Kuitwa Kwakafanira Sechirunganiso

Chipikirwa chemuitiro wakafanira chinomira seimwe yedziviriro dzinokosha zvikurusa mugadziriro ipi neipi yapamutemo inoreva kuva inokosha. Iyi haisati ichingova zvayo muitiro wapamutemo wounyanzvi asi musengwa wenheyo wokuti hurumende inofanira kutevera mitemo yakagadzwa ndokuremekedza maruramiro omunhu oga asati anyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Pasina muitiro wakafanira, kuzviisa mungozi yapamutemo kuva zvishandiso zvesimba zvisina donzo panzvimbo pezvishandiso zveruramisiro. Nyaya ino inonzvera revo yomuitiro wakafanira, midzi yayo yebumbiro remitemo, mhindumupinduro yayo kupfurikidza nenhau, uye kushanda kwayo kunoshanda muzvinoitika zvapamutemo zvazvino uno.

Chii Chinofanira Kuitwa?

Muitiro wakafanira unosimbiswa muFindreFmment, iyo inoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende, uye Gemendment yechigumi namana, iyo inotambanudzira chinodikanwa kuhurumende. Findth Amendment inotaura kuti hakuna munhu acha "zvinzi avapo, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo." Dare reMitemo yeMitemo ye145 rinoshandisa mutauro wakafanana. Pachikamu charo, muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti kuitwa kwapamutemo kuitirwe zvakanaka uye kuti vanhu vagamuchire ziviso yakakwana uye mukana wokunzwa Hurumende isati yaita chiito mukurwisana navo.

Kuvimbiswa kwebasa rakakodzera kunoshanda pandege mbiri dzakasiyana asi dzakafanana: kugadzira zvinhu zvinodiwa uye kudzivirira kodzero dzemunhu.

Kunyatsoratidza Zvaidiwa: Kushandiswa Kunoitwa Mutemo

Nheyo dzekutonga dzinonanga pamitoo uye nhano hurumende inofanira kutevera apo inotsvaka kuganhurira maruramiro omunhu. Zvinhu zvikuru zvinobatanidza chiziviso chechiito chinokarakadzwa, mukana wekunzwa, kodzero yokupa uchapupu nokudana zvapupu, kodzero yokutarisana nezvapupu zvakaipa, uye chisarudzo kupfurikidza nomuiti wechisarudzo asina chizivano. Zvinodikanwa izvi zvinosiyana zvichitsamira pamashoko akapoteredza. Somuenzaniso, kutongwa kwakazara kunodikanwa mumhaka yeutsotsi, nepo kunzwa kusingadzorwi kwakakwana kungakwaniri nokuda kwemigumisiro yehurumende. Dare Gurusa ratanga kudzikamisa muganhu kuti uitwe mupimo wemiitiro ikafanira, kuyera fariro yomunhu oga kupfurikidza nemiitiro isati iripo, ngozi yokurasikirwa nemhindu yehurumende ichiripo. [Octal: 0]

Ziva uye Mukana Wokunzwiwa

Mbiru mbiri dzemuitiro wokuzivisa zvakafanira iziviso yakakwana nemukana une revo zvokunzwa. Cherekedzo inofanira kuva inowanwa nenzira ine mufungo kuzivisa munhu akatapurwa nezvechiito chakamirira nehwaro nokuda kwazvo. "Kuzvidira kuti inzwinzwiwa" zvinoreva mukana wokupa rutivi rwenhau pamberi pedare risina rusaruro. Muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa, kunzwa kunofanira kuitika kusati kwatanga kushanda, kunyange zvazvo migariro yekurumidziro ingabvumira kunzwa kwokukurumidza kwokukurumidza kwenguva refu apo hwirudzuro inowanika.

Gadziriro Yakafanira: Icho Mutemo Usingagoni Kuita

Gadziriro yapamberi pegadziriro yakafanira inopfuura kuganhurira zvinenge zviripo zvemitemo imene. Inodzivirira maruramiro makuru kudzongonyedzo yehurumende kutoti hurumende ichigona kuratidza chikonzero chinogombedzera. Nokufamba kwenguva, matare akaziva rudzi rwekodzero dzinokosha mukufamba kwadzo, kubatanidza kodzero yokuroora, kodzero yokuva navana, kodzero yokutungamirira kurerwa kwevana, kodzero yokuva voga, uye kodzero yokuva voga. Kana mutemo uchirema kurudyi, matare anoshandisa kuongorora kworumano, mwero wakakwirira zvikuru wokuongorora, achida kuti hurumende ibvumikise kuti ive kubatira fariro inodzorwa zvishoma. Nokuda kweda mamiriro ezvinhu ekare. [FL: 0]

Kukura Kwenhau: Kubva paMagna Carta Kuenda Kunguva Yazvino Uno

Murangariro womuitiro wakafanira hauna kuumbwa zvizere kubva kuAmerica Constitution. Midzi yawo inodzokera shure kuMagna Carta yeMiddle Ages England, zvikurukuru kuMagna Carta ye1215. Chitsauko 39 cheMagna Carta chakataura kuti “hapana munhu akasununguka achabatwa kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo, kana kuti kubviswa kodzero dzake kana kuti zvinhu zvake, kana kuti kubviswa mumutemo kana kuti kutapwa, kana kuti kunyimwa kumira kwake mune imwe nzira ipi neipi, kana kuti tisati tichizopfuurira nesimba mukurwisana naye, kana kuti kutumira vamwe kuti vaite kudaro, kunze kwokutonga kwapamutemo kwavakaenzani vake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika." Chitsauko ichi chakasuma pfungwa yokuti mambo pachake akanga ari pasi pomutemo uye kuti miitiro yakati inofanira kuteverwa pamberi pomunhu angagona kurangwa.

Chitsama chamashoko "mutemo wenyika" pakupedzisira chakava "kufamba kwomutemo." Muna 1354, mutemo pasi paEdward III wakatsiva zvakajeka "mutemo wenyika" no "muitiro womutemo wakaitwa" mukusimbiswazve kwaMagna Carta. Mutemo weEngland wakatanga dziviriro dzakadai sekodzero yokutonga dare, ropafadzo mukurwisana nokuzvitonga, uye maruramiro okupa zano, zvose zvakapesvedzera vagari veAmerica.

Zvinodiwa MuUnited States Yapakuvamba

Dare reMitemo reU.S. pakutanga raiva nedziviriro shomanene dzaifanira kuitwa. Ivhu reFindment, rakanyoreswa muna 1791 sorutivi rweBill of Rights, rakagovera vimbiso yokutanga yakajeka. Zvisinei, chinjo yakangopfuudzwa bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende. Nyika dzakasiiwa kurondedzera miitiro yadzo dzimene, uye dzakawanda hadzina kukwanisa kudzivirira zvakasimba. Gimetermende yeMitemo yeMitemo yeChizvarwa chaMadokero, yakaremwa muna 1868 pashure peHondo yeChivilimugaro, yakachinja kuti kupfurikidza nokushandisa Gwaro Claus Claus kuhurumende. Iyi muganhu wacho waivawo neFometic Protection Translassives Claus, iyo pamwe chete nomuitiro wakakodzera yakava hwaro hwekodzero dzazvino uno uno unodzivirira pamutemo wevagari vemo.

Mavambo Aiva Nechiratidzo Akaumba Kufamba Kwakafanira

Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa zvakapa revo chaiyoiyo kuvimbiso isina kujeka yomuitiro wakafanira.

  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Dare rakati Mvumo yeFindrence yakapesana nokuzvitutumadza inoda kuti mapurisa azivise vanonyumwira kodzero yavo yokuramba vakanyarara uye kodzero yavo kugweta vasati vabvunzurudzwa. Nyevero dzinovapo "Miranda" dzazova rutivi rwakarovedzeka rwegadziriro yeutsotsi yeAmerica.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Iyi mhaka yakabvumikisa kuti Dare reSixth Amendment kumaruramiro ezano rinoshanda kuhurumende vakwiri vemhosva kupfurikidza neGaramende Resignment ye145's Claus. Dare rakatonga kuti dare rinofanira kupa gweta kuvanopomerwa mhaka dzakatarisana nemhosva dzechibage, uye pashure paizvozvo nhau dzakatambanudzira ikoku kumitongo inobvira yejeri rokuiswa mutorongo.
  • Mure Gault (1967):[[FLT: 1] Dare rakatambanudzira dziviriro dzakafanira kupwere mukutonga kwokusindimara, richida ziviso yepomero, maruramiro okupa zano, maruramiro okunangana nezvapupu, uye ropafadzo mukurwisana nokuzvitutumadza.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973) naPlanned Parenthood v. Casey (1992] Iyi nhau, nepo ichimutsa nharo, inoratidzira mutoo wakafanira wakaderera mubasa. Dare rakaziva maruramiro makuru kuvandika ayo anobatanidza chisarudzo chomukadzi chokugumisa pamuviri, mudzorerwe womutemo pashure pokushanda.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) Dare raidavira kuti Dare reKinayi rePremendment's Reservement neUnifice Programme Programmes dzinovimbisa vakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano kodzero yokuroora.

Kufambira Mberi Kwakafanira Mumutemo Unodzora

Muitiro wakafanira unotambanukira kure kupfuura kutongwa kweutsotsi nehurumende. Masangano anodzora, anoita zvisarudzo zvinotapura betsero dzeNyamakotsekano, kutaura kwourema, mugariro wokubuda munyika, marezinesi, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda, anofanira kugoverawo miitiro yakarurama. Mhaka yechiratidzo ye Goldberg v. Kelly[[FLT:] [1970] [1970]) akarangarira kuti vagamuchiri vegari vegari vemo vane kodzero yokunzwa pachena pamberi pokubviswa kwebetsero. Chifocho, matare adawo masangano kuti apedzere, mukana wokupa uchapupu, mugadziri wechisarudzo asingasarupo, uye kutaura kwakanyorwa kwezvikonzero nokuda kwezvikonzero. Miitiro inodikanirwa inosiyana zvichitsamira pakufarira padanda, asi kupfurikidza nomutemo unoramba unoramba kudzivirirwa. [F]

Zvakakodzera Kuitwa: Zvinorevei Nokuda Kwefambiro mberi Yepamutemo

Kunzwisisa muitiro wakafanira murondedzero kunokosha, asi muedzo chaiwoiwo unouya munzira yaunoshanda nayo mukuitwa chaikoiko kwapamutemo.

Kodzero Yokutongwa Kwakarurama

Dare reSikisi reSingth Amendment rinovimbisa kodzero yokutonga kwevatongi kunokurumidza uye kudarika vamwe mumhosva. Uku kushandisirwa kwakananga kwegadziriro inokodzera mutongo. Kutongwa kwakarurama kunoda mutongi nedare risingatori rutivi, mitemo youchapupu hunobvumira mukwiridziri kupa dziviriro, uye mukana wokuyambuka zvapupu. Mumhosva dzehurumende, kodzero yokutongwa nedare redare rinobetsera hainyatsoitwi zvakanaka asi inongodzivirirwa neSaint Amend Constemplete. Muitiro unodawo kuti kutongwa kuitiswe pasina kunonozeka, sezvo kukurumidza kupfuudza mukwidzwa kungaita kufungira mano okugadzirira, uye kunonoka kwakanyanyisa kunogona kuputsa kutongwa nokukurumidza.

Kodzero Yezano Rapamutemo

Sezvakasimbiswa mu Gideon v. Wainwright, vapomeri vapari vemhosva vane maruramiro okugadza zano. Uku kunokosha nemhaka yokuti tsika yepamutemo yakaoma, uye vanhu vasina rovedzo havagoni kuishandisa zvakakwana. Kururamira kunotambanukira kumatanho akakomba enhau, kubatanidza kukumbira, kukumbira, kuranga, uye chikumbiro chokutanga sechakarurama. Zvisinei, maruramiro haarevi kumitezo yose yevagari vemo kana kuti kumikumbiro. Masangano mazhinji apamutemo anoshanda kuzadza mukahanya uyu, asi kushaiwa zano munhau dzevagari vemo kunoramba kuri denho huru. American Association inoziva iyi njodzi seyokusvika: [FB]

Mufundisi Asingasaruri

Muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti vatongi vave vasingasaruri. Ikoku kunoreva kuti havafaniri kuva nerusaruro rwomunhu oga, fariro yemari, kana kuti kubatanidzwa pamberi mumhaka yaizovadzivisa kusarudza zvakanaka. The Group Clausce yakadudzirwa kuraira kupomerwa apo bviro yefungira chaidzoidzo yakakwirira zvikuru zvokusagona kuva inoregeredzwa nemitemo. Somuenzaniso, mu Caperton v. A. Mmasey Co. [2009], Dare rapamusoro raidavira kuti mutongi akanga agamuchira nhimberi yapamutemo yaifanira kudzosazve kubuda mumhaka.

Cherechedza uye Mashoko Akanyorwa

Vanhu vanofanira kugamuchira ziviso yakajeka, yakakodzera nguva yechiito chipi nechipi chapamutemo mukurwisana navo. Chiziviso chacho chinofanira kubatanidza rudzi rwepomero kana kuti kutaura, chiremera chapamutemo icho chiito chacho chinotorwa, nemigumisiro inobvira. Mumitongo youtsotsi, ikoku kunoreva kuti hurumende inofanira kunyora gwaro repamutemo. Munhau dzehurumende, mupurisa anofanira kubatira madai nokunyunyuta. Muitiro weChitemo unodawo kuti mhedziso yacho inyorwe kana kuti chisarudzo chakanyorwa chigadzirwe, kuti hwaro hwechisarudzo chigogona kuhwirudzurwa pakwidza.

Zvinetso Zviripo Zvinotarisirwa Kuitwa

Pasinei nokuti mitemo yepamutemo yakaita sei, kufambira mberi kwayo kunosangana nematambudziko akakura.

Kusvika kumifananidzo yepamutemo

Denho yakapararira zvikurusa kutadza kwavanhu vazhinji kuwana gweta. Nepo vakwirirwi vane maruramiro okupa zano, gadziriro dzevoruzhinji dzinodzivirira munzvimbo dzakawanda dzinoremerwa, nemhosva dzinoita kuti kuratidzirwa kuve kusingabviri. Munhau dzehurumende, hakuna maruramiro avose okupa zano, uye vazhinjisa vevawani vemiuyo vakaderera vanopfuurira pasina gweta, kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nevanomiririrwa nounyanzvi. Uku kusawirirana kunozvidza chipikirwa chechinoitika chakafanira nemhaka yokuti muuyo wenhau kazhinji kazhinji unotsamira pamimiririro yapamutemo kupfuura pamipimo yapamutemo.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Kwemitemo

Mutemo umene wazova wakaoma zvikuru. Mitemo, mirau, uye matare zvakanyorwa mumutauro mukuru wemiitiro. Zvirongwa zvinosiyana pakati pematare ehurumende nehurumende, uye pakati pematare ehurumende, utsotsi, uye matare okutarisira. Kumunhu asina rovedzo yapamutemo. Anonzwisisa nhano dzokutora, inguva dzokusangana nadzo, uye ufakazi hupi husinganzwisisiki hunogona kuva hunoshamisa. Hukuru hunoumba mhinganidzo yetsika kutsika nemhaka yokuti vanhu vangarasikirwa nekodzero dzavo dzapamutemo dzavasingazivi kana kuti kukundikana kukwidziridza dziviriro dzinokodzera kukwanisika kukanganisa.

Kudya Mabharamu Nokupinda Mumvura

Mugadziriro yeruramisiro yamatsotsi, chiverengero chikuru chenhau chinopedzwa kupfurikidza nokukumbira kuitirwa mutengo panzvimbo pemitongo. Kunyange zvazvo vakwirirwi vachifanira kubvisa maruramiro avo nokuziva nokuzvidira, dzvinyiriro huru yemitongo inobvira inoparira mhoteredzo inowirirana. Vakwirirwi vazhinji vanopomera mhaka kumhosva dzavasina kuita, kana kuti kupomero shomanene, kudzivisa bedzi ngozi yechirango chine ngwavaira chakakomba pakutongwa. Iyi tsika inosimudzira itiro yakakomba nemhaka yokuti inodzivisa nenzira inobudirira dziviriro yemirayiro inogadzirirwa nokuda kwemiedzo. Chinetsorori chakarurama ndechechokwadi: fundo dzechokwadi kuti 4-6 dzevasungwa hadzina mhaka dzakarurama, vazhinji vaidzokororongedzerwa mhaka.

Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu uye Kuitwa Kwazvo

Ruzivo rutsva runogovera zvose zviri zviviri mikana netyisidziro kumuitiro wakafanira. Mazamu emitemo edetembedzo anoshandiswa muzvisarudzo zvebheyili, tongero, uye mapurisa anogona kuisa mirangariro yetsika yetsika neshandisiro isingafungidziri, kunyima vakwirirwi mano okukwikwidza ufakazi hwazvo. Nenzira yakafanana, kunzvera kwamagetsi neunganidzwa wemanyoro kunoitwa nehurumende zvinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro peziviso nekodzero zvokutarisana navapomeri. Matare achiri kupesana nenzira iyo nheyo dzamagamuchidzanwa dzinoshanda kuufakazi hwemiitiro yemichina, kuita chisarudzo chemotokari, uye maatry arectal. Nokuda kwenzverongedzero ine udzame, ona Centers's pamusoro pomuitiro wezera ramawadhikisi.

Zvinofungwa Nevanhu uye Mashoko Asina Kunaka

Kudzivirira kwakafanira pane dzimwe nguva kunosanzwisiswa kana kuti kunyombwa. Vatsoropodzi vangazviratidzira sounyanzvi hunorega vanhu vane mhaka vachienda vakasununguka, vachifuratira kuti idzi dziviriro dzinodzivirira vasina mhaka pamwe chete. Apo nzanga inorasikirwa nechivimbo mururamisiro yetsika, pane dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yokuderedza dziviriro dzemiitiro yetsika. Nenzira inopesana, gadziriro inosanosanoshanda inosimbisa chivimbo mumutemo. Dzidzo pamusoro pedonzo noukoshi hwegadziriro yakafanira idikanwo inopfuurira.

Mupeto: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwemaitirwo Anofanira Kuitwa

Chipikirwa chomuitiro wakafanira hachisi umbozha kana kuti chikanganiso. Ihwo muitiro apo mamiriro ezvinhu anoratidza kuti anoremekedza chiremera nekodzero zvomunhu ari wose anozviisa pasi pechiremera chake. Kuvambira paMagna Carta kusvikira kudare guru razvino uno, nheyo yachinja kutarisana nedenho itsva inoramba iri yechokwadi: hapana munhu anofanira kunyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti pfuma pasina mukana wakarurama uye une revo wokunzwa. Sezvo gadziriro dzemitemo dzinowedzera kuoma uye kufambira mberi kworuzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, musengwara unofanira kuramba wakasimba. Inho inodzivirira vanhu pasimba risingafungidzirirwi nanheyo apo chivimbo chavose chinovakirwa paruramisiro.