Kunzwisisa Chisakiso Chokusasarudza

Dzidziso yokusarudza inomira seimwe yemiitiro inokosha zvikurusa yebumbiro remitemo muAmerica. Inopindura mubvunzo mukuru: igadziriroi dzeBill of Rights dzinoganhura hurumende, kwete hurumende yehurumende chete? Pamberi peKill of Rightsth Amendment, Bill of Rights yakashanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende, sezvinosimbiswa ne Barron v. Baltimore[FLD:1] [1833]. Idzo dzinotsiva dzeCrookencess Processs Clausce, yafabhenderwa muna 1868, yakatanga nzira yapamutemo yokutambanurira iyi dziviriro kuhurumende. Zvisinei, Dare gurusa redare harina kugamuchira nokukurumidza kubatanidzwa. Panzvimbo pezvo, rakagamuchira chikamu chamazita, nomutoo unosarudzwa.

Uyu mutoo wakaumbwa nokupesana kukuru kwepfungwa pakati pevatongi. Muitiro wacho hausi wekungotaurawo zvako; unoda kuturikira mashoko eGaramende rechi 144th “Hapana Hurumende ipi neipi hainganyimi munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo” kusarudza kuti ikodzero dzipi dziri “dzine chokuita negadziriro yeruramisiro yeAmerica.” Kutsunga ikoko kunotsamira zvikuru pauzivi hwedare rimwe nerimwe. Mugumisiro wacho ibasa rakaoma rokubatanidza kodzero dzinoshandiswa zvizere, vamwe vachingori norutivi rushomanene, uye vashomanene vachiri vanosiiwa kuchisarudzo.

Nzira Iyo Uzivi Hunotonga Hunoparira Nayo Zvisarudzo Zvokusasarura

Uzivi hunotonga hunogovera magirazi mauri ruramisiro inorava namo mashoko ebumbiro remitemo asina kujeka. PaDare Rapamusorosoro, kusabvumirana pamusoro pokubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa kunowanzoderedza kuva mirangariro inokwikwikwidzana pamusoro porudzi rworusununguko, basa renhau, uye ukama hwakafanira pakati pesimba rehurumende nerehurumende. Masangano matatu makuru ouzivi anopesvedzera nguva dzose zvisarudzo izvi: [[FLT] prostation [[[FLT:]], [FLT:]], [FLT]] ufakazi hwemagwaro [[FLT]], hunoratidzikawokubvumirana nezvisaririra.

Kurerutsa Mashoko Nemiganhu Yekusachena

Vatsigiri veConstitution vanotaura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kuturikirwa mukuwirirana nerevo yaro yapakuvamba yavanhu vose. Izvo munhu ane mufungo panguva yokuparadza zvingadai zvakanzwisisa rugwaro rwacho kuva zvinoreva. Vashandisi vemavambo vanowanzosava nechokwadi nekodzero dzinowedzera idzo dzakarongwa zvakajeka navemitezo yeIndaneti. Zviratidzo zvakadai somushakabvu Antonin Scalia naClarence Thomas vanowanzova neiyi pfungwa. Vanobvunza kuti: Ko varatififii veKirasi yeMitemo ye145 yaida kutora mari yeRepumendement yose yekodzero dzekodzero dzemunhu? Vakatanga vakawanda vanoti kwete. Somugumisiro wezvapakuvamba kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji mirangariro inodzivisa kodzero idzo dzisina nheyo dzakajeka. Somuenzaniso, Thomas akapikisa kuti kudzodzo dzeChipiri dzinoshanda kuMaridziridzoro okupfuure kupfurikidza neMadokero aClausswo asingatengi maSaudio kana kuti Imatoomaniki yemitemo yakatsikiswa zvikuru.

Uhu uzivi hunoparirawo kusawirirana. Nepo kuvamba kuchigona kuganhurira kubatanidzwa, kunogonawo kuraira kana ufakazi hwenhau hukaratidza maruramiro akati okushandisa mukurwisana nenyika. Mu McDonald v. Chicago (2010), Mutongi Thomas anobvumirana nevoruzhinji kuti Second Amendment inoshanda kuhurumende, asi anotsamira paMaropafadzo kana kuti gadziriro dzamaImmacreaste, kwete muitiro wakafanira, nemhaka yokuti akadavira kuti chirevo icho mumaruramiro makuru akaiswa pakuvamba.

Kunyora Magwaro Nokutsvaka Revo Pfupi

Rugwaro, rwakasanowirirana nemavambo, runosimbisa rugwaro rwakajeka rweBumbiro reMitemo samanyuko makuru edudziro. Ruramisiro ichanzvera mashoko eChiteshi cheNhevedzo yaClaus ndokubvunza kana chitsama icho chine mutauro upi noupi pamusoro pamaruramiro akati. Nemhaka yokuti chitsama hachisati charonga Bill of Rights, vatsigirisi mashoko eConstitutions yoga hayo. Zvisinei, vangangogamuchira kana vatongeri, Gitlow v. New York[FLT:] [25] [12] [25]) kana kuti [FLT:] Gideon. v[Foctright] [FFFF] [FLT] [3] [6] [6] [6]), chakaumba mutemo mubatanidzwa.

Nyanzvi dzemashoko dzinodawo kurava kutetepa, kunodokuva kwounyanzvi uko kodzero dzadzo dziri “dzakaoma.” Dzinodzivisa miedzo yendangariro yakafara kana kuti yenzanga se “chinoshatisa hana” mupimo wenhau, panzvimbo pezvo kufarira kutsunga kwenhau kwekuti maruramiro anobva zvikuru mumagamuchidzanwa orudzi. Iyi nzira inoita kuti pave nokungwarira mukubatanidza zvisarudzo.

Bumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu Nokubatanidzwa Kunodhura

Vatsigiri veBumbiro reMitemo mhenyu vanorangarira gwaro racho segadziriro ine simba inofanira kuchinjira kutsika dzenzanga. Uhwu uzivi hunokurudzira ruramisiro kududzira Gated Procession Claus senzira yokudzivirira nayo mifungo inobuda yorusununguko. Vatongi vakadai saWilliam Brennan, Thirfall Marshall, Stephen Breyer, naRuth Bader Ginsburg vakashandura uyu murangariro. Mumitengo inosarudzwa, iyi inowanzoreva kubatanidzwa kwakazara kweBill of Rights dziviriro − uye kunyange kodzero dzakashairwa kushaikwa kwapamutemo nokuda kwerusununguko munzanga yazvino uno.

Chinoitika chechiratidzo chenhau . . [1973] chinoratidzira kusvika kweBumbiro reMitemo mhenyu, kunyange zvazvo isina kubatanidza kusarudzwa kwamashoko erudyi chakananga. Chakananga, mu Timbs v. Indiana [2011] , Dare rinobvumirana raidavira kuti Kunyanyofadza kwaSexmendement kunoshanda kumitemo. Mutongi Ruth Bader Ginsburg anoshandisa kumitemo. Murangariro weDare raHamato rega kuvimba nokurangarira kwapakuvamba asi padzidziso yokuti kururamisira kwakarurama kunopesana nokunyanyisa ndiko kunokosha kugadziriro yeAmerica yeruramisiro ye-5643. Gastikiro reWeswokugara Rinotsigirawo muchato unowiriranawo kukodzero dzemhuri, uye kupfuudzanisa maruramiro echineidzo kupfurikidza, kupfurikidza nokupfupikisa maruramiro emonition.

Kubata Zvisina Kufanira uye Kudzikamisa Zvinhu

Vamwe vatongi vanogamuchira mutoo wenzira inoshanda, vachiyera miuyo yokubatanidza nokusiya nhau kuhurumende. Mutongi Lewis Powell naMutongi Sandra Day O’Connor vakabatanidza uyu mutoo. Mu [[FLT: 0] Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transtit Authority [[[FLL:1] [85] [85], Dare rakarega kusvika kwomutemo kuuchangamire uye rakagamuchira muedzo unoshanda zvikuru. Mukushandisa kwakasarudzwa, Pragmatists anobvunza: Kuzovandudza uku kutarisirwa kwakarurama kweruramisiro? Kuchada kunyanyova nezvishandiso? Kufanira kutevedzerwa kukuru kunodikanwa kupfurikidza nomutemo unopesana navose. Kutevera uku kunofanira kutungamirira kusvika pamugumisiro une mwero. [Fractive] [2]

Mhaka Dzinoratidza Kutonga Dziri Panyika Dzinozivisa Uzivi Hwokutonga Pabasa

Mhindumupindu yokubatanidzwa kunosarudza inogona kurondwa kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yezvisarudzo apo uzivi hunokwikwidzana hwakarwisana.Idzi nhau dzinoratidzira kuti chiono cheruramisiro chenyika chinotapura sei zvakananga kana maruramiro achiitwa rudzi.

Gitrow v. New York (1925) – Nhano yokutanga

Mu Gitlow, Dare rakafunga kuti chitsama chorusununguko rwokutaura cheFirst Amendment chakabatanidzwa kupfurikidza ne 144th Amendment, asi chakatsigira kupwiswa nemhaka yokuti kutaura kwenhau hakuna kudzivirirwa. Uku kwokutanga kwakanga kuri kwokusadzivirirwa. Murangariro wavazhinji, wakanyorwa naMutongi Edward Sanford, hauna kupinda mumurangariro wouzivi hwakadzama; wakangofungidzira kuti kuvapo. Mutongi Oliver Welight Holmes akapesana, achisimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende wakakundikana kuisa “ngozi iripo neyazvino." Holmes’s projectives progias protections . "magratics neanssssss) yakajeka yemistronge yaizoshandisa mupimo wenyika yose kudzivirira kutaura. Ruramisiti yemitemo inodzo yetsika kudzo yetsika kudzo.

Mapp v.O.[FLT] [1961] – Kubatanidza kwoMutemo weExclussion

Mapp yakabatanidza dziviriro yeFondment yeChinese yeTream panzvero isina mufungo nepfariso nemitemo yayo inotsiva nyika. Mutongi Tom C. Clark murangariro woruzhinji wakatsamira panheyo yokudzivisa uye kudikanwa kwemushonga mumwe. Chisarudzo chakanga chiri kuhwina kwakajeka nokuda kweBumbiro reMitemo mhenyu reMitemo mhenyu: Dare rakatambanuro yamaruramiro akanga asina kutongoshandiswa kare, richirangarira kuti perero yetsika yeruramisiro yakairaira. Vatongi John Marshall Harlan II naFracerder vakapesana, vachisimbisa kuti mutemo waidzoserwa wakanga usiri mushonga womunhu oga asi wakagadzirwa usingamanikidzwi pamashoko.Uzivi hwavo hunodzorwa nerumbidzwa.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) – Kodzero ku Zano

Kupfuura mhaka yapfuura ( Brady v. Brady), Dare mu Gideon[ raidavira kuti Hurumende yechitanhatu yePramende yakarurama kukupa zano inokosha uye inoshanda kuhurumende. Mutongi Hugo Bullet weBlack anoshandisa “kuyera kwepfungwa kwechinhu chimwe”. Black akanga ari mutengi akasimba uyo akadavira kuti Bill yekodzero dzavanhu vose vanofanira kuva vakabatanidzwa. Murangariro wake unoratidza kuti: akaramba pfungwa ingagona kuedza nemipimo yakasiana yokugovera zano. Mhaka yacho inowanzodudzwa somuenzaniso semuenzaniso werondedzero yeruramisiro pamusoro pe “magariro echiito che “chinoumba chiono chedare. ”

[[[FUNDO:0] Duncan v. Louisiana (1968) – Jury Miedzo

DUNY] akabatanidza maruramiro kukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi mumhaka dzakakomba. Mutongi Byron White akasimbisa kuti kutonga nedare redare retsono kunokosha kugadziriro yedare retsoropodzo reAmerica. Mutongi Harlan akapesana, achiramba kuti Nhevedzo yeBasa yeClauscesting Claus inorambidza bedzi zviito zvinoputsa “nheyo dzendangariro dzerusununguko neruramisiro,” mupimo waida kuti kutonga kwedare mumhaka dzose. Uzivi hwaHarlanhn hwunowanzodana kuti“ kusarudza kubatanidzwa nemipimo yehurumende yakazvimirira ” inorwisana zvakananga noutauro hukurusa hwevoruzhinji. Chikanganiso chacho chinoratidzira kuti miuyo yakasiyana - ruramisiro inoparira sei miuyo inowirirana pamiedzo mikuru.

Basa Reropafadzo DzeKinai Dze Amendment Kana Kuti Rokubatanidza Claus

Mune kurukurirano pamusoro pokusarudza inzira inopfuura na Priviges kana kuti Immunities Clause yeMitemo ye 14neth Amendment. Saenz v. Roe[FLT] [1999] [[CHOUR]] [, Dare rakashandisa mashoko kudzivirira maruramiro okufamba. Vatsigirisi namanyoro vanotaura kuti, kwete Mutezo weChirongwa chaClauscesting Clausle, wakaitirwa kubatanidza Bill of the Rights togment. ] [FLT] [FLT] [FFF: 4)] [FFF:5] [5] [8], uyo unofanira kurangarirazve, sechikanganwa chikanganiso, sechinofanira kurangarirwazve seChibvumirano cheSauchito. Chibvumirano chikuru chinovaratirometiso, chinokundikana zvikuru kupfupikisa chipfupikisa chipfupikisa chikuru nokuda kwomumwe. Chipo chikuru, apo mumwe chinenge chinenge chipfurome

Masangano Azvino Nenguva Yemberi Yokusarudza

Muzana ramakore rechi 21, Dare rakadokupedza muitiro wokubatanidza zvakawanda zvikurusa zveBill of Rights. Third Amendment inoramba isingashandiswi, zvikurukuru nemhaka yokuti haiwanzopinzwa. Simende Yechipiri yakanyoreswa mu McD[[[[FLT:]] [20]] [2010]. Gakava rouzivi rinopfuurira pamusoro pe [[FLT:] [FLT] [20] .[FLT] [5] revo requencencessss formed reconvected reconst [rect] rakaiswa mu [[FLT]] [vFFFFF]] [FLT] [20]] [20] [20]]).

Imwe nzvimbo iri kumuka ibatanidzirwa kwekodzero dzisina kurongwa zvakajeka muBill of Rights, yakadai sekodzero yokuroora kana kuti kodzero yokuzvitonga. Obergefell v. Hodges[ (20] 5) chisarudzo pamusoro peroorano imwe cheteyo yetendi inotsamira pamuitiro wakakodzera wakarongwa, icho vatsoropodzi vazhinji vanotaura kuti chimiro chokubatanidzwa kupfurikidza nedare. Vatsi vakafanana naMutongi Thomas vakaramba kurangarira uku, vachitaura kuti Mutevedzeri weBasa Claus reClaus reBasicle haadziviriridzi kodzero dzakaiswa. Kupesana pakati pouhuhudzano idzi sezvingabvira kucharondedzera nhevedzano yekurukurirano, zvikurukuru sokunyorwa kweDare.

Bvunzurudzo Dzinoshanda Dzavadzidzi, Vadzidzisi, uye Nyanzvi Dzemitemo

Kunzwisisa batano pakati pouzivi hwedare nokubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa hakusi kungoshandisa kwedzidzo. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, kunopa gadziriro yokutsanangura mirau yeDare Rapamusoro. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, kunojekesa chikonzero nei dzimwe maruramiro achishanda zvakafanana mumativi ose enyika apo vamwe vasingashandi. Kunyanzvi dzemitemo, kunobetsera kufanoziva kuti maruramiro enhau dzenguva yemberi angasarudzwa sei. Sezvo Dare rinangana mibvunzo pamusoro pezvakavanzika zvemageometera (kutsvaka nokubvutira zera remafoni), Hurumende yeChipiri kunze kwomusha, kana kuti kodzero dzavapomeri vemhosva, misengwa yemirayiro youzivi ichasarudza kana kuti aya kodzero inodzorwa kunyika kana kuti inosiiwa kumatare. Chino chokutanga donzo chakanaka nokuda kwefundo i [FLD:] Corll Reformation Institutestion Institutes progiontion yakasarudzwa navose [FFoct1]

Vadzidzisi vanogona kushandisa mifungo inosiana mu . Louisiana na Timbs v. Indiana[FLT]] kuenzanisira kuti ruramisiro ine uzivi hwakasiana inosvika sei pamigumisiro yakasiana-- siyana. Vadzidzi vanofanira kukurudzirwa kurava mifungo chaiyoiyo kuona kuti kurangarira kwouzivi kunoshanda sei. Ruzivo runobetsera i [FLT:] nzvimbo yapamutemo yeDare rapamusoro-soro, iyo inogovera magwaro.

Mugumisiro: Revo Isingaperi Youzivi Hunotonga

Kusarudza kubatanidzwa kunoramba kuri imwe yenzvimbo dzine simba zvikurusa dzomutemo webumbiro-mitemo nemhaka yokuti kunotapura zvikuru kusawirirana pakati pesimba rehurumende nehurumende kuzvitonga, pakati perevo yakatsiga nemipimo. Uzivi hwedare hunoshanda sekampasi inotungamirira ruramisiro imwe neimwe muiyi mirwi. Kana ari muiti wemitemo yapakuvamba, mutsigiri wemitemo, kana kuti mugadziri wemitemo, chisori chemaziso, icho chinoona ruramisiro pamamiriro echineindedzero echine gumi namashanu ayo maruramiro anobva murudzi. Sezvo zvinetso zvitsva zvechikwata chitsva zvinobuda muruzivo rwokugadzirwa nokubereka. "Nhangeidziro youzivi ichiripo] inorwisana pamusoro pezvinodikanwa ne “kukurumidza”. Nhau yokubatanidza kubatanidzwa kwechinjo yemitemo inoyera ndiyo nzira dzakawanda, munhau yenhau yechiAmerica. Kufunda nhau yemitemo yemitemo yaMagaro.