Kutanga Kuchirongwa Chomutemo

Gadziriro yomutemo igadziriro yehurumende inomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Inoita kuti pfungwa dzive muitiro wavose kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yamatanho anobatanidza kurukurirano, kurukurirano, uye kubvumirana. Kunzwisisa uyu muitiro kunokosha nokuda kwavagari vemo vavimbisana, vatori venhau, vadzidzi, uye vatsigiri vanoda kupesvedzera kana kuti kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei. Nepo miitiro yacho chaiyo inosiana nenyika uye kunyange nehurumende yomunzvimbomo, nheyo dzamanyuko dzinoramba dziri dzetsinhirano: kurangarira, kujeka, uye kunzvera uye ganhuriro. Nyaya inopa kupfupikisana kukuru kwomuitiro wemitemo yemitemo yemitemo, kubva pamavambo epfungwa yokupedzisira inoita mutemo wemitemo.

Mitemo iripo pamitengo mizhinji yehurumende. MuUnited States, Congress yehurumende inoumbwa neImba yaVamiririri neDare. Nenzira yakafanana, nyika imwe neimwe ine chibvumirano chebimeyaral (kunyange Nebraska, iyo iri yeUnameral). Madare eguta omunzvimbomo namapapu eruwa anoshandawo nemiraudzo yawo amene yemitemo. Pasinei zvapo neiyi misiano. Pasinei zvapo neiyi misiano, rwendo rukuru rwemutemo(introdo, kurangarira dare, kurukurirano youriri, bidameral commendrection, uye chiito chomukuru wehurumende (* zvinoramba zvichiwirirana neiyi nhengedzero, unogona kutevera mitemo yazvino uno uno uno unototora rutivi mukuita chiito kupfurikidza netsinhiro yavose, kusangana navamiriri vako, kana kuti vateereri.

Iyi nhungamiro inofukidza nhambo youpenyu hwechibvumirano chehurumende, nepo ichicherekedza misiano mikuru mumitemo yehurumende. Zviwanikwa zvokunze nokuda kwefundo yakadzama zvinobatanidza dare Conreg.gov nzvimbo yokurongera zvikwereti zvehurumende ne National Conference of State Legislatures nokuda kwemiitiro yenzvimbo.

Mavambo Emitemo: Kwakabva Ipfungwa Dzavaireva

Mutemo mumwe nomumwe unovamba sepfungwa. Iyi mifungo inogona kubva mumanyuko akawanda: vagari vemo vamwe navamwe, mapoka ezvikoro, masangano enyanzvi, masangano ehurumende, bazu guru, kana kuti mitezo yedare rinotonga vamene. Chirango chinozivikanwa ndechokuti mitezo yeCongress bedzi inogona kuronga mutemo. Zvomenemene, munhu upi noupi anogona kunyora mutemi wemitemo, asi muiti wemitemo bedzi anogona kuusuma nenzira yakarongwa. Ikoku kunoreva kuti vagari vemo namapoka efariro kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanoshanda nomugadziri womutemo ane tsitsi kuti vashandure murangariro kuva mutemo.

Mazano emitemo anowanzomuka kubva pakumanikidzira nhau dzechikaro. Somuenzaniso, kumuka kweInternet kwakatungamirira kuchikwereti pamitengo yakavanzika yemajere newebsite. Kuderera kwemari kunonyandura mutemo pamusoro pemitemo yemari uye zvinonyandura. migariro yezveutano inonyandura mitemo pakuparadzirwa kwenhomba nenhenda. Vaiti vemitemo vanovimbawo nevashandi vourongwa hwemabhakitivha [[FLT: 1], [[FLT:]], [[FLT]] gragslate breauts shates breauts, uye [FLT] chipupuriro chaparo chapanuro, uye [[FLT]]

Kana pfungwa yacho yangonyorwa uye bhiri remitemo ragadzirwa, mugadziri wemitemo acharitsigira achasarudza nguva yakakodzera yokuisuma pakutanga kwepurogiramu yemitemo.

Kupeta Bhizi racho: Kushandura Pfungwa Dzichishandurwa Kuva Mutauro Wepamutemo

Kunyora mutero inyanzvi younyanzvi inoda ururami. Mutauro wapamutemo unofanira kuva wakajeka kukurira denho dzedare nedudziro yokutarisira. Mudare reU.S., mari yokunyora inoitwa ne Office yeLegislative Counser [ mukamuri rimwe nerimwe. Aya magweta asiri eparatia anoshanda nemitezo nevashandi vavo kuvimbisa kuti pamutemo pamutemo pamutemo, mashoko akajeka, uye akarongwa zvakarurama. Hurumende dzine mahofisi akafanana.

Mutengo chaiwoiwo une zvinhu zvinoverengeka: [ tit [[FLT: 1] kupfupikisa donzo rawo guru, [[[FLT:]] shandisaidzo[[[FLT:] kana kuti chikamu chakawanikwa chinotsanangura kudikanwa kwomutemo, [[FLT] zvirambidzo, [[12], [[12] , kana kuti migove] , [[FFFFLT]] zvinotsiva.]

Zvikanganiso mukunyora zvinogona kukanganisa mari yavanobhadhara gare gare. Somuenzaniso, mutauro usina kujeka unogona kutungamirira kududziro dzakawanda, nepo zvikanganiso zvemichina zvingada mutongo wakasiyana wokururamisa.

Sumo Nokurava Kwokutanga

Gadziriro yomutemo inovamba apo mutezo wedare remitemo unosuma mutezo. MuImba yaVamiririri veU.S., mutezo unongodonhedzera murimo mu bhokisi [a bhokisi riri padhesiki romunyori. MuDare, musenete anofanira kuzivikanwa pauriri kuti apedzise mutengi. Munomo munobva mapiwa nhamba (umr., H.R. 1235657 muImba, S.567 muDare) uye inodhindwa. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunonzi kutanga kurava , kunyange zvazvo mumakamu mazhinji ari chizivisowo choumbo.

Pashure pesumo, Mutauri weImba kana [[FTLT:2]] shongedzei Mutungamiriri Mukuru weMasarudzo anonongedzera kumutemo kudare rakakodzera (mas) rokuhwirudzura. Iyi inonongedzera chisarudzo chakakomba nemhaka yokuti inosarudza dare richava nechiremera chikuru pamusoro pepepa. Mimwe mitero inonongedzerwa kumatare akawanda panguva imwe chete kana kuti ane mativi makuru kana achifukidza nzvimbo dzakawanda dzemiitiro. Somuenzaniso, chirevo chezvo kutaura nezvose zviri zviviri reza yemhoteredzo nekurimapuranga zvinganongedzerwa kuzvose zviri zviviri Dare reMbango naMagariro Avose uye Dare rezvokurimarimi. Gadziro iri apo basa rakapfumitemwa rakazara remitemo rinoitika.

Kufunga Nezvedare: Chinokonzera Kuchinja Kwazvakaita

Matare anopa murairo mapoka maduku avaiti vemitemo vane unyanzvi munharaunda chaidzo dzemitemo . zvakadai semari, utano, dzidzo kana kuti dziviriro. Anobatira samasefa, kunzvera zvikwereti ndokusarudza kuti zvii zvinofanira kurangarirwa zvizere.

Dare Rinotonga

Nhano yokutanga yedare inowanzova yokunzwa. Mukati mokutonga, dare rinokoka zvapupu kupupurira pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvemitemo, ndyiko, uye miuyo inobvira. Zvapupu zvingabatanidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vamiriri veindasitiri, nyanzvi dzedzidzo, uye vagari vemo vanotapurwa. Kunzwa inhau dzavose nenhepfenyuro dzinonyorwa, dzichigovera chiedza nechinyorwa chakapfuma nokuda kwedudziro yomunguva yemberi. Mitezo yedare inobvunza zvapupu kunzvera kuneta uye gadziriro. Mumitemo yehurumende, masangano anonzwa angabvumira kupupurira vanhu vose, kupa inzwi rakananga mubasa racho.

Zvikamu Zvokucherekedza

Pashure pokunzwa, dare rinoita rusando rwokunyora [[FLT: 0]. Mukati mekunaya, mitezo inokakavadzana muganhu wegweta nomutsetse ndokupa nhevedzo[ dzokuchinja rugwaro. [[FLT:] gadziridzo dzinogona kuva dzakapfava (kuisa nhamba) kana kuti (kuisa zvikamu zvose zvitsva). Chigaro chinotungamirira mucheto, uye mavhoti anotorwa pachinhu chimwe nechimwe. Ndiko kunova apo chirevotodzodzodzo inogadziridzwa kupfurikidza nokubvumira. [FFF], kana kuti kupfuudza rugwaro rwakazara], kana kuti rugwaro runopfuuresa. [FF]

Zvikamu zveChiito cheDare

Matare ane zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zvinopfuura kubvumira kana kuti kuramba mari. Anogona:

  • [ Peji yacho: Urase zvinobudirira kupfurikidza nokuuisa parutivi kusvikira kunguva isingazivikanwi.
  • [[FT:0] Chitumire kudare duku: nokuda kwokuhwirudzurwa kwounyanzvi hukuru, ipapo kugamuchira rumbidzo.
  • [[[FOL:0] regai irambe isina basa:[
  • [[[FT:0] Kuuzivisa negadziridzo: Tumira shanduro yakagadziridzwa kunzvimbo yakazara.
  • Kuuzivisa pasina kugadziridzwa: kubvumira mutengo wokutanga sezvasumwa.

Mushumo wedare unova gwaro rinopesvedzera rinoshandiswa nekamuri rakazara mukati mekurukurirano youriri. rine rugwaro rwechibvumirano, tsananguro, fungidziro dzendyiko, uye kunzvera kwebumbiro remitemo.

Nharo Dzomudenga Nokutamba

Kana dare rangoshuma mutengo, unoiswa pa RETA [[FT:1] kuti urangarirwe nekamuri rakazara. Kamuri rimwe nerimwe rine mitemo yaro rimene yokuronga nokukwikwidza. Mutungamiriri mukuru anosarudza kuti zvikwereti zvipi zvinotora nguva, chishandiso chine simba chokupfuudzira zvirongwa zvebato.

Imba Yavamiriri: Nharo Yakarongwa

Mumba, kurukurirano youriri inodzorwa zvikuru. Dare rinowanzobudisa [[FLT:] chirevo chirevo icho chinogadza ganhuriro dzenguva dzekurukurirano, nhamba yemamende inobvumirwa, uye nhevedzano yevhoti. [[FLT]] yakadzikira mutemo haisi kubvumira kugadziriswa, nepo yakachinjwa murairo wapachena inobvumira bedzi majekiseti akati. Mitengo ichibva pauriri, kazhinji kazhinji kaduku. Imba inoshandisa gadziriro yemagetsi, uye mitongo mizhinji inopfuudzo inopfuuredzwa nemhaka youkuru.

Dare: Nharo Yakakura NevaFilibuster

Dare rinotevera mutoo wakajeka zvikuru nounorerutsa. Hakuna dare rinogadza muganhu wekurukurirano. Panzvimbo pezvo, u revo yokutendawo. Kugumisa ficboster, Dare rinofanira kurongedzerwa nguva yekurukurirano. Kana zvinhu zvipi nezvipi zvesenator, zvinogona kupfuurira kuzivikanwa kusvikira kunguva isingazivikanwi. Kushandiswa kunozivikanwa se jinister [[FLT:][3]. Kugumisa chibvumirano cheRenamendi, Dare rinofanira kubvumira [[FLT] [FLT]] [FL:], kunoda kuvhota 60 (as jajiti). Ikoku kunoreva kuti zvikwereti zvakawanda zvinodikanwa kutsigira kukunda bhoteran. Garnerters arnter armagent, armagent ad med , [5]

Mibato Yokuita Zvinhu

Pashure pekurukurirano, mukuru mukuru anotungamirira anoda vhoti. MuImba, vhoti dzinorekodwa pakombiyuta; muDare, kazhinji kazhinji inzwi rinovhota (yeye/no), asi mutezo upi noupi unogona kukumbira vhoti. quorum[ inofanira kuvapo (majeko emitezo) kuti ive inoshanda. Kana rusarudzo runopfuura kamuri rimwe, i i [[FLT]]

Imwe Dare: Dzokorora uye chinja

Kana imwe kamuri rangopfuudza muripo, rinoenda kune imwe kamuri (paimba kuenda kuDare, kana kuti kune rimwe). Kamuri rechipiri rinodzokorora muitiro wose: dare rinonongedzera, kunzwa, kuisa, kurukurirano youriri, uye vhoti. Ringagamuchira rugwaro rwacho seri, asi kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru runopfuudza shanduro yakasiana nezvinogadziriswa. Rura runofanira kuva norugwaro rwakafanana mumakamuri ose ari maviri isati yagona kuenda kumukuru. Irwo ndirwo runowanzova rutivi rwakaoma zvikurusa nenhanoro yenguva nemhaka yokuti makamuri maviri angava nero rokutanga rinorwisana kana kuti zvisarudzo.

Kugadzirisa Kusawirirana: Matare Omusangano

Apo makamu maviri anopfuura zvimiro zvakasiyana zvechiokomuhomwe chimwe, kazhinji kazhinji vanoumba dare rinowirirana na [[FLT:] kuti vapedze kusawirirana. Dare remusangano iboka rechinguvana rinoumbwa nemitezo mikuru (inonzi [] isonganidzo[) kubva kumativi ose ari maviri, akagadzwa nenhungamiro. Vasangana kuti vakurukure neshanduro imwe, inobvumiranisa shanduro yepepa inozivikanwa se [. matare emisangano inoshanda shure kwemasuo uye basa ravo rinogona kuchinja zvikuru chinangwa chepamutemo. Musangano wacho unofanira kutenderwa navose pasina kudzokororwa. [F]

Matanho Okupedzisira: Kunyoresa uye Kuratidza Chinzvimbo

Pashure pokunge makamuri ose ari maviri abvumira mashoko akafanana, yakapetwa. Inodhindwa pamatehwe, yakasainwa navakuru vakuru vanotungamirira vemakamuri ose ari maviri, uye inopinzwa kumukuru mukuru (Mutungamiriri wehurumende pamwero wehurumende, kana kuti gavhuna pamwero wenyika). Mutungamiriri ipapo ane zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka:

  • [ Chiratidzo chemutengo: Chinova mutemo pakarepo kana kuti pamusi wakataurwa unoshanda.
  • [[[FT:0] Mutemo:[[FT:1] Kudzosera kunzvimbo inobva nokuramba. Vhoto anodzosera mutero wacho kudare.
  • [[FLT: 0] bvumira kuva mutemo usina siginicha: Mumativi akawanda, kana mutarisiri asingashandi mukati menhambo yakati (mutoo, mazuva 10 nokuda kwaPurezidhendi weU.S., kunze kweSvondo), pamutemo unova mutemo muzvarirwo.
  • Pocket vento: Pamwero womubatanidzwa, kana Congress ichiwirirana munhambo yezuva 10, Purezidhendi haagoni zvake kuita chiito, uye mutengo unofa pasina chivharo chetsika. Ichochi chinozivikanwa sehomwe yomuhomwe.

Simba rezvomutemo rinomanikidza vaiti vemitemo kuti vafunge nezvezvinodiwa nevakuru vakuru kana kuti kutarisana nemigumisiro yezvematongerwe enyika yokunyanya kudzora chikwata.

Kunyanyodzora Mutambo: Nzvero Yomutemo Pachiremera

Kana mukuru mukuru akasaidzira mutero, mutungamiriri wehurumende angaedza ku kuvhota kusingashandisi. Kana kuvhota kukuru mudzimba dzose nepokunaya zvikamu zviviri. Zvikada kuti mavhoti maviri nezvitatu zvemitezo iripo muU.S. Congress. anoregeredza mavhoti haawanzoitiki uye akaoma, sezvaanoda kuti zvibhadharo zvishandiswe. Kana kundika kukunda kunova mutemo pasina tendero yemukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru. Kana zvichikundikana, muromo wacho wakafa. Pamwero wehurumende, vamwe vatongi vane [FLT:] project:[2] , , vachibvumira chiremera kupedza zvinhu mukati medu. [5]

Pashure Pokubvuma: Kushandisa uye Kuongorora

Kana chibvumirano chava mutemo, chinogoverwa chiverengero chavose chomutemo uye chinowedzerwa ku .S.S. zvirevo pa Mukuru[ (kana kuti chinyorwa chehurumende). Asi muitiro wemitemo haugumiripo. [[FLT:]] masangano ehurumende [ ane mutoro wokushandisa mutemo kupfurikidza nemiraudzo, iyo inozvipinza muchapupu chisati chaenda kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokuisa mitemo. Kuwedzera, mitemo inogona kudenhwa mudare. [[FLT:][FLT]]

Mitemo inogonawo kugadziridzwa kana kuti kuchinjwa nomutemo unotevera. Muitiro wemitemo unoenderera mberi: Website yanhasi ingava nhau yamangwana yomutemo wepeyindi kana kuti kugadziridzwa kutsva. Kune vaya vanofarira kutevera bhasikoro remitemo yakananga, Govtrack.

Kuchinja Kwehurumende Nekwenyika

Nepo muitiro wehurumende warondedzerwa pamusoro apa uri mupimo, vadzori vemitemo vanoratidzira mhatsa inokosha. mimwe misiyano mikuru inobatanidza:

  • Parti resiti. [FL:1] Vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vakawanda vanobatira nguva imwe (sumo, Texas, Montana) uye vanosangana nokuda kwamarusando mapfupi, ayo anomanikidzira muitiro.
  • [[[FT:0] .Unicameral :[[FLT] Nebraska ine kamuri rimwe, kubvisa nhano yokuyananisa yebicameral.
  • [ Initimu nehesterenum: nyika dzinobvumira vagari vemo kukarakadza mitemo zvakananga (inoita kuti ive) kana kuti kubvumira mitemo inonongedzerwa nedare remitemo (revenum).
  • Mitemo yakaoma:[[[FLT: 1] Dzimwe nyika dzinoda bhajeti yakadzikama uye dzine miitiro chaiyo yemabhiri ebhajeti, kazhinji kazhinji ine ganhuriro pfupi nezvinodikanwa zvokuvhota zvakakwirira nokuda kwokuwedzera kwomutero.
  • Mutsetse-inhuru: Magavhuna mazhinjisa ane simba remutsetse rechikamu cheveto pamari inotengwa, nepo Purezidhendi asingatsigiri (Kunyange zvazvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatonga mutezo wemubatanidzwa wewito undostigal muna 1998).

Kunzwisisa muitiro wehurumende yako umene kunokosha nokuda kwokuva muzivikanwi womunzvimbomo. Chirongwa [[FLT: 0] chinogovera chikuva kuronga mutemo wehurumende munyika dzose 50.

Nzira Iyo Vagari Vanogona Kutora Nayo Rutivi Mumuitiro Womutemo

Kutora rutivi kune ruzivo kunosimbisa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Hezvino zviito chaizvoizvo zvaunogona kuita:

  • Kurukurirana navamiriri vako: foni, maemail, uye tsamba kuhofisi yoruwa yomuiti wemirayiro unorangarirwa zvakakomba, zvikurukuru apo unenge uri mubatanidzwa. Rongai nzvimbo yenyu zvakajeka uye nongedzero nhamba yezvikwangwani.
  • [[FOL:0] Kutongwa kwavose kwakajeka: Matare mazhinji anobvumira chipupuriro chapachena. Isai chibvumirano pachine nguva mberi; gadzirirai kutaura kupfupi kwakanyorwa namashoko anotaurwa.
  • Kutevera kuronda mari:[ Shandisa .gov kana kuti website yedare rehurumende kuronga nyevero pazvikwereti zvechimbadzo.
  • Sangano dzine mapoka okusagona kunyora: idzo dzinowirirana nezvinodiwa zvako kazhinji kazhinji dzine nyanzvi dzinokurudzira uye mibatanidzwa yemarunda inogona kuwedzera inzwi rako.
  • ongorora pamberi pamatare: Kana une unyanzvi kana kuti ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwomunhu oga runokosha kupepa remitemo, pa uchapupu. Vashandi veDare nguva dzose vanotsvaka zvapupu zvinogombedzera.

Kana ukanzwisisa zvikuru vagadziri vemapurani, uchakwanisa kunzwa inzwi rako zvakanaka - naka — kutsigira, kushora, kana kuti kuvandudza mutemo wakarongwa.

mhedziso

Muitiro wemitemo ibasa roune, nhanho dzakawanda dzinovimbisa kuti mitemo inosanorangarirwa isati yashanda. Kubva mukunyora nokusuma kupfurikidza nokunzwa kwedare, kurukurirano youriri, chiito choukuru, uye chinobvira kukunda, chikuva chimwe nechimwe chinogovera mabanza okupinza, kunatsa, uye kunzvera. Nepo kuoma kuchigona kuva kunovhiringidza, kunodzivirirawo pamitemo yakagadzirwa nokukurumidzira kana kuti zvisina kurongwa zvakanaka. Nokunzwisisa muitiro, vagari vemo, vachengeti vemitengi vemitemo, uye vagadziri vemitemo vamene vanogona kunzvera gadziriro yacho nounyanzvi hukuru zvikuru nechivimbo. Nguva inotevera unonzwa pamusoro pechishambadzo chinofamba kupfurikidza neDare remitemo kana kuti chibvumirano chehurumende, uchaziva mafambiro auchawanawo nzira yokuita nayo mitemo yehurumende yako.