Kutanga Kuona Zvokudya Nemabhakitiriya uye Kubudiswa Kwemajeri

Kuisa dare remitemo yeutsotsi rinotanga nguva apo munhu anosungwa. Chimwe chezvisarudzo zvekurumidziro zvikuru uye zvinoguma zvaitika chinobatanidza kana mupomeri acharamba ari muchengeteko kana kuti achisunungurwa apo anenge achimirira kutongwa. .Bail neapostrist shopus [ hazvisi zvibvumirano zvemitemo; zvinotapura zvakananga rusununguko rwomukwiridziridziridziri, basa, kudzikama kwemhuri, uye mano okugadzirira kuzvidzivirira. Kunzwisisa iyi mifungo inokosha nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo, vakwiridziridzwi, uye munhu upi noupi anoitira hanya ruramisiro.

MuUnited States, pfungwa yokusava nemhaka inodzora zvisarudzo zvokuchengetedzwa kusati kwaitwa. Bva, gadziriro dzinoshandiswa kudzivirira chitarisiko chomukwirirwi mudare (8) bheray, zvisungo, uye kusunungurwa kwakatarisirwa (h) zvazova nhau yekurukurirano huru nokuchinja. Nyaya ino inopa kupetwa kwakakwana kwebheyi uye kusunungurwa kwepamberi, kunzvera mavambo azvo zvenhau, kushandisirwa kwazvino uno, uye nhamburiko dzinopfuurira kuita gadziriro inowirirana zvikuru.

Bhachi Chii?

Bail igadziriro yapamutemo inobvumira munhu anopomerwa kusunungurwa muusungwa pamberi pokutongwa mutsinhano nokuda kwevimbiso yemari kana kuti kutsigirwa kuti vachadzoka nokuda kwezviito zvose zvinodikanwa zvedare. Nheyo huru ndeyokuti hurumende haifaniri kuranga munhu pamberi pokupwiswa, asi ine fariro yapamutemo mukuva nechokwadi chokuvapo kwomupomeri pakutongwa. Kana mupomeri akakundikana kuoneka, dare ringarasikirwa nechitsama chebhegi ndokupa rugwaro rwokusunga.

Panzvimbo pezvo, inobatira sechishandiso chokudzikamisa fariro dzorusununguko dzomukwiridziri nefariro yavanhu muchisarudzo chemhosva. Eighth Amendment kuBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinorambidza “bhedha remubhedha,” asi harivimbisi maruramiro akakwana okubhadharisa muzvinoitika zvose, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemhosva dzine mutengo mukuru kana kuti uko mupomeri anoparira ngozi yakakomba kana kuti ngozi kunzanga.

Donzo Rebhanzi

Zvinangwa zvikuru zvokubhadharwa zvinosanganisira:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kuisa chitarisiko cheDare: Basa gurusa nderokusunda mukwirirwi kuratidzira nokuda kwokutongwa kwakarongwa, nokudaro achidzivisa kudikanwa kwemitemo yebhenji uye zvishandiso zvokuwedzera kuchengetwa kwomutemo.
  • Kudzivirira nzanga: Muzvinoitika apo mukwirirwi anorangarirwa kuva tyisidziro inobvira, migariro yebheyili (yakadai semaodha asina kubatanidzwa kana kuti tarisiro yemagetsi) njodzi yokuderedza mamiriro ezvinhu paanenge achibvumira kubudiswa.
  • P anochengeta Pfungwa yeInnocence: Kusunungura mukwirirwi pabhedharo kunosimbisa nheyo yapamutemo yapamutemo yokuti munhu anorangarirwa kuva asina mhaka kutozosvikira abvumikiswa kuva ane mhaka mudare romutemo.

Marudzi Ebhachi

Rudzi rumwe norumwe rune zvinodiwa, zvakanakira, uye zvinokanganisa.

Cash Bail

Beyili inoda mukwiridziri (kana kuti mumwe munhu ari panzvimbo yavo) kubhadhara mari yose mumari kudare. Kana nhau yacho yapera uye kuoneka kwose kwaitwa, mari inodzorerwa. Iyi chisarudzo chakananga asi chinogona kudhura zvikuru nokuda kwavakwirirwi vanotambirwa mari shoma. Kunyange mari yebhegi ine mwero ye $5 500 kana $100,000 ($8,20) kumanikidza munhu kuti agare mutorongo nemhaka bedzi yokuti haagoni kubhadhara.

Chisungo Chine Chokwadi

Chisungo chine chokwadi chinobatanidza musungwa wechitatu anoisa mari yose yebheyili yomukwiridziri mukutsinhana nomuripo usingabhadharwi, kazhinji kazhinji 10% yebheyili yose. Murongi angadawo kubhadharwa, zvakadai senzvimbo kana kuti motokari, kuchengetedza chisungo. Ichi chisarudzo chinoita kuti ani naani anoshaiwa mari asi anosimudzira itiro hanya pamusoro pesundo dzemhindu nebviro yemari.

Chisungo Chezvinhu

Muchisungo chenzvimbo, mukwiridzirwi anovimbisa nzvimbo yenzvimbo (yakadai somusha kana kuti nyika) sohupinyinyinyiridziro nokuda kwechitsama chebhero. Kana mukwirirwi akakundikana kuoneka, dare rinogona kuisa chisipo panzvimbo ndokuitora pakupedzisira. Zvisungo zvezvinhu hazvinyanyi kuzivikanwa nemhaka yokuti zvinoda mukwirirwi kuva nenhumbi dzisina kuganhurirwa dzoukoshi hwakakwana, uye muitiro wokukoshesa nokurevererwa unogona kuva kugovera nguva.

Kusunungurwa Pakuziva (ROR)

Kubudiswazve pakuzivikanwa chimiro chidukusa chinoganhurira chekusunungurwa kwedare. Mukwirirwi anosunungurwa pachipikirwa chakasainwa chokuoneka mudare, asina mugariro wemari. ROR anowanzochengeterwa vakwirirwi vane zvisungo zvenzanga zvakasimba, hapana chinyorwa chapamberi poutsotsi, uye ngozi yendege yakaderera. Ndicho chisarudzo chinosakaenzana zvikurusa nemhaka yokuti haisati ichiisa mutoro wemari, asi inoramba iri pasi mumiganhu mizhinji.

Chisungo Chisina Kuchengeteka

Chisungo chisina kuchengeteka chakafanana neROR asi chinobatanidza mugariro wemari uyo unongova bedzi unobhadharwa kana mukwirirwi akakundikana kuoneka. Mukwirirwi anoisa chiratidzo chepepa remari yebhei asi haasati achibhadhara chinhu chipi nechipi.Izvozvi zvinopa sundo yemari yokuoneka pasina chinetso chapakarepo chokutumira mari kana kuti kutora mutevedzeri.

Zvinhu Zvinokanganisa Zvisarudzo Zvisina Basa

Vatongi vanonzwisisa zvikuru pakuronga bhero, asi vanorangarira zvinhu zvikuru zvinoverengeka zvokuyera ngozi yendege nekotsekano yavose. Izvi zvinobatanidza:

  • [ Uipi hwemutongo: Mhaka dzakakomba zvikuru, zvikurukuru mhaka dzamasimba masimba, kazhinji kazhinji dzinoguma nendyiko dzakakwirira zvikuru kana kuti kurambwa chaiko kwebhero.
  • Nhau: A chinyorwa chakatangira, zvikurukuru nokuda kwokukundikana kuoneka kana kuti mufambiro wamasimba masimba, inowedzera ngozi inozivikanwa.
  • FLight Assues: Dare rinoyera batano dzomukwiridzirwi nenzanga(h) hurefu hwokugara, ukama hwemhuri, dzikamo yebasa (8) pamwe chete nenhau ipi neipi yokuchengeta mutemo kusiri.
  • Kubatwa Zvisina Kufanira kana kuti Misikanzwa youtano hweMakemikari: Izvi zvinhu zvingapesvedzera dare kuisa migariro yakadai sokuedza mirimo kana kuti kurapa panzvimbo pebhedharo rakakwirira.
  • Kupinda muNzanga: Kana mhaka inofungidzirwa ichibatanidza kuvadziko kana kuti mukwirirwi achifungidzirwa kuva anokuvadza, vatongi vangaisa bhero rakakwirira kana kuti kuisa nhevedzano kuchengeteko.

Munzvimbo dzakawanda, masangano ezvirongwa zvedare anotanga kugadzirira mishumo yemishumo yengozi anoshandisa zvishandiso zvinosimbisa zvinogovera mashoko akakodzera. Maturusi aya anovavarira kuderedza rusaruro nokuchinja, asi akatarisana nokutsoropodzwa kwezvingangobvira uye kunyanyotsamira pamashoko asina kukwana.

Mazakwatira emari yePremial Export.

Nepo inowanzoshandiswa nenzira imwe cheteyo, babail uye stagement ] kubudiswa kwemitemo haisati iri zvakafanana. Bail igadziriro chaiyo yemari kuchengeteka; kubudiswa kwemichina isati yaitwa mitoo yose yokubvumira mukwirirwi kuramba akasununguka pamberi pokutongwa. Iyi mitoo inobatanidza:

  • Kutangazve Kuzivikanwa (ROR)
  • Chisungo Chisina Kuchengeteka
  • Supervised explorence (mh., chekerera-isiteshi, GPS, readers)
  • Kutora rutivi mugadziriro yezvisarudzo isati yaitwa (mutoo, kurapwa kwemirimo, kupa zano routano hwendangariro)

Kunzwisisa uyu musiyano kunotsoropodza vatsigiri vechinjo nemhaka yokuti kubvisa bheraikoro yemari hakurevi kubvisa kusunungurwa kwose kwedare risati ratongwa. Panzvimbo pezvo, kunochinjira gadziriro yacho kumigariro isiri yemari iyo ichiri kuvimbisa chitarisiko chedare nekotsekano yavose.

Nhoroondo Yakapoteredza Chibage

Murangariro webhedha unodzokera shure kuEngland yeMiddle Ages, uko vatongi vaiwanzova vaipomerwa mhaka kusvikira shanyo inotevera yavatongi vanofambira. Kuti vadzivise kusungwa kusingachinjiki, vakavamba kugamuchira machengeterwo akadai savanhu vakavimbisa kubudisa mupomerwi mudare. The Scyste of Westminster (1275) imhaka ipi yakanga ichidzorwa, ichiisa hwaro hwetsika yazvino uno.

MuUnited States, kurambidza kweSendment yeHell Reformation kwakapesvedzerwa nomutemo wechiNgezi. Zvisinei, kwakawanda kwenhau yeAmerica, bherobheri yakanga isiri kodzero yebumbiro remitemo; yakanga iri nhau yechisarudzo chedare. Mu Stack v. Boyle [1951], Dare Rapamusoro rakati bhero harifaniri kugadzwa kupfuura zvakafanira kuvimbisa kuoneka kwomukwirirwi. Asi Dare harina kuraira kuti migariro yemari ive mutoo mukuru.

Nokufamba kwenguva, mabheyi akawedzera nokutengeswa kwezvisungo zvine chokwadi muzana remakore rechi19, zvichiita kuti pave neindasitiri yemabheyi inoita mari yakawanda inodzora nyika dzakawanda nhasi.

Kuchinja Zvinhu Kwazvino Uno Kusingashandisi Mazano Acho

Kupindura kuufakazi hunowedzera hwokuti mari inobhadharwa inokuvadza zvikuru mari shoma inogamuchirwa uye nzanga shomanene, mativi mazhinji akaita chinjo kana kuti akakarakadzwa. Nhano huru dzokuchinja dzinobatanidza:

  • Kujekeswa kweCash Bail yeNon-Vielent Offenses:[ Masangano akafanana neNew York neNew Jersey akapfuudza mitemo inoda kusunungurwa pamberi pedare pasina migariro yemari nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvizhinjisa zvetsoropodzo netsoro. Panzvimbo pezvo, matare anotsamira pakunzvera netarisiro zvengozi.
  • ZVIRATIDZO Zvuturo: matare mazhinji zvino anoshandisa zvishandiso zvebasa zvinosimbiswa kutungamirira zvisarudzo zvedare. Vavariro ndeyokuderedza rusaruro uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti kubudisa zvisarudzo kwakavakirwa pamipimo yedonzo panzvimbo peruzivo rwokuberekwa narwo rwomutongi kana kuti mano omukwiridzirirwi okubhadhara.
  • Misangano yeCommunity-Basa rePregement: Purogiramu dzinopa zviyeuchidzo, yamuro, uye vatarisiri venhau vakabvumikisa kuva vanobudirira pakuvandudza mwero yechitarisiko chedare pasina kusungwa.
  • State- Ace Reformations: Illinois yakava mamiriro okutanga kubvisa chose chose mari yebheyi seyaJanuary 2023, pasi pePretrial Fairness Act. Dzimwe nyika, kubatanidza California neMaryland, dzakaita nhano kuganhura kana kuti kubvisa kushandiswa kwebhegi remari.

Nokuda kwokunzvera kwakadzama pamutemo kwokuchinja, ACLU’s Bail Reform peji[[FLT: 1] inogovera zviwanikwa zvinokosha nefundo dzenhau.

Matambudziko Mugadziriro Yezviyo Zvechisvo

Zvinetso izvi zvinowanzobatana nenhau huru dzokusaenzana kwemadzinza uye kwezvemari:

  • Kusawirirana kwapachivande: Munhu anopomerwa mhaka duku angatambura mutorongo kwamavhiki nemhaka bedzi yokuti havagoni kubhadhara mazana mashomanene amadhora mubhedha, nepo mukwiri akapfuma anopomerwa mhaka yakakomba angafamba akasununguka.
  • Nzvero dzechiRungu: nguva dzose dzinoratidza kuti vakwiridziridzi veBlack neLatino vanogoverwa zvitsama zvebhero zvakakwirira uye vane bviro zvikuru yokuchengetwa pamberi penhau kupfuura vapomeri vechena vanotarisana nemhosva dzakafanana. Uku kusawirirana kunoparira kusungwa kwavazhinji uye kunobvisa chivimbo chavanhu vose.
  • Kupa mazano Arevoresa Active Assurement Actress: Tsika dzeBail dzinosiyana zvikuru paruwa neruwa, kunyange muruwa rumwe cheterwo. Dzimwe matare anowanzogadza mabhegi akakwirira nokuda kwemhosva duku, nepo dzimwe dzichipa Ruor. Iri basa rinotungamirira kumigumisiro isingawirirani.
  • Public Safety Concentres: Vashori veReformation vanotaura kuti kuganhurirwa kwebhegi remari kungasunungura vanhu vane ngozi. Zvisinei, mashoko anobva New Jersey (idzo dzakaderedzwa zvikuru mari yebhegi) dzinoratidza kuti mwero yeutsotsi haina kuwedzera, uye mwero yedare yakaramba ichidzika.

Migumisiro Yacho Yorumano Rwokuzvidzora

Vapomerwi vanosungirwa vane bviro huru yokupomera mhaka kuti vangowana rusununguko rwokusunungurwa, pasinei zvapo nemhaka chaiyoiyo. Chinoitika ichi chinosekesa pfungwa yokuti munhu haana mhaka uye chinoparira zvitendero zvisina kururama.

Basa Rokumiririra Mutemo

Mazano emitemo akarongwa anobatsira zvikuru kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu akanaka painenge yava kutongwa.

  • Advocate nokuda kweROR kana kuti Low Bail: Pabheyi yokutanga yokunzwa, zano rokuzvidzivirira rinogona kupa ufakazi hwebatano dzomunzanga dzomukwiridziridziri, basa, uye kushaikwa kwengozi yokubhururuka kuti anyengetedze mutongi kusunungura mutengi pasina mugariro wemari.
  • Chalmente Media Emoused memosference: Kana dare rikaisa bhera pamari isingagoni kubhadharwa nomutengi, gweta rinogona kunyora chiito chokuderedza chisungo kana kuti kukumbira kutonga.
  • Provide Information About Alternative orgos: Vakwirirwi vazhinji havazivi nezvepurogiramu dzinotarisirwa, kuongorora kwemagetsi, kana kuti purogiramu dzedare. Gweta rinogona kushandisa zvinhu izvi ndokuzvikarakadza kudare.
  • Tsanangura Muitiro: Vadziviriri vanowanzonzwa vavhiringidzika nokutyisidzirwa negadziriro yebheyili. Gweta rinonatsa muitiro wacho uye rinobetsera mutengi kunzwisisa kodzero dzavo nemisengwa.

Mahofisi anodzivirira ruzhinji anowanzoremedzwa, asi anoramba achikosha nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi chokuti vakwirirwi vanogamuchirwa zvakanaka. Brennan Center yeRuramisiro inopa nzvero pamusoro pokuti vachuchisi navadziviriri vanogona sei kuparira chinjo kupfurikidza nechinjo dzemiitiro.

Zvisarudzo Zvokutenga Zvokutenga

Kuwedzera kuzivikanwa kwekuvadziko dzebhegi remari kwakanyandura kutangwa nokuwedzerwa kwezvinotsiva zvisingatsamiri pamano omukwirirwi okubhadhara. Izvi zvinobatanidza:

  • [[[NHAU]] Programu Dzekusunungura: Vadziviriri vanoshuma kumukuru wemirimo yapamberi pedare kupfurikidza norunhare, vhidhiyo, kana kuti munhu, kazhinji kazhinji kamwe kana kuti kaviri pavhiki. Kupunzirwa kwecheki kunogona kuguma nebvumiro, asi mugariro wacho hausati uri wefani.
  • .Electronic Monitoring (GPS): Mazango anotevedza nzvimbo yomukwiridziridzi uye anogona kuita kuti nguva dzinotarwa dziitwe, ganhuriro dzoruwa, uye kugadzwa kwedare. Iyi chisarudzo chinoshandiswa nokuda kwavakwirirwi vakakwirira zvikuru avo vachiri vanokwaniriswa nokuda kwokusunungurwa.
  • Zuva Rinoshuma Centers: Vadziviriri vanofanira kupinda nzvimbo yakagadzwa zuva nezuva kana kuti kanoverengeka pavhiki nokuda kwechekero, mapurogiramu, kana kuti makirasi. Nzvimbo idzi dzinowanzogovera rovedzo yebasa, kushandisa zvisina kufanira mirimo, uye mabasa outano hwendangariro.
  • Prequalition Diversion: nokuda kwavapari mhaka vasina masimba masimba, vachuchisi vangabvuma kunonotsa kuroverera mhaka mukutsinhana nokuda kwomukwiridzirwi achipedza migariro yakati (mutoo, kubatwa kwemirimo, basa renzanga). Kupedzwa kunobudirira kunotungamirira kukudzingwa kwepomero.
  • Zviyeuchidzo zvemisi yezuva: Nhare dzemhete kana kuti mashoko eserura zvakaratidzwa kuva zvinoderedza zvikuru mwero yokundikano kuinooneka. Zvirongwa zvakafanana neidzi zvitsama zvakaderera uye zviri nyore kushandisa.

Kubudirira kwezvinotsiva izvi kunosanyorwa. Center yeNational for State Courts inogovera mashoko nemiitiro yakanakisisa nokuda kwemitemo inotsvaka kushandisa zvisarudzo zvisiri zvemari yapamberi pekugadzirwa kwedare.

Kupedzisa: Nzira Iri Mberi

Kuvimba kwegamuchidzanwa nebhegi remari kwakabvumikisa kuva kwakashata zvikuru, kuchiranganisa urombo nepo kuchikundikana nenzira yakarurama kuwedzera chengeteko yavose. Nhamburiko dzechinjo dzinobvisa njodzi kupfurikidza nokubvisa chose chose mari yebhegi yemari, asi fambiro mberi yakasiana uye inokwikwikwidzana.

Nokuda kwavarapi vemitemo navanhu vamwe navamwe vanobatwa mugadziriro, zivo isimba. Kunzwisisa marudzi ebhegi, zvinhu zvinopesvedzera zvisarudzo zvedare, uye zvimwe zvinowanika zvinogona kuita musiano pakati pousungwa hwapamberi pedare norusununguko. Sezvo zviremera zvakawanda zvinoedza miitiro yapamberi pedare yakavakirwa paufakazi, tariro ndeyokuti mukaha pakati pekurangarirwa kwokusasarura uye kuva kwechokwadi kwokusungwa uchatetepa. Pakupedzisira, gadziriro inoyera neyakanaka inobatira dare inodzivirira dziviriro, inovimbisa kuoneka kwedare, uye inoremekedza chiremera chomukwidziridziridziridziridzi ari wose wezviwanikwa zvavo zvemari.