Chibvumirano cheshanu cheMitemo yeMitemo yeUnited States chinomira seimwe yedziviriro hurusa yorusununguko rwomunhu mukati megadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica. Chinosimbiswa sorutivi rweBill of Rights muna 1791, chinosimbisa dziviriro dzinoganhurira simba rehurumende mukati menhau dzemitemo uye kuva nechokwadi chemitemo. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi vomutemo, nhau, uye magariro, kunzwisiswa kwakakwana kweFindrefete Amendment kunokosha (hwusingangovi nokunzwisisa bedzi magadzirirwo eruramisiro youtsotsi asiwo kunzwisisa nheyo dzakakura dzegadziriro yemitemo yehurumende yeFindromate Dimocracy). Nyaya ino inogovera kuongororwa kwokuwedzera kwemifungo huru yeFind Remplief Remplief, midzi, midzi yavo yenhau, kududzira pamutemo, uye muuyo yavo inopfuurira yomutemo wazvinotonga zvazvinovapo mumutemo wazvino unovapo.

Kuverengazve Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu

Gadziriro yeshanu ine dziviriro dzakati. Mashoko ayo anorava murutivi, kuti: “Hapana munhu achasungirwa kupindura nokuda kwenhau huru, kana kuti zvimwe utsotsi hwakaipa, kutoti pari paripo kana kuti pamhosva yeGrand Jury, ... kana kuti munhu upi noupi achaiswa mungozi imwe cheteyo yakasiyana neiri. Achasungirwa kuva uchapupu hunopesana naye, kana kuti kunyimwa upenyu, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wapamutemo; kana kuti chinhu chapachivande chipi nechipi chisati chichizotorwa nokuda kwokushandiswa kwapachena, pasina muripo. Iyi translate, kana kuti kudzorwa kwapa. Hurusaro yapamutemo. [FL.[5], kana kuti: [F.5]

Chinhu Chinokosha chavana Claus Ve Amendeji Yechishanu

Grand Jury Clause

Grand Jury Clause inoda kuti pomero dzakakomba dzedare rehurumende dziunzwe bedzi pashure penhau huru dzedare rinobetsera vatongi dzipiwe mhaka. Vatongi vakuru iboka ravagari vemo vanonzwa ufakazi hunopiwa navachuchisi ndokusarudza kana chikonzero che 1450 chiripo kupfuurira nokutonga. Iyi ndima haishandisi kuvhozhowero. Dare Gurusa redare rakachengetwa mu Hurtado v. California [1884] [184] kuti Mutengo weMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo ye 1450 usati uchibatanidza chinodikanwa chikuru chedare rinotonga. Somuuyo, vakawanda vanotaura kuti vashandise kutongwa kwapamberipo. Chisarudzo chomutemo chino chinoshanda secherekedzo pakuva muroveresa murovereri, kuvimbisa kuti utsotsi kana kuti vadzorerwe nomunhu anomanikidzira.

Claus Ane Mapofu

Murwi weChimbindi Claus anorambidza hurumende kuedza munhu kaviri mhaka imwe cheteyo pashure pokunge apiwa mhaka kana kuti atenderwa. Iyi dziviriro inobatana kana dare rikapikirwa kana kuti uchapupu hwokutanga hunonzi mukutonga kwebhenji. Chikuru chinopfuudzirwa: mukwirirwi anogona kuiswazve kana kutongwa kwokutanga kukaguma mudare rapakanganidzo, kana kuti kana chiito chimwe chacho chikaputsa mitemo yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende (“uchangamire” dzidziso). Nhau dzemabhishopu dzakadai se shoomburgr v. United States[FLT:] [1932]) yakatanga“ zvinhu zvakafanana kuti zvione kana zvikanganiso zviri zviviri zvichienzaniswa namadonzo maviri.

Kuzvirerutsa Claus

Kazhinji kazhinji maruramiro okuramba akanyarara,” Kupa mhaka kwaUnist Court Claus kunobvumira vanhu kuramba kupindura mibvunzo kana kuti kupa chipupuriro icho chingagona kuvapinza mumhaka youtsotsi. Iyi dziviriro inoshanda kwete bedzi mudare asiwo mukati mebvunzurudzo dzamapurisa, matare makuru edare, uye kutongwa kwedare. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusarudzo mu [1966] chinoda kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuti uzivise izvi zvinofungidzirwa pamutemo pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero dzokuchengeta mwana. Chibvumikiso chinopfuudzirawo kutyikirirwa kana chikapupurira utsotsi. Mumashoko acho, ropafadzo yacho haigoni kuzivisa bhizimisi. Masangano ebhizimisi haagoni kuzivisa bhizimisi renhau yenhau yenhau yekodzero yekodzero yekodzero yekodzero yekodzero yekodzero yekodzero yekodzero yekodzero yekodzero.

Kutora Claus

Kutora purofiti kunorambidza hurumende kutora zvinhu zvakavanzika nokuda kwokushandiswa kwavose pasina kubhadhara. Iyi nheyo, inozivikanwa senzvimbo yakakurumbira, inoda kuti hurumende igovere ukoshi hwemari hwakarurama apo inotora zvinhu zvemarongedzero semigwagwa mikuru, zvikoro, kana kuti kukura kwezvemari. Mhaka yenharo ye Kelo v. Guta reNew London [200] [200] [5] kuwedzerwa “kubudirira kwapachivande apose uko kunogovera betsero dzemari dzinopa nzanga, kumutsa kurukurirano yakapararira nemhinduro dzemitemo mumitengo. Chirevo chinoshandawo kutorazve nzvimbo, apo miraudzo yehurumende inonyikira muridziri wemari yose unoshandiswa munyika, seyakagadzwa mu [FF.F.NT.C.[2]

Kunzwisisa Kuitwa Kwakakodzera Zvakadzama

Windows Procession Claus yeFindromende yeFindremendi inototaura kuti gadziriro yaro yakakomba zvikurusa. Inozivisa kuti hakuna munhu acha “nyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Uku kutaura kupfupi kwakaparira dudziro hurusa yepamutemo uye kwave kuri chinhu chikurusa kuzvisarudzo zvinokosha zvikurusa zveDare Gurusa reAmerica. Muitiro unowanzokamuraniswa kuva mapazu maviri: muitiro wetsika wakafanira nomuitiro wakafanira.

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Purogiramu inowirirana inoda kuti hurumende itevere miitiro inoruramisira isati yanyima munhu woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Zvinhu zvinobatanidza chiziviso chakakwana, mukana wokunzwiwa, muiti wechisarudzo asina kutora rutivi, uye chisarudzo chakarangarirwa. Nzvero yeDare Gurusa rePreverse yemuitiro weprocedational (majekisenti mu ] Mathews v. Eldidge[[[FLM]]] [67]] [6]] (6) [6] zati kuti zvinhu zvitatu: fariro yomunhu oga inotapurwa, ngozi yokurasikirwa nezvikanganiso mumiitiro iripo, uye fariro yehurumende mukuita zvakanaka neupfumi. Iyi purogiramu inobatira mukubetserwa nechirango chamanyuko chamabhirimu kusvikira kuchira mumugariro wedzidzo. Chinokaro chaano chinovimbisa kuti vanhu vawane mamiriro ezvinhu ane mufungo panzvimbo pokuva.

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Muitiro wakafanira unodzivirira maruramiro makuru akati padzongonyedzo dzehurumende, kunyange apo miitiro inoshandiswa inova yakanaka. Iri bazu remuitiro wakafanira rine nhau inomutsa nharo. Mukati mezana ramakore rechi20, Dare Gurusa rakashandisa muitiro wakafanira kuvhura mitemo yemari, zvakadai semitemo yeawa huru mu [[FLT:] LYM] v. New York[FLT] [[1] [1965]. Nguva iyoyo yakaguma neNew Bac, asi mutoo wechikwaidiwa kudzokerwazve mupakati pezana ramakore 20 rokudzivirira maruramiro. [[5]] Muchikamu chapamberi chapakati pe [FFLT]] [FFF]], kana kuti chikamu chapakati chapakati chapakati chapamutemo. [Foctives]

Nhoroondo Yechishanu Chomugadziridzo

Chikamu cheFindth Amendment chinotambanukira zvikuru munhau yemitemo yeEngland. Magna Carta (1215) yakasimbisa kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka aigona kubatwa kana kuiswa mutorongo “kunze kwechisarudzo chapamutemo chevezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika.” Iyi rugwaro rwakava nomurangariro wegadziriro yakafanira. English Bill of Rights (1689) yakadzivirirwazve pabhegi remijeni yakawandisa uye zvirango zvoutsinye. Magangi aMelika aitambura nokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwechiremera cheBritain, kubatanidza kubvumirwa kwehurumende yeBritain nehurumende yehurumende yezvamatongerwe enyika yakamanikidzirwa. James Madison akanyoresa Rendement sedimendetion yeshanu serutivi rweChirungu cheRevotion, achinyora magamuchidzanwa aya nezvinodikanwa zvehurumende. Kudzodzo dzamagariro yehurumende yakanga ichiitirwa kudzora hurumende itsva, kuratidzira kusava nechiremera chikuru kusimba kwehurumende.

Mhaka Dzinotapura Musi Wenyika Dzinobatanidza Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu

Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa zvakaumba revo yeFind 5 Amendment nokushanda kwayo muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

  • Mira v. Arizona (1966) Dare rakaramba kuti kubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero yokurayira kunoparira Dare reshanu maruramiro okuzvipa muganhu, kuchida kuti mapurisa anyeveredze maruramiro avo okunyarara uye zano. Chisarudzo ichi chinochinja miitiro yemapurisa uye chinoramba chiri chinhu chikuru chedzidzo yeutsotsi.
  • Kelo v. Guta reNew London (2005) Dare rakatonga kuti kutora dare Claus kunobvumira hurumende kutora zvinhu zvayo pachayo nokuda kwokubudirira kwezvemari kunobatira chinangwa chavose, kunyange kana nyika yakachinjirwa pakupedzisira kuvaiti vezvokuvaka. Chisarudzo chakanyandura chibvumirano chemitemo ndokupfuurira kupfuudza gakavadzano pamusoro pekodzero dzezvinhu.
  • [FLT]BN v. Ohio [77]): Muiyi mhaka yenjodzi yakapetwa kaviri, Dare rakashandisa [ stimular[ kuedza kuti vaitendere kuti kufadza kunodzivisa kurovererwa kwapashure nokuda kwokuba motokari, sechibvumikiso chapashure chaida mativi mamwe chetewo.
  • Hurtado v. California (1884) Dare rakasarudza kuti chinodikanwa chikuru chedare reFindrever Amendment hachishandi kunyika kupfurikidza neFireferth Amendment, kuchibvumira gadziriro dzehurumende dzoutsotsi kushandisa mimwe miitiro inodzosera.
  • MAWs v. Elditridge (76) iyi mhaka yakatanga kuedza kudzikamisa kwemativi matatu nokuda kwomuitiro unodikanwa, matare anoshandisa kusarudza muitiro unoda apo hurumende inotsvaka kugumisa betsero dzakadai semibhadharo yeurema.

Izvi zviitiko zvinoratidza kusvika kukuru kweFindrence Conferment uye simba rayo rokuchinjira kumigariro mitsva ukuwo uchichengeta mipimo mikuru.

Kunyorerwa Kwe Amendedzero Yeshanu Mumutemo Wazvino Uno

Tapuro Paruramisiro Yeutsotsi

Kudzivirira kweFindre Confelment kunooneka zvikurusa mugadziriro yomutemo wetsotsi. Miranda yave chiyereso chetsika, ichivimbisa kuti vanonyumwira vanogona kuramba vakanyarara ndokukumbira gweta. Nhau dzokuzvidira dzinomuka mukunzvera kwevachena, apo vanhu vangakumbira weshanu kuti vasapupurira pamberi pematare makuru echikwata kana kuti miganhu. Chiviro cheReally Clause chinova muganhu wemiganhuro yedare uye chinodzivisa hurumende kudzosera vakwidzirirwi vakasununguka, kunyange kana ufakazi hutsva hukavapo. Plea inogumisa dare guru retsoropotenzi, rinoshanda mumumvuri weiyi dziviriro. $8drective tractives windows ques quencessss quencesssssss vaiziva kuti vasarutsigiriki vemhosvaro, havagoni kudzorwazve kuteswa kana kuti vatongerwezve kupomerwa.

Mutemo Wavagari Vemo Nefambiro mberi Yokutarisira

Musengwa wakafanira unopfuudzira kupfuura mutemo woutsotsi. Masangano ehurumende anofanira kugovera mirau inoruramisira apo anoramba marezenisi, betsero dzinoshaikwa, kana kuti kupa zvirango. Kutora Claus kunotapura varidzi vezvinhu vanotarisana nenzvimbo dzakakurumbira kana kuti mirau inoganhurira yevhu. Mumamiriro emhoteredzo, kurayira kutaura kuti zviito zvehurumende (zvakadai semitemo inorema) zvinopesana nemitemo. Gadziro yeFindmendi inopesvedzerawo kurasikirwa nehurumende, apo hurumende inotora zvinhu zvinofungidzirwa kuva zvinobatanidzwa noutsotsi. Vatsoropotedza vanoti kugona kufuratira muitiro wapamutemo kupfurikidza nokuda kuti varidzi vapiwe zvinhu zvavo kuti vadzorere.

Zera Remadhigirii uye Kuzviparadzanisa Nevamwe

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runopa denho itsva nokuda kwezvinyorwa zveIsly-Incrinc Claus. Anofungidzirwa kuti anomanikidzirwa kuvhura foni here? Dare Rapamusorosoro rakataura ikoku mu Karplate v. United States (2017]), akabata kuti mapurisa adikanwe pamutemo kuti awane zvinyorwa zvenzvimbo yesero. Zvisinei, nhau yokumanikidzwa kunyorwa kwesero iri pakati pefindm , inodzivirira shoko rokuti idiscleam. Dare rakati chiito chokupa shoko rekuti ritsaurire ikurukurirano yerio, asi vamwe vanosiyanisa pakati pechidio resigio uye kubudisa kiyi. Sezvri kuva noufakazi hwemasvo kuti mutemo utengwe, mibvunzo iyi ichapfuurira kuedza miganhuro yeFindre.

Zviwanikwa Zvedzidzo Zvokudzidzisa Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu

Kudzidzisa Findromendment yeshanu nenzira inobudirira kunoda kupinza vadzidzi norugwaro rwayo, nhau, uye kushandiswa.

  • [[FLT: 0] Kunzvera kwapamusana pokudzidza: Kunzvera zvinoitika zvechiratidzo zvakadai se MIRA][, Kello[, uye [[FLT]] Maws[[FLT]] vadzidzi vanobvumira kuona nheyo dzokufananidzira dziri kushanda. [[[FT:8] projectro yeOyez] inogovera mashoko netsinhiro dzezvibvumikiso zveDare rapamusoro.
  • [[FLT: 0] Comment=Primitary Document Review:[[FLT: 1] Kufunda madhiropu apakuvamba aJames Madison, nharo dzenhau, uye Chirungu Bill yekodzero dzinobetsera vadzidzi kuronda dzinza rouchenjeri. [[FLT:] Consitution Anconotection kubva muRaibhurari yeCongress inopa tsinhiro dzinobvumwa.
  • Dare reMoot: Kusimbisa Dare Rapamusorosa pamusoro penhau inofungidzirwa yeFindrence derder (kwakadai sokuti mukuru mukuru wemapurisa anogona kumanikidza mufungidziri kugovera maminwe kuti ape runhare) inovaka unyanzvi hwekuvhura runhare uye hwekunyora.
  • C Zvinoitika zvino Kukurukurirana:[ Kutevera magakava enguva ino] akakurumbira — kufanana negakava rakatanhamara renzvimbo, zvirango zvavakuru vakuru zvinorasa, kana kuti gakava pamusoro pemuunganidzwa weDNA unosungirwa nemutemo (HNA) rinobatanidza kugadziriswa kwoupenyu hwavadzidzi.
  • Pajira napamavhidhiyo:[[FT:1] [[FT] Constitution of National Center inopa zvishandiso zvokubatanidza, kutsinhana kwenyanzvi, uye gadziriro dzechidzidzo pamusoro peFirefutempment uye zvimwe Zvirongwa zvekodzero.

Kupfurikidza nokubatanidza mashoko akapoteredza enhau nokushanda kwazvino uno, vadzidzisi vanogona kubetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa Findf Amendment kwete sechisaririra cha 1791 asi sevimbiso mhenyu yokururamisira inochinja nenzanga.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yeFindreFment inoramba iri musimboti wekuzvipira kwemitemo yeAmerica. Zvikamu zvayo zvishanu zvemitemo. Sezvo zvikamu zvitsva zvinomuka kubva kuruzivo rwemitengo, chengeteko yenyika, uye kuchinja kwezvemari, uye kutora zvinhu zvinobatanidza zviitiko zvehurumende uye kudzivirira munhu pamabasa ehurumende. Nhevedzo inotongerwa, zvikurukuru, inoratidzira kuzvipira kukuru kurusavi rwamabazu ose omutemo. Sezvinomuka kubva kuruzivo rwokudzivirira rwezvigadzirwa nechinhu, chengeteko yenyika, uye kuchinja kwezve zvoupfumi, matare nevanoronga mitemo vachapfuurira kutsanangura nokushandisa Hurumende yeFindber Amelika. Nokuda kwaavo vanodzidza mutemo kana kuti kudzidzisa nzanga, kunzwisiswa zvikuru kweiyi dzidzo hachisiwo zvako kugadzirira kutora maruramiro chougarikata. Chipikirwa chibvumirano chitsauko chehurumende cha5 chekudzivirira kudzivirira hurumende inodzokorovhenetswa sechakava chinokosha munyika yose, uye chichava kutongwa nokuda kwemazana chamazana chamazana chamazana chenguva dzose.