Sarudzo huru ndidzo vachengeti vemagedhi ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu veAmerica, vachisarudza kuti vapi vanoda kutevera vanooneka pasarudzo. Bva mitemo inodzora aya makwikwi inosiana zvikuru kubva kuhurumende nehurumende, nechisarudzo pakati pezakazaruko nevhavharidzo chinoumba chinhu chiri chose kuvambira pakutora rutivi kusvikira kurondedzero yavapfumi. Kuvaraidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vanoronzeswa, kunzwisisa iyi misiyano yemibato inokosha mukunzvera miuyo inosarudzwa uye kutsigira chinjo. Nyaya inonzvera miuyo, betsero, uye miuyo yakazarudzwa yemiitiro mitsva, pamwe chete nezvisiano mikuru yemivhenga yemivhenga.

Kunzwisisa Kusarudza Kwechikuru: Rondedzero Nedonzo

Sarudzo huru inharo yokutanga umo vavhoti vanosarudza vada kumirira vamiriri vebato rezvamatongerwe enyika musarudzo iri kuuya. Kusafanana namacauzuse, ayo anobatanidza misangano nerangariro, mapritator anoshanda sasarudzo yakananga. Donzo guru nderokusundira nzvimbo yavadaviri ndokupa mitezo yebato (//a, muzvimwe zviitiko, vasarudzo yakananga yebato racho) inotaura muna ani achatakura mureza webato.

Miitiro yeProcess yakagamuchirwa zvikurukuru mukati meNguva inofambira mberi (inenge 1890-1920) sechinjo yokuderedza simba ravakuru vakuru vebato avo vakatsiva vadaviri mu "makamuri akazadzwa"" nhasi, United States ndiimwe yamarudzi mashomanene umo mapati anoshandisa sarudzo huru zvikuru. Mitemo yakananga [1] zvikurukuru kana intermites yakazaruka kana kuti yakavhara jekisei pasvhotation, masvomhineti, uye rudzi rwemakwikwikwi ematongerwe enyika.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwevaimbi vemhosva muU.S.

Pamberi pezana ramakore rechi 20, vada kubhapatidzwa vazhinjisa vakasarudzwa kupfurikidza nekokorodzano dzepati uye mabudire enzvimbo inodzorwa nemitezo yebato yapamusoro. Kuvambira mukuvamba kwama 1900, anotaura saWisconsin naOregon vanotanga maprinsivara akananga kupa vavhoti vamwe vadzori. Pakasvika makore a1970, pashure peMitengo yeProviswo yePrecial National Convention yaMagazin, inosunga maPresitutsi aizova mutoo mukuru nokuda kwevatsigiri vapurendi. Hurumende-pasi repamusoro pevhuro yeCongress nehofisi dzehurumende dzinotevera matratoories, kunyange zvazvo nyika dzakachengeta maruramiro okusarudza kana maPripmmation adzo avo aizoza, akazarurwa, kana kuti chimwe chinhu pakati pako.

Mari Yakazaruka: Michina Nezvinetso

Muchitsama chikuru, muvhoti upi noupi akanyoreswa angatora rutivi mubato guru rebato ripi neripi, pasinei zvapo nesonganiro yomuvhoti. Muvhoti anongosarudza zvake kuti ipo papi anokumbira apo anopinda nzvimbo yokuvhota. Hapana kunyoresa kwebato kunodikanwa. Iyi gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kufutunura ndokubvumira vavhoti vanozvimirira . Iye anoumba mugove unokura wevavhoti voruzhinji muchisarudzo.

Kuvhura Kwazvinoita Basa Rokuchikoro

Mitemo chaiyo nokuda kwezvigaro zvinovhurika inosiana nehurumende. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seMichigan, dzinobvumira vavhoti kuti vazivise chisarudzo chavo panzvimbo inovhota pazuva guru. Dzimwe, kufanana naWisconsin, shandisai gadziriro ye "pick-a - party" umo muvhoti anofanira kusarudza pachena kuti ipoti ipi inofanira kugamuchira, asi chisarudzo ichocho chinoramba chiri chakavanzika (Wisconsin haida kunyoreswa kwebato). Mudzimwe nyika, dzakadai seAlabama, vavhoti ipi neipi yebato pasina kuisa disclosio redhi. Chinokosha ndechokuti muvhoti upi noupi akanyoreswa anogona kutora rutivi, pasinei zvapo nokuti anozivikanwa seDemocrat, Republican, kana kuti akazvimirira.

Betsero Dzezvibharo Zvakazaruka

  • Kutora rutivi kwakawedzerwa: Primmite inokoka chikamu chakafara chezvisarudzo kupinda mumuitiro wokubatanidza. Tsitsi dzinobva mu Conference of State Legislatures [ inoratidzira kuti nepokuvhura kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inowana shanduro yakakwirira zvikuru muzvisarudzo zvikuru kana zvichienzaniswa nezvisarudzo zvakavharwa, zvikurukuru pakati pevavhotera vakazvimirira.
  • Kuiswa kweMadanho: Nemhaka yokuti vadaviri vanofanira kukwirira kudivi rakafara remuchinjikwa revhoti(kubatanidza vazvimiriri) uye pane dzimwe nguva mitezo yebato rinopikisa(vanopinzwa kuti vave nenzvimbo dzakawanda. Ikoku kunogona kuderedza pesvedzero yemifungo inopetwa uye kuparira vavhoti vezvisarudzo vezvisarudzo zvavose avo vanoratidzira zviri nani muvhoti wenhau.
  • Vanozviisa vane Inzwi: Anenge chikamu chimwe chetatu chavavhoti veAmerica vanozivikanwa savanozvimirira, mukuwirirana ne Pew Research Center[. Kuvhura mapringi anovimbisa ava vavhoti kuti havazarwi mudanho rinokosha redemocracy.
  • Kuderedza Partisan Polare? Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti kuzarura kwapachivande kunogona kuderedza kuderera kwenzvimbo kupfurikidza nokumanikidzira vakwikwidzani kukwikwidza mavhoti kupfuura panzvimbo yadzo. Zvisinei, uyu muuyo unokurukurwa uye unotsamira pazvimwe zvinhu zvinosarudzwa.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzezvibharo Zvinozaruka

  • Party Raiding: Chimwe chetsoropodzo dzinodudzwa zvikurusa ndibviro ye "kudzosa"(8) mifungo inobva paboka rimwe kuti vakwidze muvhoti yebato risina simba zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, vamwe vavhotera veDemocratic vaipomerwa kuvhota muRepublican Primries kuti vasarudze GOP, uye kupesana. Nepo ufakazi huchikarakadza kuvhotera kwapashomanene zvikuru nokuda kweboka.
  • Chiratidzo cheBoka rakanyura: Apo munhu upi noupi anogona kuvhota mubato guru, batano pakati pemitezo yebato navanoikwidza ingaderera. Madandire angava asina mutoro kunheyo dzepati, uye rudzi rwebato runogona kuvhenganiswa.
  • Mhatsa: Muzvibvumirano zvine primmistry, vamwe vavhoti vangasava nechokwadi pamusoro pokuti inyi inovhotera kukumbira kana kuti nenzira yokusaziva vangatora rutivi mubato rine mipimo inoshora. Iyi mhatsa inogona kutungamirira kuchisarudzo chakaderera chakaisvonaka ndokusekesa kuvimbika kwomuitiro.
  • Protection for Graditeing Volution: Vavhoti vanodzorwa vangapinda mukuvhota kwapamutemo kwemuchinjikwa kwete kukanganisa rimwe boka asi kupesvedzera kumira kwaro kune mwero. Nepo ikoku kungava kunobetsera nokuda kwesarudzo yavose, kunosekesa mufungo wemapati anosarudza vabati vemipimo yavo vamene.

Mienzaniso Yehurumende Yevaipa Mashoko Asina Kutsarukana

Zvitatiso zvinooneka nezvikamu zvinovhurika zvinobatanidza Michigan (yapamubatanidzwa uye sarudzo, neposwo yapurezidhendi, Wiconsin[[[FLT:]], [[FLT]], [[FLT]], [[FLT]] Maneta, [[FLT]], [[FLT]], [FT], [FT] , [FT]] , [FT] , [FLT:]] , [FFLT] [FFLT:9], [idzo], [FFFFLT], [inenge] [FFF]]]], [FFFF:]]] [irma [FFF:]] [FFF:]]] [FFFF: [1]]]]]

Mari Dzakavharwa: Gadziriro neRationale

Muchikamu chikuru, vavhoti bedzi avo vanonyoreswa mitezo yebato rezvamatongerwe enyika vanobvumirwa kuvhota muchikamu chikuru. Vavhoti vanofanira kubatanidzwa nebato pamberi pesarudzo (kazhinji kazhinji mazuva 30 kana kuti kupfuura) uye kuti songanirano inonyorwa pamarobhoti anovhota. Donzo rechinovharwa nderokuvimbisa kuti mitezo yebato yakapindwa ndeyekuti bedzi ine chirevo mukusarudza vadzori vebato, nokudaro vachichengeta perero yetsika nedzoro yesangano.

Michina Yemabhangi Akavharwa

Kuvhota muchinhu chikuru chakavharwa, mugari anofanira kunyoreswa seDemocrat, Republican, kana kuti nebato duku rinozivikanwa. Independent kana kuti vavhoti vasina kuvhota kazhinji kazhinji vanorambidzwa kutora rutivi kutoti vachichinja kunyoresa kwavo. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai se New York[, inoda muvhozhotera kuti anyorese nebato mazuva 25 pamberi pechikuru; FLORIDA, nguva yacho imazuva 29. Mugumisiro wacho ndewokuti muvhoveri mukuru anoumbwa nesimba zvikuru navaRGUPUS.

Kubatsira Kwokuvhara Mari

  • Chidzoreso chePropati: Mapati anogona kuchengeta udzori pamuitiro wawo wokusarudza, kuva nechokwadi chokuti vaminei vakasarudzwa naavo vakanyanyopinzwa mubudiriro yebato. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kuchikuva chepati chakabatana zvikuru netsananguro dzakajeka zvikuru dzepfungwa.
  • Kushandiswa kweBoka roKuvimbika: Nemhaka yokuti chinhu chikuru chinoganhurirwa kumitezo yebato yakanyoreswa, vanoda kubhapatidzwa vane sundo yakasimba yokunamatira kumipimo yebato nenzvimbo. Ikoku kunogona kupfavisa sarudzo yavadaviriri avo vanomirira zvirokwazvo nharaunda yebato.
  • Kuderedza Njodzi yeParty Raiding: Pasina kuvhota kunobvumirwa, pesvedzero yokunze pamuitiro wokunatsa inoderedzwa. Paritis dzinogona kuva nechivimbo chokuti mukundi wechinhu chikuru wadzo anoratidza kuda kwemitezo yadzo chaiyoiyo.
  • Kubudisa zviratidzo zveVoter: Migumisiro yepati dzakavharwa dzine mashoko akarurama pamusoro pezvido zvavo zvepasi, pasina ruzha rwevavhoti vanovhota pamusoro pemuchinjikwa.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvemabhangi Akavharwa

  • Kuparwa kweIndependents: Kutsoropodza kukurusa ndiko kuti mativi akavharwa anopesana nemativi makuru uye ari kukura avavhoti vasingadi kubatana nebato rimwe. Munzvimbo dzakawanda, vanhu vanozvimirira vanorambidzwa nenzira inobudirira kutora rutivi mukubhadhara mutero, kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro porusarudzo nechiremera chedemocracy.
  • Lower Voter Turnout: Nemhaka yokuti kutora rutivi kunoganhurirwa kuvatsigiri vakanyoresa, kuvhara kwose muvharitari kunowanzova kwakaderera kupfuura kwakazaruka. Mukuwirirana namaidi anobva Brookings Institution[, dzakavharwa mativi etsoropodzi anowanzoona chiverengero chimwe chemitengo, zvikurukuru mumakore asarudzo.
  • Kuisa pachena: Primmicary inogona kukurudzira vada kuwirirana nendangariro dzakawandisa dzebato ravo, sezvo ivo bedzi vachifanira kukwidza kumativi makuru. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kuvada kudzimwe nyika uye, pakupedzisira, chirongwa chakakamuraniswa zvikuru. Kunzvera kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakadai se Cheryl Boudreau navamwe [ kwawana kuti gadziriro huru dzinotapura nzvimbo dzemitemo yavakuru vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa.
  • Kusvika kwapakarepo: Muvhoti huru muPrimmite inokombamira kuva yakura, yakadzidza zvikuru, uye pfungwa kupfuura vavhoti vose. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukusarudzwa kwavada kuratidzira zvishuvo zvikuru zvavasaruri.

Mienzaniso Yehurumende Yevaipinza Mitoro

Masangano anoshandisa maprimia akavharwa anobatanidza [[FLT: 0] New York, FLORIDA, pennsylvania[[[FLT]], [[FLT:], [[FLT]]] [6]] kunyoresa [[[FLT], [FLT], [FLT] uye [FLT] OFF:]. [FLT] [FFFLT] [1: 11]]., somuenzaniso, muNew York, muvhotar anofanira kunyorwa mubato pamazuva 25 asati zvikuru. Iyi nzira inotsorotera kunenge yatororongerwa nokuda kwemirioni ino ino. Yakanyorerwa nokuda kwemiriyo yezvipo ino.

Utsanana Husina Kuoma uye Maitiro Okutsiva

Hadzisi nyika dzose dzinokwana zvakanaka mumichina yakavharwa. Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakashandisa gadziriro dzemisanganiswa yakagadzirirwa kubata zvakanakisisa zvenyika dzose dziri mbiri uku dzichinatsa utera hwadzo.

Matura Akavharwa

Mune inovharwa kaviri, yakanyorwa ingavhota bedzi mubato ravo vamene guru, asi vavhoti vasina kubhadharwa vanobvumirwa kusarudza kuti inyi papi rebato kuti vatsive. Iyi gadziriro inovhura suo kuvhozhokero pasina kukoka vapamberi vapamberi. [[FLT: 0] Sanzi] ARICONA, Massutts [, uye [FLT] New Hampreshi [FF] anoshandisa zvinovhaka-dh'ka zvikuru.

Midziyo iri pamusoro-paviri ne Pamusoro-Pamusoro

"top-2" yokutanga, inoshandiswa mu California, [FLT]] Shahington, uye Nébraska [ (nokuda kuti nyika isati iri hurumende), inoita mutoo wakasiyana zvikuru. Vanoda kuoneka paboka rimwe chete pasinei zvapo nesongano yebato. Voters angavhotera nokuda kwedanho ipi neipi. Vayamupi navapi navavhoti vazhinjisa, pasinei zvapo nepo neboka, fambiro mberi kuboka. Iyi inobvisa murangariro webato, inoderedza donzowo.

Chikuru chapamusoro-china, chinoshandiswa panguva ino bedzi mu Alaska uye Nevada (kuvamba 2025 nokuda kwapurezidhendi), inotambanudzirazve pfungwa: vavhoti vana vapamberi mberi kurusarudzo runoshandisa kuvhota kwavose kwakarongwa. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti ikoku kunopa vhotera zvisarudzo zvakawanda uye vanokurudzira kukwidza mberi kwavo. Vatsoropoteri vanowedzera kuoma kwemifungo uye vanogona kuvhiringidza kuvhotera.

Simba Rakapararira Regadziriro Huru Pazvisarudzo

Kusarudzwa kwegadziriro huru yehurumende inosarudzwa kunosanochinja kupfuura nhano yokuisa mashoko murutivi.

Maitiro Okuda Kutevedzera uye Kambani Zvinochinja

Vari mudzimba dzinotevedzana vanofanira kufadza vavhoti vakafara uye vane mwero zvikuru, uko kunogona kutungamirira kukutaura kushoma kwepfungwa. Muzvikoro zvakavharwa, vanoda kutarisana nedzvinyiriro yokubvisa nzvimbo dzakanyanyisa dzokukurira vatsigiri vebato. Iri simba rinowanzodudzwa somuchairi wezvokuparadza: vatongi vanotusa kuchena kwepfungwa, nepo vachiwana mibayiro yokuzvidzora mumativi ose.

Zvisinei, dzimwe nyanzvi dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinotaura kuti miuyo yegadziriro huru dzokuparadzaniswa kwenzvimbo dzapasi ndeyechiduku kana ichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvakadai sokuparadzana, kukamukana kwezvinobudisa nhau, uye mari yenhimbe.

Kutanga Nokutsigira

Primmial inowanzova jiro rekutanga muUnited States rakaderera zvikuru .Indaneti dzinozivikanwa se10-20% dzevavhoti vakakodzera muPrimetrics uye kunyange kuderera pakati penguva. Primmary dzinowedzera kutora rutivi pakati pemagariro napanhambo nenhambo. Somuenzaniso, sangano Fairvote rinonyora kuti nyika dzinovhura bhirimendi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzine mwero yemwero yakakwirira kupfuura mibatanidzwa yakapfigwa. Zvisinei, maPrimetics anogona kusimudzira batano yebato nerofini inozvipira zvikuru, sezvo vanonzwa voti yavo vachitakura uregota mukati me mabato avo vamene.

Kujekesa uye Kuva Nemwero

Gakava pamusoro pemiitiro mikuru rakabatana zvikuru neitiro hanya pamusoro pokuparadzana kwemapoka. Vatsigiri vezvikamu zvakazaruka vanotaura kuti vanodzongonyedza kupfaviswa kupfurikidza nokumanikidzira vakwikwidzani kukwikwidza nokuda kwokuvhota. Vatsigiri vemaprimitary akavharwa kuti vanochengeta zvisarudzo zvine revo uye kudzivisa "kuderedza" zvikuva. Ufakazi hwakavhengana: dzimwe nyika dzakafanana neCalifornia dzakaona chinjo kuvamwe vane mwero chifo chokugamuchira maprigirimi maviri, nepo dzimwe nyika dzakazaruka dzichiramba dziripo dzinova dzakakwirira zvikuru. Rudzi rwedavi rwezvikamu zvamarusaririra runongova chinhu chimwe chete pakati pavazhinji.

Fundo Dzenyaya: Migumisiro Chaiyoiyo Yenyika

California Phezulu- 2 Primary

California Proposition 14, yapfuudzwa muna 2010, yakatanga gadziriro huru yapamusoro-viri nokuda kwesarudzo dzose dzehurumende nokunze kwounganga. Nharidzano dzakataurwa dzakanga dziri dzokuwedzera kutora rutivi, kuderedza giradhi, uye kusarudza mitemo ine mwero zvikuru. Nzvero dzakaratidza migumisiro yakavhengana. Dzimwe fundo, dzakadai seimwe Public Policy Institute yeCalifornia, yakawana kuti tsika yacho yatungamirira wedzero duku mumakwikwikwidzano avana vasarudzori uye kuderera kwechikamu chikuru muGungano. Zvisinei, kuvhotera kwapa hakuna kuwedzera zvinoshamisa, uye gadziriro haina kubvisa murwi. Vatsoropotesi muruwa rwakawanda, mativi ose aripotenzi Demoten uye imwe chete, kushandura zvishoma.

Kupfigirwa kweNew York

New York ndeimwe yenyika dzinoganhurirwa zvikurusa. Masangano anofanira kunyoresa nebato mazuva 25 pamberi pezvikuru, uye magariro anovharwa chose chose. Muuyo wave uri wakaderera zvikuru - kazhinji kazhinji pasi pe 10%(*kazhinji kazhinji nemubatanidzwa wemitemo unoiswa muboka rapasi zvikurusa munyika. Mapoka eReformation akasundwa nokuda kwedzinenge dzavharwa kana kuti kuvhura mapritation, asi nhamburiko dzakakundikanazve mudivi rehurumende. Chidzidzo chakaitwa ne [[FLT:] Union] chakawana kuti gadziriro yakavhara madhingiringi 3 mamirioni uye kubvisa maNew Yorks, uye kubvisa marectivescreaders.

Wisconsin Anotanga Kudzidza

Wisconsin anoshandisa gadziriro yokutanga yakazaruka chifo choukuru, achibvumira vavhoti kukumbira chivhoti chipi nechipi chebato pazuva rekuvhota pasina kunyoresa mubatanidzwa. Iyi tsika yakasimudzira kuvhozhokera kukuru zvikuru uye gamuchidzanwa ravatongi veRepublic seTommy Thompson naTommy vanoratidzira bviko rekugona kuvhotera kunyange muPrimsters. Muitiro waWisconsin unorumbidzwa nokuda kwokuva nechenge avhota, vamwe vaDemocratic cons vakayambukira kuvhota kuti vatsive muRepublican, kunzika kwaGeneritiom. Zviitiro zvakadaro zvinoratidzira bviko rekuvhoterano kunyange mumaplugistration.

Mugumo: Nguva Yemberi Yechinjo Huru

Kunzwisisa magadzirirwo ezvigaro zvakazaruka uye zvakavharwa kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa simba reSarudzo yeAmerica. Kuvambira pakusarudza kwakabatanidzwa asi kwakazaruka kusvikira kuchinhu chikuru chinowirirana nedzidziso asi chakavharwa, gadziriro imwe neimwe inotakura kutengeswa pakati pokutora rutivi, perero yebato, uye mwero wavanhu. Mitemo yeHybrid ikadai seyakaregwa zvishoma napamusoro pezvigadziko zviviri inoedza kurovanya, asi hapana kusvika kumwe kunonzi paracea.

Gakava pamusoro pechinjo huru rinopfuurira kukura sezvo kusagutsikana kunokura nokusarudzwa kwoukuru. Dzimwe nyika dzakatoenda kugadziriro dzakazaruka kana kuti dzisina kubatanidzwa; dzimwe dziri kurangarira kuvhota kwapamusoro kana kuti kwakarongwa. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vavhoti, vachiziva kuti iyi mitemo inopesvedzera inhanoiro yokutanga sei kuita zvisarudzo zvokuziva pamusoro porudzi rwedemokrati yatinoda. Sezvo 2024 ne 2028 dzekusvika kwemasangano ezvirongwa zvokuvhotera.

[ nokuda kwokuravazve, zviwanikwa zvokunaya zvinobva ku Conference of State Legistrations uye Fairvote.