Sumo: Bazu Rokutonga seshongwe Yeruramisiro

Gadziriro yedare inoshanda sebazu rinotonga rehurumende, kuturikira nokushandisa mutemo kupedza gakava ndokutsigira ruramisiro. Mhaka iri yose inopinda mudare inotevera nzira yakarongeka kubva parangano yokutanga kusvikira kuchisarudzo chokupedzisira. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, nyanzvi dzemitemo, uye vagari vemo zvakafanana, kunzwisisa uyu muitiro unokosha nokuda kwokuziva kuti nzanga dzinochengeta sei nhevedzano, dzinodzivirira sei maruramiro, uye dzinopa miuyo yakarurama. Iyi nhungamiro yakakura inofamba nomunharo huru iri yose, vatori rutivi vakuru, chivako chedare redare, uye nheyo dzinotungamirira dzinoita chisarudzo.

Hwaro Hwedare

Usati wanzvera nhano dzokuronga mhaka, kunokosha kunzwisisa gadziriro huru. Gadziriro yedare inovakwa pamienzaniso miviri: muitiro we [FLT]] unoshandiswa munyika dzakawanda (g. 1, United States, England) uye insuliritarianism inoshandiswa mumarudzi akawanda evagari vemo (g., France, Germany). Mumuenzaniso weadversarial, masangano maviri anoshora anouya pamberi pomutongi asingasarumbi kana kuti mutongi; mumuenzaniso wedare rinobetsera, munzveroo.

Chirungu chikurusa zvinotaura zvinotevera mitoo yemagariro. Mugadziriro iyoyo, matare akarongwa pamitengo mizhinji uye kubata nhau . (mabudire pakati pavanhu kana kuti masangano) uye mhaka dzorurimi [ (kutyorwa nemamiriro ezvinhu okuputsa mutemo). Rudzi rumwe norumwe rune mitemo yarwo youngwaru nemitemo yezvipupuriro: precatence of productive (vil) neastus (cript).

Jurisdiction naVenue

Dare rinofanira kuva nemhosva yemhosva — chiremera chepamutemo chokunzwa nhau. Zviremera zvinotonga [ zvinonongedzera kurudzi rwenhau (g., kubhuroka kwemhuri, nhau yehurumende), nepo udzori hwehurumende ine chokuita nesimba redare pamusoro pemapati.

Kukura Kwokuitika Kwenhau: Kubva Pakunyunyuta Kusvika Kuchisarudzo Chokupedzisira

Nyaya imwe neimwe inotevedzana nenzira yakanyatsotsanangurwa.

Kunyunyuta

Nyaya inovamba ne complunt (munhau dzevagari vemo) kana kuti pamutemo rugwaro rwokuisa paruvara [ (zvakadai semhosva kana kuti mashoko mumhosva). Kunyunyuta kunoisa kupomera kwomupomerwi neyamuro yaitsvaka — mari yaikuvadza, murairo, kana kuti dzimwe mishonga. Munhau dzoutsotsi, hurumende (mutongi) mafaira pashure pokunzvera uye, kazhinji kazhinji, dare guru rokutonga nokuda kwezvisarira.

Kana dare rangokwidzwa, dare rinopa mamone kana ] kuzivisa mukwiridziridziri wechiito chacho. Mukwiridzirwi anofanira kupindura mukati menhambo yakatarwa, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokuisa [[FLT:] parati (mumitongo yavagari vemo) kana kuti kupinda muchikumbiro (mumiitiro yeutsotsi).

2. Kufambira Mberi Kupfuura

Iyi nhambo inokosha kuvaka dare. Vaviri vose vari vaviri vanopinda mu purofiti, mutoo wokutsinhana mashoko noufakazi. Maturusi okuwana anobatanidza:

  • wirirano — chipupuriro chapaburi retsono chakaitwa nezvapupu kana kuti mapoka, akanyorwa nokuda kwokushandiswa gare gare.
  • [[[FORTA:0] Kududzira [ — mibvunzo yakanyorwa inofanira kupindurwa mumhiko.
  • Nzvero dzokubudiswa [ — kudikanwa kwezvinyorwa, zvinyorwa, kana kuti humwe ufakazi chaihwoihwo.
  • Kukumbira nokuda kwokubvuma — kutaura mumwe munhu anokumbira mumwe kubvuma kana kuti kuramba.

Mukati medare risati ratongwa, dare ringanzwawo zvikarakadzo [, zvakadai senzira dzokudzinga (kuzivisa kuti nyunyuto inokundikana kutaura kutaura chirevo) kana kuti kutora nzira nokuda kwokutonga kwokupfupikisa (kuzivisa kuti hapana gakava rechokwadi riripo, naizvozvo mhaka yacho inofanira kusarudzwa senhau yomutemo). Munhau dzeutsotsi, kunzvera kungadenha kusashanda kwoufakazi kana kuti kutsvaka kudzvinyirira kutaura kunowanwa nenzira isiri yapamutemo.

Misangano yePrequarial [ inoitwa kuti ipedze nhau, ikurukure kugadzikiswa, uye isa misi yokutonga. Nhau zhinji dzehurumende dzinogadzikiswa mukati mourwu rutivi, kudzivisa kutongwa kwakazara.

3. Kutongwa

Kutongwa kwacho kuongorora uchapupu huri pachena pamberi pomutongi kana kuti dare rinobetsera vatongi.

Kusarudzwa Kwajury

Mukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, boka ravagari vemo rinobvunzurudzwa navatongi namagweta (vanotyisa) kusarudza vatongi vasingasaruri. rutivi rumwe norumwe runogona kudenha vatongi vanobvira nokuda kwechisakiso kana kuti kushandisa denho dzokuramba nhamba yakaganhurirwa pasina kupa chikonzero.

Kutaura Kwokuzarura

Magweta ose ari maviri anopa mashoko okuzarura anoratidza zvavanoda kuratidza.

Kuratidzwa Ufakazi

Pashure pokunge aongorora zvinhu zvakananga, divi rimwe nerimwe ringapfuura à groupbéexamine. Mukwirirwi anobva apa uchapupu hwaro.

Kutaura Kunopfiga

Kana uchapupu hwapiwa, rutivi rumwe norumwe runopeta nyaya yavo uye runokurudzira vatongi kuti vape mutongo wakati.

Mirayiridzo Nemhosva

Mutongi anorairidza vatongi pamutemo unoshanda kunhau yacho. Vatongi ipapo vanotonga noune ndokudzorera mhaka. Munhau dzevagari vemo, chisarudzo chingava kuwana kana kuti kupindura mibvunzo yakananga. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, chisarudzo chinofanira kuva chinobvumiranwa (mumitemo mizhinji yeU.S.) kuti chipiwe mhaka. Kana vatongi vasingagoni kusvika pachisarudzo chimwe, idare rinobetsera [, uye mhaka yacho ingava inoramba.

4. Kufamba Kwapashure

Pashure porutongeso, varasikirwi vanganyora mitoo yapashure pokutonga kuti vapikise muuyo wacho. Kufamba kunowanzobatanidza:

  • Kusarudza pasinei zvapo nomutongo (JNOV) — kunoramba kuti hapana dare rinobetsera rinobetsera ringadai rakasvika chisarudzo ichocho pahwaro hwoufakazi.
  • Commentation nokuda kwokutongwa kutsva — inotaura chikanganiso chapamutemo, kusazvibata kwehutongi, kana kuti ufakazi huchangobva kuwanwa uhwo hunoraira kutongwa kutsva.
  • [ Motion kuchinja kana kuti kupedza rutongeso — inokumbira chinjo yeyamuro inopiwa.

Kana dare rinotonga rikaramba uku kukwirira, nzira yokukwirira inozaruka.

Kukwirira

Kukwirira hakusi kutonga kutsva; kuhwirudzurwa kwemhosva dzedare rokutonga nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvepamutemo zvakatapura mugumisiro. Vapati inofadza ( appant) inonyora chiziviso chekukwirira ndokupa zvikanganiso zvakadudzwa zvipfupi. Vari papatindi inopindura (] appelle))

Dare re rinonzvera chinyorwa — zvinyorwa zvose, mapepa, uye ufakazi. Haiongi maidi matsva kana kuti kuvimbika. Zvinozoitika zvinobvira zvinosanganisira:

  • ` — inotsigira chisarudzo chedare rokutonga.
  • Dzvenesa — idimbura chisarudzo.
  • Remand — tumira nyaya yacho kudzokera nokuda kwezvimwe zvinoitika zvinowirirana nemurangariro.
  • [[[ITS] Rokuchinja [ — kuchinja rutivi rworutongeso.

Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, imwe dare ringaendeswa kudare redare repamusoro , asi matare akadaro anowanzova nenzvero yokungwarira uye anonzwa bedzi mhaka dzoukoshi hwavanhu hunokosha kana kuti apo matare akaderera anoramba.

Vaitora Matare Nemabasa Avo

Kunzwisisa kuti ndiani anoita mudare kunokosha kuti pave nokutevedzerwa kwemhosva.

Vatongi

Mutongi ndiye mutongi asingatori rutivi mumutemo. Mitoro inobatanidza kutonga pamibato, kutarisira dare, kurayiridza vatongi, uye, mukutonga kwebhenji (mumatare asina vatongi), kusarudza zviwanwa zveidi. Vatongi vanogadzwa kana kuti kusarudzwa zvichitsamira pachiremera. chiremera chavo chinobva mumirau negadziriro dzamabumbiro emitemo.

Juries

Juries anobatira sechokwadi mumhaka dzakawanda. Munhau dzevagari vemo, vatongi vanosarudza mhaka uye pane dzimwe nguva kukuvadzwa; mumhaka dzoutsotsi, kunosarudza kuva nemhaka kana kuti kusava nemhaka. Kodzero yokutonga kwedare rinotonga inovimbiswa neMitemo yeSitanhatu neSecondial muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. inoumbwa navagari vemo vakasarudzwa munzanga, uye zvisarudzo zvavo zvinofanira kuvakirwa zvikurukuru paufakazi.

Maattorney

Magweta omutemo anomirira mubato uchiunza mhaka; difense [magweta] anomirira boka rinopikisa. Mumhosva dzeutsotsi, hurumende inomirirwa nomuurayi [[FLT:]. [FLT] ane basa rokutsigira nokushingaira vatengi vavo mukati memiganhu yetsika. Vanogadzirira marusaro, kuumba, kuumba, kuranga, uye ufakazi hwazvino pakutonga.

Vadziviriri Navapomeri

Traffs inotanga kukwirira mhaka mudare kwavagari vemo kutsvaga mushonga wekuvadziko. Vamiriri [ ndivo vanhu kana kuti masangano anotaurwa pamusoro pavo. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, hurumende itsotsi (kutambudza), uye mupomerwi mukwidziri. Varevereri vane maruramiro emitemo, kubatanidza maruramiro okuramba vakanyarara, maruramiro ezano, uye maruramiro okutarisana nezvipupuriro.

Vamwe Vatori Mundima Huru

  • Krect yeDare — inobata mafaira enhau, rudungwe rwokutongwa, uye inoita mhiko.
  • [[[FOL:0] BAILF — inochengeta nhevedzano nechengeteko mudare.
  • [[FOL:0] Court Reporter — inoita mashoko akananga ezvinoitika.
  • [ Zvapupu — vanhu vanopa chipupuriro mumhiko.
  • [[[NHAU] Zvapupu zvine ruzivo — nyanzvi dzinokwanisa dzinopa mirangariro pamisoro chaiyo (mapepa, mishonga, mari).

Kuvakwa Kwedare: Madanho Akatanhamara

MuUnited States, mune zvose zviri zviviri gadziriro dzedare rehurumende nerehurumende.

Matare Ehurumende

Dare rehurumende rinotonga nyaya dzakawanda dzematare.

  • [ Dare reChirevo — rinonziwo matare makuru, maruwa, kana kuti matunhu. Ane chiremera chose pamusoro pevagari vemo, utsotsi, mhuri, probate, uye mhaka dzepwere.
  • Dare reAppeneta [ — matare apakati anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvedare.
  • State Court — dare rapamusoro zvikurusa muhurumende, rine chiremera chokupedzisira pamutemo wehurumende.

Masangano akawanda anewo matare chaiwo, akadai se anotaura matare (nokuda kwegakava pasi peganhuriro yemari) uye matare echienzi (nokutyora muromo kuduku).

Matare Ehurumende

Dare redare rehurumende rinotangwa pasi peChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. uye rinobata nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, gakava pakati pehurumende, uye nhau dzine kuva mugari wemo kwakasiana - siana (mapoka anobva munyika dzakasiana - siana uye chitsama mugakava chinopfuura $75 000). Chivako chacho ndeichi:

  • Dare roruwa reU.S. — matare anotonga egadziriro yomubatanidzwa. Kune maruwa 94.
  • [ Dare reAppels [ — matunhu 13 anonzwa zvikumbiro zvakabva kumatare oruwa.
  • U.S. Dare Gurusa[[FT:1] — dare rezvisarudzo zvokupedzisira, namajaji mapfumbamwe. Inonzwa chiverengero chakaganhurirwa chenhau gore rimwe nerimwe, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokupa horrits dzeceritari[.

Matare ehurumende anokosha anobatanidza U.S. Dare reMitero, U.S. Dare reFederal Populations, uye [[FLT]U.S. Dare reInternational Trade.

Kupesana Kunotsiva Chisarudzo (ADR)

Hadzisi zviitiko zvose zvinofanira kuenda kukutonga. Mitoo yeAlternimatic Dispute Resolution inogovera nzira dzinokurumidza, dzetsika shoma, uye kazhinji kazhinji dzinodhura zvishoma kupedza kusawirirana. Marudzi anozivikanwa navose anobatanidza:

  • [ — murevereri asina revo anopfavisa kurukurirano pakati pamativi kuti asvike nzvimbo yokuzvidira. Kutaurirana kwakavanzika uye kusingasungi kutoti chibvumirano chasainwa.
  • Arbitation — mutongi asingatori rutivi anonzwa ufakazi uye anoshandura chisarudzo chinosunga kana kuti chisingasungi. Kutora kunowanzoshandiswa mubvumirano dzebhizimisi nezvibvumirano zvebasa.
  • Jury Jury Trials — kutonga kwokunyepedzera kunoshandiswa kukurudzira kugadzikiswa.

Dare rakawanda zvino rinoda kuti masangano aedze ADR asati aenda kutongwa. Federal Arbitration Act nemitemo yenyika zvinodzora miitiro yokubvisa. Nokuda kwamamwe mashoko, ona American Arbitration Association[[FLT: 1].

Mireza Nemishonga

Pashure porutongeso, dare rinosarudza muuyo wakafanira. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, kutonga kunoitirwa apo mutongi anorangarira zvinhu zvakadai soukombi hwemhosva, nhau yetsotsi, uye tsinhiro dzenyajambwa. Kutsiva kunobatanidza faindi, kuiswa mutorongo, basa romunzanga, kana kuti mubatanidzwa. Mitezo mizhinji inoshandisa mirayiridzo yokubvumira [ kusimudzira kusachinjana.

Munhau dzehurumende, dare rinopa mibayiro mibayiro [, iyo ingava:

  • Kuparadza [[[FT: 1] — mari yokufukidza kurasikirwa chaikoiko kwemishonga (mari inobhadharwa, mibhadharo yakarasika, kukuvadzwa kwezvinhu).
  • zvirango [ — zvitsama zvokuwedzera zvokuranga mufambiro unonyengera ndokudzivisa chakaipa chomunguva yemberi.
  • Rusununguko rwekudzivisa [[FT:1] — murairo wedare unoda kuti pawirirane aite kana kuti kurega kuita chimwe chinhu (g., nhevedzano inodzivisa).
  • [ Chisarudzo chokuzivisa [ — kutaura kwamaruramiro apamutemo ebato pasina kukuvadza.

Kurambidza kupiwa matare pashure pokunge atonga kunosanganisira kurasa zvokudya, kunyepa, uye kutora nzvimbo kana boka rikatadza kubhadhara.

Kukosha Kwokunzwisisa Muitiro Wedare

Zivo pamusoro penzira iyo mhaka dzinogadzirwa nokugadziridzwa inogadziridzwa inosimudzira mifungo kururamisiro. Apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa nhano, vanokwanisa zviri nani kutungamirira gadziriro, vangava savatongi, zvapupu, kana kuti vatongi. Zvinoitawo kuti chivimbo mujudia kupfurikidza nokuita kuti mabasa azvo ave pachena. Vadzidzisi vanogona kushandisa urongwa ihwohwu kudzidzisa kuvimbisana kwehurumende nedzidzo yepamutemo.

Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka imwe dzidzo, zviwanikwa zvakadai se Legal Information Institute (Cornell Law School) zvinogovera tsananguro dzakadzama dzemiitiro yedare namashoko apamutemo.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yedare mutoo wakaoma kunzwisisa wokupedza nawo gakava nokushandisa ruramisiro. Kubva mukurongwa kwokutanga kwenyunyuto kana kuti pomero kupfurikidza nokuwanwa kwedare kusati kwaitwa, kutongwa, nhano dzapashure pekutongwa, uye zvikumbiro, chikuva chimwe nechimwe chinobatira donzo rakananga. Mabasa avatongi, majaji, magweta, uye mapoka anorondedzerwa zvakajeka, uye gadziriro yedare rinotonga inovimbisa zvose zviri zviviri kubudirira nemukana wokuhwirudzura. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa izvi zvinhu, vanhu vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti mutemo unoshanda sei mukushanda uye nei matare anoramba ari rutivi rukuru rwenzanga yedemocracy.