivha aisapa matare anoshuma zvakananga kuCongress, achigovera donzo repurogiramu dzomubatanidzwa. Nhasi, GAO inoshandisa zviuru zvinoverengeka zvemitengoriso nenyanzvi.

  • Federal Reserve Act (1913) yakaita bhangi rapakati rine mitoro yokutarisira nokuda kwomuitiro wemari neteramo yebhangi.
  • Murairo wakaenzana weOiri inodzivisa kusavimba (1911) yakaratidzira simba routariri hwedare rokutungamirira kuparadza mamiriro ezvinhu mana.

Kubata Kutsva Nehondo Yenyika II

Kuputika Kwegadziriro Dzehurumende

New Dec. Deasue puresitorendi yegadziriro itsva dzehurumende namasangano, ichiita kuti mamwe mabasa okutarisira ashaye donzo. Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt yokutarisira yakagadzira masangano akafanana ne Sactureties and Exchange Commission (SEC) muna 1934 kudzora musika wemasheketi pashure petsaona ye 1929, uye dare reNational Laborty Relation Board (NLB) muna 1935 kutarisira magakava. [[FLT:][FLT]]

Kutarisira Kwehondo Kwekurumidziro

Zvinetso zvakaparirwa neHondo yeNyika II zvakatungamirira kugadziriro dzokuwedzera. Masimba eWar aSite yeMubato weMubatanidzwa weHondo yehondo ya1941] yakabvumira Dare kutarisira ndyiko dzehondo nokutora. Office of Price Administration (OPA)[FLT] yakadzora mitengo nokugovera apo yaidzorwa neyaiva pasi pekuongororwa. [[FLT:]] Dare reTruman [ (ringazvo Dare chairo rokuHAMBIRA programudzira Dare reNational Defecity Program) rakaratidzira tsvina netso mukuita hondo, richichengeta mabhirioni emadhora uye basa okutarisira.

  • Commission Yokutanga yeHoover (1947) yakarumbidza kurongwazve kwebazu guru kuti kunatsiridze kushanda zvakanaka nokutarisira.
  • Administrative Procedure Act (1946)[[FL:1] yakarongwa kuisa mitemo uye yaida ziviso yavose netsinhiro, kuchivandudza kujeka.

Hondo Yemashoko Nokutarisira Kwomutemo

Kutarisira Vanhu Vakachenjera

Mukati meHondo yaMashoko, miitiro yokutarisira yakava yakarongwa zvikuru, zvikurukuru mukupindura tyisidziro dzinofungidzirwa kuchengeteko yenyika. Matare eCongregational akatangwa kuti atarisire masangano ouchenjeri nezviito zvehondo. Sanete Sarudzo Committee on Intelligence[ yakaumbwa muna 1976 kuti itarisire nzanga yenjere pashure pokuzarurirwa kwezvisakiso zvetsika neFUP. Komiti yeCUS] yeCUP [7] yakanzvera kudzosa zvisina kufanira kubatanidza kunzvera kwemhuri, zvirongwa zvokuuraya, uye kunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo, kutungamirira ku [[FLD:] Surveill Act [F] Conquence (IS]) ya19786]

Vaongorori Mukuru Netsika Dzehurumende

Nguva yapashure peWatergate yakava nenhete yechinjo dzetsika. Act yeHurumende ya 1978 yaida kuziviswa kwemari nokuda kwavakuru vakuru ndokutanga Hofisi yeProfeta yeHurumende (OGE). General Act ya1979] yakagadzira vamiririri vehurumende vehurumende vazvimiririri vehurumende kuti vaongorore nokunzvera tsvina, kubiridzira, uye kushatisa. IGS iyoyi zvino inoshanda mumasangano ehurumende anopfuura 70, ichibudisa mishumo inopfuura yeSangano.

  • Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) (666, yasimbiswa 1974) yakapa vanhu vose nokutsikirira kusvika kuzvinyorwa zvehurumende, chishandiso chikuru chokuona.
  • Privitacy Act (1974) yakadzivirira zvinyorwa zvavanhu zvakachengetwa namasangano ehurumende.
  • [[[Nto:0] Chibvumirano cheBhaudhi reBhaundi (19974) chakagadzira Congregational Bal Batement Office (CBO) kugovera tarisiro yakazvimirira.

Michina Yazvino Uno Yokutarisira (1980-2020)

Kudzivirira Kwemagwenzi uye Kuita Zvirevo Zvenhema

Kutarisira kwazvino uno kwakanangidzirwa zvikuru pasimba rokupfuridza. Wattleer Protection Act ya 1989 dziviriro dzakawedzerwa nokuda kwavashandi vomuhurumende vanoshuma kusazvibata. Mitemo yenhema [FLT] Act (FCA), yakapfuudzwa pakuvamba mukati meHondo yeChivilini, yakasimbiswa muna 1986 kubvumira vapfuridzi kukwidza kukwidza nokuda kwehurumende ndokugamuchira chiverengero chemari yakawanwazve. Ikoku kwakaguma nemabhiriyoni amadhorandi emari okuwanazve nokuda kwehurumende.

Kuongorora Zvinhu Nemagetsi

Kukura kworuzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu neInternet zvakatanga denho itsva nemikana yokutarisira. Federal Information Security Management Act (FASIS) ya2002, yakavandudzwa muna 2014 se [ Federal Information Security Act, yakagadzira gadziriro yokutarisira gadziriro dzemashoko ehurumende. Office yeInzvero yeIntector yeDesection of Deset [[FLT:]] uye mamwe masangano zvino anoita kombiyuta inonzvera., kubatanidza [FLT] Office Actabletablement (OK) orgigroults]

  • Chisiko cheHofisi yeInspector General mumasangano akasiyana - siyana ehurumende kusimudzira kushanda zvakanaka nokuzvidavirira.
  • Kushandiswa kweFederal Information Security Management Act (FASTA) kutarisira gadziriro dzamashoko dzehurumende.
  • Spending.gov yakabudiswa muna 2007 kupa vanhu mashoko anotengwa nehurumende.

Kutarisira Kwemasangano Muzera Renhamba

Zana ramakore rechi21 rakava nokudzokazve kwekutongwa kwedare, zvikurukuru pamusoro penhau dzakadai senjodzi dzemari, kuongororwa nedenda. Conforital Tooderment Assel Feadential [2008-2011]) yakaongorora Tsamba yeYamuro yeYamuro (RAPP). ] PENCE Komiti yeRecoution Authodition Acturement Office [PRAC:3] yakasikwa muna 2020 kutungamirira mabhiliyoni emadhorakiti emadhora anoyamu. Kutarisira kwazvino uno kunotsamira pasimba rePUPU, kuisa mari, uye mano okutsigira kuvakuru vakuru vebazu.

Matambudziko Okutarisira

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika uye Kuvhakacha

Pasinei zvapo namasangano akagadzwa okutarisira, zvinetso zvinoramba zviripo. Kumuka kwenhau dzakadai sokuparadzaniswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kuganhurirwa kwemari, uye nhanho yokukurumidza yokuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinogona kuvhiringidza utariri hunobudirira. Kuwedzera kweboka kungadzivisa nhamburiko dzokutarisira, sezvinoonekwa mumagakava ezviputu uye uchapupu muma2020. Apo ruvimbiko runokurira kuzvidavirira kwesangano, kutungamirira kunogona kuderedza kupinda muhondo dzeruwa panzvimbo pokuwana chokwadi chaicho.

Mabhajeti Nezvinhu Zvinoshandiswa

Kuderedza mabhajeti kunogona kuganhurira zviwanikwa zvinowanika nokuda kwemabasa okutarisira. Zvirongwa zvakafanana neGO neIGS zvakatarisana nemari yakatsakatika kana kuti inoderera kunyange sezvo mitoro yavo ichikura. Somuenzaniso, vashandi veGAO vakaderera neinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu kubva muna 2010, nepo nhamba yepurogiramu dzainoongorora dzichiri kuramba dzichiwedzera.

  • [ Kuparadzanisa kwakawedzerwa kunogona kudzivisa nhamburiko dzokutarisira.
  • shamhu dzinogona kuganhurira pfuma inowanika nokuda kwemabasa outariri.
  • Ropafadzo yebasa inoreva kuti muutarisiri hwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yakavhara kusvika kwemisangano kuzvinyorwa nezvapupu.
  • [ Kukura kworuzivo rwazvino uno kunoda kuti mitumbi inotarisira ikudziridze unyanzvi hutsva (mutoo, tsika dzeAI, kuchengeteka kwechammatersecs).

Kuparadzwa Kwemahombekombe Nokuona Zvakajeka

Chimwe chinetso ndechokubviswa kwemipimo yokuona yakamira kwenguva refu, yakadai sokubudiswa kwapanguva yakafanira kwezvinyorwa zvapurezidhendi, kuramba kubatira pamwe nenzvero dzesangano, kana kuti kushandiswa kwokuisa zvimwe kudzivirira mashoko mukuona kwavanhu. Premidential Records Act[[FLT:] [1997]] uye kugadziridzwa kwakatevera kwakaedzwa nenharo pamusoro pokuwana magwaro. Dzikano pakati pechengeteko yenyika nokuzvidavirira kwavose inoramba iri dzvinyiriro inopfuurira.

Nguva Yemberi Yokutarisirwa muHurumende yeU.S.

Kuchinja Kwezvigadzirwa Zvemazuva Ano

Sezvo United States inopfuurira kushanduka, saizvozvowo mibato yayo yokutarisira. Kudikanwa kwokuona zvakanaka, kuzvidavirira, uye kudzora kunobudirira kuchaparira chinjo dzenguva yemberi nemiitiro yokutarisira. Kuchinja kungabatanidza kushandiswa kwakawedzerwa kworuzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka. Somuenzaniso, ungwaru hwemitemo (AI) huri kudzorwa neGAO kunzvera majekiseni makuru nokuda kwokunzvera nokunzvera. Ruzivo rwemitengo rwemichina runogona kuvandudza kuisa kujeka kwechekedzo mubatanidzwa. Madhipatimendimu akafanana .data yemawirirano yemite yemitengo [FLT]] [FL:3] na[FFFF] FFFFFF] FFFF:5]

Mitumbi Inozvimirira Inosimbisa

Kusimbisa mitumbi yakazvimirira yokutarisira kuti iwedzere kuzvidavirira kuchava kunokosha. Chinjo dzinokarakadzwa dzinobatanidza kupa maIG kuzvimirira kukuru zvikuru kubva kumisoro yesangano, kugovera bhajeti yamakore akawanda kuvadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kuumba dare rapakati reIG. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotsigira nokuda kwe Fédal Oversal Sup Commission [ yakaenzanisirwa neHofisi yeUbatirobhanisiro [ asi namasimba makuru okufunda kuti atange nhau dzakafanana nechinjo yemamiriro okunze, mamiriro okunze echimbichimbichimbichika, chikachanga, uye utachiona zvakagadzirirwa.

  • [ kuchinja kwakatanhamara kungagona kubatanidza kushandiswa kwakawedzerwa kworuzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kuvandudza kushanda kwoutarisiri.
  • kusimbisa mitumbi yokutarisira yakazvimirira kuwedzera kuzvidavirira.
  • Kufutunura dziviriro dzeriva kufukidza vagadziri ndokuronga matsive seutsotsi hwehurumende.
  • [ Kupa Office of Technology Assessionment (OTA) kugovera Chibvumirano unyanzvi hwemichina panhau dziri kubuda.

Kutora Rutivi Pachena uye Kuvhura Hurumende

Nguva yemberi youtariri inotsamirawo pakuvimbisana kwavose. Zvitatiso zvakafanana ne [[FLT: 0] Open Government Office na[FLT:] Challengheng.[ zvinokurudzira mubatanidzwa wevagari vomunyika nokupinza pfungwa dzoutariri. [[FLT:]][FLT]]] . [FLT] .[FF][12]

Mumhedziso, nhau yamashandiro okutarisira muhurumende yeUnited States inoratidzira nhamburiko inopfuurira yokudzikamisa simba uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti hurumende inoshanda zvinobudirira vagari vayo. Kubva munheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzechekedzo nedzinodzikamiswa kupfurikidza nedenho dzazvino uno dzemichina, utariri hwakagadzirirwa kutarisana netyisidziro itsva nemikana. Sezvo zvinetso zvinomuka (zvichinomuka kubva mukusabatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kuganhurirwa kwemari, kana kuti kudzongonyedzwa kwezvoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu) kuchava kunokosha kuti vanhu vachengete chivimbo chavo nenheyo dzehurumende. Chitsauko chinotevera munhau ino chichanyorwa navagadziri vemitemo, vatarisiri vemitemo, vanotarisira, uye vagari vomunyika vanoomerera kuti hurumende varambe vachizvidavirira kuvanhu.