Kukumbira vakuru vakuru vehurumende rutivi rukuru rwokutora rutivi rwehurumende yehurumende nemitemo inosarudzwa navanhu, kuchigonesa vagari vemo kutaura zvinonetsa, kuchinja kwemiitiro yokukumbira, uye kuita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavirire. Zvisinei, kodzero iyi haisati iri yakakwana; inoshanda mugadziriro yemitemo yakarongerwa kudzikamisa kutaura kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe nokuchengeteka kwavose nokurongeka. Kunzwisisa miganhu iyi inokosha kuti munhu aite nenzira inobudirira uye yapamutemo. Nepo pfungwa yokukumbira iri nyore murondedzero yejekedzo / dandadzo iri nyore murondedzero yedariro nero dzinoita kuti atarisire pamutemo, mitemo yemitemo, uye kutsanangura kutevedzerwa kwenhau dzehurumende. Nyaya inoongorora miganhuro yenhau, dare rinokosha, uye mienzaniso inoshanda kuti igove nokunyatso kutsvaka kodzero dzavo.

Mavambo Enhau Ekodzero Yokukumbira

Kodzero yokukumbira ine mavambo makuru mugamuchidzanwa remitemo reBritain neAmerica. Magna Carta wa1215 akagadza nheyo dzapakuvamba dzenyunyuto nedzokutsiva, asi maruramiro echiNgezi akasimbiswa muChirungu Bill of Rights ya1689, iyo yakazivisa kuti vanhu vaiva namaruramiro okukumbira mambo pasina kutya chirango. Uyu murangariro wakaendeswa kunzvimbo dzeAmerica uye wakachengetwa muFirst Amendment kuUnited States Constitution, iyo inodzivirira maruramiro avanhu okuunganidza norugare uye kukumbira hurumende nokuda kwezvichemo zvetsumo.

MuUnited States, Dare Rapamusorosa rakaziva maruramiro okukumbira sapakati perusununguko runokosha zvikurusa, kazhinji kazhinji ruchiibatanidza norusununguko rwokutaura negungano. Mhaka yechiratidzo United States v. Cruikshank [1876] inosimbisa kuti kodzero yokukumbira ivara reko renyika yose, nepo ANACP v. Bost [1963]) dziviriro dzakakudziridza kubatanidza zvimiro zvapamutemo sezvimiro zvokukumbira. Izvi zvinosimbisa kuti chikumbiro hachisi chiratidzo chakarongwa asi chinobatanidza mhatsa yemibato yakanyorwa nenzira yapamutemo, yakadaro, sekukwidza, kunyange kuratidzira.

Nyika yose, kodzero yokukumbira inozivikanwa muzvimiro zvakasiyana- siyana. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 19) inovimbisa rusununguko rwepfungwa nekutaura, izvo zvinobatanidza chose chose kodzero yokutsvaka chiito chehurumende. Ubati ushe hwehurumende dzakawanda dzine gadziriro dzakananga dzokukumbira, dzakadai seUnion of European Union kana kuti zvikamu zvokunyoresa zvinoshandiswa neUK Paramende nehurumende yeAustralia. Uhu hurongwa hunobvumira vagari vemo kumutsa nhau zvakananga, kazhinji kazhinji kacho kunoda nhamba yakati yezvisainirwo kuti vamanikidze kurangarira kwapamutemo.

Kukura Kwekukumbira Kunodzivirirwa

Kudzivirira kunobatanidza mhatsa huru yemibato. Mukatikati mayo, inobatanidza zvikumbiro zvakanyorwa, tsamba, maemail, uye kuzviisa pasi kwepamutemo kumasangano ehurumende. Somuenzaniso, mugari wemo anganyora chikumbiro nedare reguta kuti achinje mutemo unoronga kana kuti kupa tsinhiro mukati momuitiro wavose wokutonga. Kunze kwezvinyorwa zvavose, matare akadzivirira mibato yakadai sokuunganidza siginicha nokuda kwezviito zvehurumende, kuronga misangano yavose kukurukura zvichemo, uye kutora rutivi mukutongwa kwehurumende.

Nenzira inopesana, kodzero yokukumbira inotambanukira kuzvose zviri zviviri zviito. Mapoka anogona kupinza zvinhu zvokupinza mumusha, kupinza munhimbe dzeziviso dzavose, kana kuti faira inicus curiae pfupi munhau dzepamutemo. Dare Gurusa reEastern Railroad Presidentials v. Noer Morect, Inc.[FLD] [1961] yakatanga kuti nhamburiko dzehurumende dzokupesvedzera chiito kupfurikidza nezvikumbiro, kuendesa, uye kuzivisa dzinodzivirirwa pasi peFirimende, kunyange kana kuitwa nevavariro yezvokurwisa, kwenguva refu sezvo mufambiro uchiedza zvapachokwadi kupesvedzera hurumende. Iyi inozivikanwa se [FFF:]

Zvimiro Zvezvikumbiro Zvinozivikanwa Nomutemo

  • Kukwirira kwakananga: Zvakanyorwa kana kuti zvakakumbirwa nemashoko kuvakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, masangano, kana kuti matare.
  • Kupomera: Mitemo inodenha zviito zvehurumende kana kuti kutsvaka chinjo dzemitemo.
  • Kudzokorora: Madhigineti anoita kuti vanhu vakawanda vakwire, akadai sewebsite yezvikumbiro yeWhite House.
  • Kutanga kwemabharati: Zvikarakadzo zvevagari vemo nokuda kwemitemo mitsva kana kuti kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo.
  • Tsinhiro dzavose: Kuzviisa pasi mukati memiitiro yokutungamirira.

Somuenzaniso, kukumbira kunoitwa nevanhu kana kuti kunetsana nevashandi vehurumende kunogona kutoitika.

Miganhu Yepamutemo Panguva, Nzvimbo, uye Musimboti

Nepo hurumende isingagoni kurambidza kukumbira zvakananga, ingaisa ganhuriro dzine mufungo panguva, nzvimbo, uye mutoo wemibato inoratidzirwa. Iyi ganhuriro inofanira kuva inosakisa, yakasanogadzirirwa kubatira fariro huru yehurumende, uye inosiya dzimwe nzira dzekurukurirano dzakazaruka. Mienzaniso inowanzobatanidza kuda mvumo nokuda kwamagungano makuru, kuisa mirau yeruzha mukati mamaawa akati, uye kuronga nzvimbo chaidzo dzemiitiro pedyo nezvivako zvehurumende.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokubvumidzwa

Zvitendero zvakawanda zvinoda mvumo dzokuramba, misangano, kana kuti kuunganidza zvitsama zvikuru zvechikumbiro munzvimbo dzavose. Zvibvumikiso zvinobvumira zviremera kuronga zvinoitika zvakawanda, kutarisira motokari, uye kuva nechokwadi chekotsekano yavose. Somuenzaniso, boka rinotsvaka kuunganidza siginicha mumugwagwa wakabatikana mumugwagwa weguta ringada mvumo inobva kukambani yomunzvimbomo kudzivisa kufamba kwetsoka. Matare akatsigira masangano ebvumidzoro etendero chero bedzi asingashandisirwi kudzvinyirira kutaura kwakavakirwa pazviri. [CHOKA] tas v. Chicago Districk[[FLT][2001]] [2002], Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti chibvumidze gadziriro yokushandiswa kwepaki yakanga iri pamutemo nemhaka yokuti anoshandiswa kunyange mumitemo kumapoka ose.

Ganhuriro Dzava Pedyo Nehurumende

Nzvimbo dzakananga kazhinji kazhinji dzine ganhuriro dzakawedzerwa. Dare redare, nhandare dzendege, uye nzvimbo dzamauto zvingava nenzvimbo dzinovigirwa apo kukumbira kwakaganhurirwa kudzivirira nokuzvidzwa. Dare Rapamusoro mu Madsen v. Vakadzi Health Center, Inc. [1994]) yakatsigira nzvimbo inovigirwa mativi enzvimbo pakiriniki yezvipatara kuti idzivise kunetswa asi gare gare gare yakarovanya nharaunda dzakafara mu [[FLT:] Mclen v. Coakley v. [20] [5] (inonyanyoganhurirwa. vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vanoshora mishato yavo pedyo kana kuti mahofisi evorefu., kubatanidza mumitemo inorwisana nokubhangidzira., kubatanidza [[FLT]][FF]]

Ruzha Nechinopesana

Mutinhimira, kunzwika kwakawedzerwa, uye kuimba kunopfuurira zvinogona kudzorwa kudzivisa kudzongonyedzwa kwebhizimisi rehurumende kana kuti rugare runogara. wd v. Rock Against Racism (1999) yakatanga kuti maguta anogona kuisa ganhuriro nokuda kwemakonzati mupaki dzavose, kana kuti kubvumira mitemo kuva isingadzoreki uye kubvumira kutaura kune revo. Nenzira yakafanana, kukumbira kunobatanidza kupinda, kudzosa migwagwa, kana kuti kudzorwa namasangano ekurumidziro kunoitwa kudzokororwa nokukurumidza.

Ganhuriro Dzinotsamira Pakukumbira

Kusiyana nenguva, nzvimbo, uye mirau, ganhuriro dzakavakirwa pazviri mumashoko dzinonzverwa zvikuru uye hadziwanzotsigirwa. Hurumende ingaganhurira bedzi kukumbira zviri mukati mezvikamu zvakaganhurirwa zvekutaura kusina kudzivirirwa. Marudzi aya anobatanidza kunyandurira masimba masimba, kuzvidza, ushati, uye tyisidziro dzechokwadi. Zvisinei, kunyange mumapoka aya, matare anorondedzera miganhu nokungwarira kudzivisa kutaura kunokatyamadza.

Kunyandurira Kumasimba Masimba

Zvikumbiro kana kuti kutaura izvo zvakananga, zvinokurudzira, kana kuti zvinoparira chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo hazvina kudzivirirwa. Nzvero inobva Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969] inoda kuti kutaura kwacho kuvavarire uye sezvingabvira kuparira mufambiro usiri wapamutemo. Somuenzaniso, chikumbiro chokukurirwa kwamasimba masimba kwehurumende kana kuti kukurudzira mhomho kudenha mukuru mukuru mukuru wapamutemo akananga kuzova kunze kwedziviriro yebumbiro remitemo. Musiano, kupesana nomugariro wokumukira kana kuti kutsoropodza zviratidzo zvinodzivirirwa kazhinji kazhinji.

Kupandukira uye Kutaura Kwenhema

Kupa mashoko enhema pamusoro pavakuru vakuru vehurumende kana kuti nhamba dzavose kunogona kutungamirira kumiuyo yapamutemo. Dare Rapamusorosa mu New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964) akagadza bhawa rakakwirira renhamba dzavose kuti iwane mashoko ehurumende, kuraira chibvumikiso che [ yezvakashata : zivo yokuti kutaura kwacho kwakanga kuri kwenhema kana kuti kuzvidza nenzira yokusangwarira zvokwadi. Zvisinei, kukumbira kuti namaune nhema kushatisa kunyoresa kwavose kana kuti ufakazi hwokunyengera munhimberi, kungaratidzira vanhu kuva nemhaka mumutemo kana kuti mumitemo yeSangano yeSangano yeSangano yenhema.

Utsinye uye Kuvenga Kutaura

Mabhaisiko, sezvinorondedzerwa mu Miller v. California (1973]), haadzivirirwi neFirst Amendment uye haagoni kuva rutivi rwechikumbiro kana zvikakumbira fariro dzapamutemo, kuratidzira mufambiro wevatano nenzira inogumbura nenzira yapamutemo, uye kushaiwa ukoshi hwakakomba. Ruvengo, nepo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji ruchinyangadzwa, kutoti rwakapinda mutyisidziro dzechokwadi kana kuti kunetsa. Somuenzaniso, chikumbiro icho chinobatanidza kushora kwedzinza asi chinoita chikumbiro chapamutemo chingadziviswa sezvinobvira, nechoidzodzo yapamutemo nechisimba chapamutemo.

Kunetswa Nokutyisidzirwa

Kupfuurira, kurukurirano isingadikanwi iyo inoshanda pasina donzo rapamutemo inogona kuganhurirwa. Mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorambidza kutyisidzira, kunetsa, uye tyisidziro zvavakuru vakuru vehurumende. Mu Virginia v. Black [2003] [2003], Dare Rapamusoro raidavira kuti kupisa nevavariro yokutyisidzira hakuna kudzivirirwa. Nenzira yakafanana, kukumbira kunobatanidza wataurazve navakuru vakuru vakuru pamusha wavo pashure pokuudzwa kurega, kana kuti kushandisa mutauro wakaipa kumanikidza chiito, kungarangarirwa kuva kusiri kwapamutemo. Zvitendero zvakawanda zvinotonga zvakananga zvinotsinhira tyisidziro pavashandi vehurumende.

Zvirongwa Zvinobatsira: Zvibvumikiso, Lobbing, uye Kukumbira Nemadhigirii

Kunzwisisa miganhu iyi kunokosha pakuronga kuita zvinhu zvinonzi zvitevedzerwe nemutemo.

Kuwana Mvumo Yesigina

Kana uchironga kuunganidza siginicha nokuda kwechirongwa chekutora kana kuti kuyeuka chikumbiro muimba yezvitoro kana kuti paki, nzvera mitemo yomunzvimbomo pakukumbirwa. Mamwe maguta anoda mvumo yebasa ripi neripi rinobatanidza matafura kana kuti mapoka makuru. Kukundikana kuwana mvumo inogona kuguma nefaindi kana kuti kutora zvinhu, sezvinoonekwa muzviitiko zvakaita se Watchtower Bible and Tract Society v. Musha weStratton, apo Dare rakarova chinodikanwa chesuo resuo kusvikira kumachirasiro. Zvisinei, nokuda kwokusaina pamigwagwa yavose, matare anowanzoda kuti miraurwe zvishoma uye kusadzo yadzorwa kutaura kwakakomba kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kudzvova Nemutsetse Pakati Pokukumbira Nepesvedzero

Kukumbira idi renzira chaiyo yokukumbira yakarongerwa kupesvedzera chiito chemitemo kana kuti chehurumende. Inodzorwa zvikuru pamwero yehurumende nehurumende. Munsi muganhu weLobbing Displasure Act wa1995, vanhu kana kuti masangano anopedza chitsama chakati pakukumbira anofanira kunyoresa nehurumende uye kushuma mabasa avo. Iyi haisati iri muganhu wokukumbira kukumbira seri kuoneka. Kunyange zvakadaro, kukurudzira kunobatanidza chiokomuhomwe kana kuti kuranga kubvumirana kunoitwa hakubvumidzwa pasi pemitemo yehurumende nemitemo yehurumende. Dare gurusa mu Donnell v. United States [20]

Kukumbira Nezvamunenge Muine Zvamunoshuva Nezvamunenge Muine

Pakombiyuta pezvikamu zvekudzokorora, zvakadai seChinjo.org kana kuti majekiseni ehurumende ehurumende, anopa zvinetso zvemitemo zvakasiyana. Nepo hurumende isingagoni kuvhara zvikumbiro zvakavakirwa pamurangariro panzvimbo dzayo imene, zvikuva zvapachivande hazvimanikidzwi neFirst Amendment. Makambani akadai seFacebook kana kuti Twitter angabvisa zvikumbiro zvinopesana nezviri mumitemo zvavo zvebasa, zvakadai sokuvenga kana kuti kunetsa. Somuenzaniso, mashoko enhema, muruzivo rweMitengo yeEurope yeSangano rePGPR uye Mitemu yeDPR inoda kuti zviteshinga zvokubvisa zvirimo zvisiri pamutemo, izvo zvinogona kubatanidza kuzvidza kana kuti zviteko zvamasimba masimba. Vagari vanoshandisa izvi vanofanira kuziva kuti kuva nomwero.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Rinoshora Miganhu Yezvikumbiro

Nhau huru dzinoverengeka dzakarondedzera miganhu yokukumbira maruramiro.

United Mine Mine Account v.Illinois State Bar Association (1967)

Dare rakataura kuti masangano aigona kugovera zano rapamutemo kumitezo inokumbira nokuda kwezvikumbiro zvavashandi pasina kuputsa muitiro usina kutenderwa wemirau. Ikoku kwakasimbisa kuti kukumbira kwavazhinji, kubatanidza betsero inoshanda, kunodzivirirwa. chisarudzo chinosimbisa kuti kodzero yokukumbira inobatanidza mutoo wokuita nawo nenzira inobudirira zvigumbu zviripo.

NAACP v. Mabudire eCo. (1982)

Dare racho rakatonga kuti mabasa asingashandisi masimba masimba, kusanganisira kumanikidzwa mune zvemari, anodzivirirwa muFirst Amendment, kunyange zvazvo achikuvadza mune zvemari.

Bill Johnson's Restautars, Inc. v. NLRB (19983)

Dare rakarangarira kuti kuisa mhaka mudare rehurumende nehwaro hwechokwadi chaizvoizvo uye mutemo kunodzivirirwa kunyange kana sutu yacho ichiitirwa kudzivisa kuronga mubatanidzwa. Kupomera pasina pamutemo kana kuti kutsiva, zvisinei, hakuna kudzivirirwa.

[[FOL:0] Cotaugh of Durea v. Guarnieri (2011)

Nyaya iyi yaibatanidza chikumbiro chemapurisa kudare revakuru vakuru pamusoro pegakava revashandi. Dare repamusorosoro rakatonga kuti Kukumbira Claus hakushandi kuzvigumbu zvevashandi vehurumende zvine chokuita nebasa ravo, sezvo izvi zvichidzorwa nemipimo yakasiyana pasi peFirst Amendment. Izvi zvinojekesa kuti havasi vakuru vakuru vose vehurumende vanodzivirirwa; kukakavadzana kwebasa kunobatwa zvakasiyana.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzose Pamiganhu Yezvikumbiro

Nyika dzakasiana - siana dzinodzikamisa maruramiro okukumbira nechengeteko nenhevedzano munzira dzakasiana - siana.

United Kingdom

UK’s House of Commons Suptions inoita kuti vagari vemo vatange kana kuti kusaina zvikumbiro; kana chikumbiro chikasvika kusaina 100 000, chinorangarirwa kuva chekurukurirano. Zvisinei, mikumbiro inozvidza, isingarambiki, kana kuti kuputsa paramende ingarambwa. Mutemo wavanhu unorambidza mufambiro unobvira unoparira kunetswa, alamu, kana kuti nhamo, izvo zvinogona kuganhurira kukumbira kwoutsinya. Somuenzaniso, kushora kunze kweParamende kunofanira kudzivisa kupinda.

Canada

Gadziriro dzeCanada dzinoda kutsigirwa napamutemo nenhengo yeParamende. Zvikumbiro hazvifaniri kuva nomutauro unotsamwisa kana kuti kutaura kusingachinji. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms inodzivirira kukumbira pasi pechikamu 2(b), asi ganhuriro dzinoshanda nokuda kwokutaura kworuvengo namasimba masimba, sezvinooneka mu R. v. Keegstra[ [1990], izvo zvakatsigira kusimudzirwa kwoutsotsi kworuvengo namaune.

Europe Union

Chikamu chinobvumira vagari veEurope kuti vakumbire EU kukarakadza mutemo. Zvikonzero zvepamutemo zvokurambwa zvinosanganisira kushatisa kodzero, zvikumbiro zvoupenzi, kana kuti nhau dzinopesana neKomishinari. Somuenzaniso, kutanga kunyandura rusaruro kana kuti masimba masimba hakubviri. pamutemo weEU inovimbisa kuti kukumbira kodzero dzinokosha asi uchichengeta kuvimbika kwetsika.

Nhungamiro Inoshanda Nokuda Kwavagari Vemo

Kuti unyatsokumbira zviri pamutemo, funga matanho anotevera:

  1. tsvakurudza mitemo yomunzvimbomo: Nzvera mabumbiro emitemo enisiparati nokuda kwezvinodikanwa, ganhuriro dzoruzha, uye nzvimbo dzavose dzinosarudzwa. Mawebsite mazhinji eguta anogovera mirayiridzo yokuronga zvirango kana kuti siginicha.
  2. Ramba uchigutswa nezvokwadi[: Dzivisa kutaura kwenhema kungagona kuva kunozvidza kana kuti kwokunyengera. Govera ufakazi ndokududza manyuko akavimbika apo unoita kutaura kunorwisana nomuitiro wehurumende.
  3. Nzwisisa kuchengeteka nenhevedzano[: Usavhara masuo, kudzongonyedza motokari, kana kuti kupinda mutyisidziro yomuviri. Batanai nokuchengeta mutemo kana kukumbirwa kuparadzira kana kuti kuderedza mwero yoruzha.
  4. Shandisa mikoto yehurumende: Kukumbira kwomuitiro, zviisa kupfurikidza nezviteshi zvehurumende zvakatangwa kana kuti tevera mitemo yemitemo nokuda kwemitevero yedare. Batanidza mashoko ekurukurirano nezvikumbiro zvakajeka.
  5. Tsvaka zano rapamutemo kana kuri madikanwa[[FLT: 1]: Kana chikumbiro chako chinobatanidza nhau dzinotapurika, vakuru vakuru veprofile, kana kuti bonderano inobvira, kubvunza gweta rekodzero dzehurumende kunogona kubetsera kudzora ngozi dzapamutemo.

Kunzwisisa mirayiridzo iyi kunobatsira kuti chikumbiro chako chive nesimba uye chitevedzerwe.

mhedziso

Kodzero yokukumbira vakuru vakuru vehurumende ikokumira patsika dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, asi haisati iri isina miganhu. Miganhu yemitemo panguva, nzvimbo, uye mutoo inovimbisa chengeteko yavose, nepo ganhuriro dzinobatanidzwa dzichiri pamapoka mashomasa ekutaura kunokuvadza. Kupfurikidza nokuisa zvikumbiro mukururama kwechokwadi, mufambiro une rugare, uye kuvimbika nokuda kwemiitiro yemitemo, vagari vemo vanogona kubetsera nenzira inobudirira kukurukurirano dzemitemo pasina kuisa muganhu womutemo. Sezvo nzvimbo yemitengo inochinja mamiriro ezvinhu anochinja zvinhu pamusoro pemitengo nemwero yepakombiyuta zvichapfuurira kuedza iyi miganhuro yemitemo nemhinduro yemitemo zvinokosha. Kururama iri yose iripo kunokosha.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera rugwaro rweFiji yeChibvumirano rwePremendejimendi yokutanga [ kubva kuNational Archives, Shountain Supreme Court painenge ichikumbira kupfurikidza Cornell Law Information School's Institute[, kana kuti hwirudzura nhungamiro dzinobva ku [[FLT:]] ACLU' Kunoziva Kodzero dzako peji .