Gadziriro dzapamutemo uye kuva mugari wemo inheyo dzehurumende yazvino uno. Pamwe chete, dzinoumba ukama pakati pavanhu nehurumende, kuvamba gadziriro yekodzero, mabasa, uye dziviriro. Nepo gadziriro dzapamutemo dzichigovera mitemo inodzora nzanga, kuva mugari wemo kunosarudza kuti ndiani weyavo yenzanga iyoyo neropafadzoi nemisengwa zvinouya nemitezo iyoyo. Kunzwisisa kuti iyi mifungo miviri inoshanda sei mukunzwisisa kushanda kwehurumende, mugariro wavagari vemo, uye mhindu yokutonga munyika inowirirana.

Masangano Ezvemutemo: Chirongwa Chokuronga uye Chokururamisira

Gadziriro yapamutemo iboka rakarongwa remitemo, mirau, uye masangano izvo hurumende inoshandisa kudzora mufambiro, kupedza gakava, uye kuisa ruramisiro. Inorondedzera chinobvumirwa, chinorambidzwa, uye kuti kuputsa kunokurukurwa sei. Gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinosiana zvikuru munyika dzose, dzakaumbwa nenhau, tsika, uye uzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Marudzi anozivikanwa zvikurusa ndiwo mutemo wavose, mutemo wavagari vemo, mutemo worudzidziso, uye miitiro yemibatanidzwa.

Mitemo Yavose

Mutemo wavose wakashanduka muEngland uye wakaendeswa kudzimwe nyika dzeBritain, kubatanidza United States, Canada, Australia, uye India. Mumiitiro inozivikanwa navose yemitemo, zvisarudzo zvedare (vatongi) zvine ukoshi hwomutemo. Vatongi vanodudzira mirau uye, kupfurikidza nezvirevo zvavo, vanosimbisa nheyo dzinobatanidza idzo matare maduku anofanira kutevera. Iyi dzidziso ye arsis decis[ inosimudzira kusachinja nokudeya kutaura. Magweta anokwikwidza nhau kupfurikidza nokududza marutongeso apanguva yakapfuura, vachiita nzvero yapamutemo, muitiro wenhau wapamutemo. Mutemo wavose unowanzorondedzerwa se “mutemo wakaitwa nomutemo, kunyange zvazvo mutemo uchiri mukuru.

Miitiro Yomutemo Wavagari Vemo

Mutemo wehurumende, wakabva mumutemo weRoma uye wakabatanidzwa muNapoleonic Code, igadziriro yakapararira zvikurusa yemitemo munyika yose, inowanwa muEurope yose, Latin America, East Asia, uye mativi eAfrica. Kusafanana nomutemo wavose, mutemo wavagari vemo unotsamira pamitemo inonzwika, yakanyorwa inofukidza nharaunda dzose dzomutemo womunhu oga nowavose. Vatongi vanoita basa rokubvunzurudza: vanonzvera nokushandisa bumbiro remitemo, panzvimbo pokutsamira pamie. Manyuko makuru omutemo mutemo mutemo mutemo mutemo, kwete mutemo wevagari vemo unosimbisa kujeka nokuwana zvinhu zviripo, nemitemo inorongwa kuva yakarongwa mumapoka akarongwa, anonzwisisa.

Mitemo Yorudzidziso Neyetsika

Mune dzimwe nyika, mutemo worudzidziso unoita hwaro hwemirau yapamutemo. Mutemo weIslamu (SSRIA) unodzora mativi akati omugariro womunhu oga, ukama hwemhuri, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi mumarudzi akadai saSaudi Arabia, Iran, uye mativi eNigeria. Mimwe mienzaniso inobatanidza Hindu] mutemo muIndia] nokuda kwenhau dzakati dzomunhu oga uye mutemo wechiJudha (Halakha) [FLT] muIsraeri nokuda kwenhau dzemhuri. mutemo wetsika, wakadzika migariro, wakavakirwa mumagamuchidzanwa mumitengo dzakawanda dzeAfrica, Pacific, neSouth America. Iyi mibatanidzwa inowanzoparira pamutemo apo vanhu vazhinji vanotsamira pamitengo yapamutemo, kana kuti mamiriro adzorome, kana kuti mamiriro anogara dzinza.

Utsanana Husina Kuoma uye Mashandiro Akavhengana

Nyika zhinji dzinoshanda mumitemo yakavhengana inobatanidza zvinhu zvinobva mumagamuchidzanwa maviri kana kuti anopfuura. Somuenzaniso, South Africa inobatanidza mutemo wavose (kubva kukutonga kweBritain) nomutemo wehurumende (kubva kuRoma neDutch) nomutemo wetsika. Louisiana muUnited States, Quebec muCanada, uye Puerto Rico inochengeta mitemo yehurumende yehurumende yenhau yenhau painenge ichishandisa mutemo wavose wehurumende. Mitezo iyi inoda kufambisa zvinhu nokungwarira, sezvo matare anofanira kuwiriranisa nheyo dzinorwisana namagamuchidzanwa akasiyana pamutemo.

Kuva Mugari Wemo: Kuva Mutezo Wapamutemo uye Mutezo Muhurumende

Unzi mubatanidzwa wapamutemo pakati pomunhu nehurumende, kugovera purogiramu yekodzero nemisengwa. Kunorondedzera kuti ndiani ari mutezo wenzanga yorudzi uye, somugumisiro, ane maruramiro okudzivirirwa zvizere kwegadziriro yemitemo yehurumende iyoyo. Unziri hahusati huri nzvimbowo zvayo inoitwa; kunobatanidza kutora rutivi kwokushingaira muupenyu hwehurumende, zvakadai sokuvhota, kushanda pamatare ematare, uye kubhadhara mitero.

Kuwana Rugaro Rwomunyika

Kuva mugari womunyika kunogona kuwanwa kupfurikidza nenzira dzinoverengeka:

  • Kuva mugari wemo wakakwana wokuberekwa (jus soli): Tsvaka munhu upi noupi anoberekerwa mundima yenyika, pasinei zvapo norudzi rwavabereki. Iyi nheyo inozivikanwa navose muAmerica; somuenzaniso, United States neCanada dzinopa kuva vagari vemo kuvana vanoberekwa pavhu ravo.
  • Ugari hwemo hweBloodline (jus seriinis): Unziri hunogarwa nhaka kuvabereki mumwe kana kuti vose vari vaviri, pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yokuberekwa. Nyika zhinjisa dzeEurope neAsia dzinotevera uyu muenzaniso(Japan, Germany, uye Italy, somuenzaniso, dzinoda mubereki kuva mugari wemo kuti mwana wavo awane vagari vemo kupfurikidza nokuberekwa.
  • Kududzira: Muitiro wapamutemo uyo marudzi okumwe anova vagari vemo pashure pokusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvakadai senguva yokugara, unyanzvi, zivo yenhau yenyika, uye unhu hwakanaka. Mitemo yokuzvimirira inosiyana zvikuru; dzimwe nyika dzinoda kugara makore gumi (umt., Switzerland), nepo dzimwe dzichida zvishomanene samakore matatu (umg., Ireland nokuda kwedzimwe mbiri dzezvikumbiro).
  • [[FLT: 0] Kunyoresa kana kuti chiziviso:[[FLT: 1] Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira kuva mugari wemo kupfurikidza nokunyoresa nokuda kwavanhu vane zvisungo zvamadzitateguru kana kuti roorano kuvagari vemo, kazhinji kazhinji nemiitiro isina kuoma.

Kodzero Nebasa Rokuva Mugari Wemo

Vagari vemo vane kodzero dzakawanda dzisingagoni kuva nevagari vemo.

  • [ Kutora rutivi kweProt: Kuparidzira musarudzo dzorudzi, kumhanyira nzvimbo yavose, uye kukumbanira mabato ezvematongerwe enyika.
  • Rusununguko rwesangano: Kupinda kusina kuganhurirwa, kubuda, uye kugara mukati mehurumende; kuva nepasipoti yenyika nokuda kworwendo rwamarudzi ose.
  • Access kumabasa avose: Dzidzo, tarisiro youtano, chengeteko yenzanga, uye dziviriro yokutonga pamipimo yakaenzana.
  • Kudzivirira kune dzimwe nyika: Kubatsira kwehurumende kana kuti kwedzimwe nyika.

Mabasa anowirirana kazhinji kazhinji anobatanidza kubhadhara mitero, kuteerera mitemo, kubatira pamatare anobetsera vatongi, uye, mune dzimwe nyika, basa rehondo rinosungirwa (munzira, South Korea, Israel, Norway).

Kurasikirwa Nougari Hwomunyika

Ugari hwemo hunogona kurasika:

  • [[FOL:0] . Kurega kwokuzvidira kupfurikidza neziviso yomuitiro.
  • Kubvisa kwokuzvidira: Hurumende, inowanzova nokuda kwokubiridzira mukati mokuberekwa nakwo, kupandukira hurumende, kana kuti kubatanidzwa muugandanga. Mutemo wamarudzi ose unodzivisa kushaiwa kwokuzvidira uko kungaparira munhu kuva asina utongi.
  • Kurasikirwa kusingashandisiki: Mune dzimwe nyika, kuwana rumwe ruvako kunoguma nokurasikirwa nougari hwemo hwapakuvamba kutoti rudzi ruchibvumirwa.

Matsananguriro Anoita Kugara Munzvimbo Yenyika Nekuva Mugari Wemo

Gadziriro yapamutemo inogovera kuvakwa nokuda kwougari hwemo. Mabumbiro eMitemo nemirau zvinogadza mitemo yokuwana, kuyeuka, uye kurasikirwa, nepo matare achidudzira ndokushandisa mitemo iyoyo. Pasina gadziriro yapamutemo inoshanda, kuva mugari wemo kwaizova kusingachinjiki uye kusingamanikidzirwi.

Migariro Yebumbiro reMitemo

Mabumbiro enyika mazhinjisa anobatanidza “chitima” nyaya inozivisa kuti ndiani mugari wemo pakuvambwa kwehurumende uye nhume kudare simba rokudzorazve. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. ] Fourteenth Amendment [ inosimbisa kuva mugari woudangwe uye inovimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Nenzira yakafanana, [[FLT:]] Atle 8 yeBumbiro reMitemo reIndia inogovera ugari hwemo pamavambo ebumbiro remitemo nereparame kuti zvigadzirwe panzvimbo.

Kushandiswa Kwomutemo

Mitemo yorudzi yakadai se . .British National Act [ kana kuti yeGermany Staatshangehörigketsketsetz [. (__Zvokubvisa gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo). Iyi mirau inozivisa zvinodikanwa zvokugara nokuda kwokuva nomuzvarirwo, kuedza mutauro, migariro, uye miitiro nokuda kwokudzoserazve. Idzowo dzinotaura nezveugari hwemo huviri, kuva vagari vemo kupfurikidza nokuvesa (vavavavakwateveringi muMeria, zvarwa, zvarwa, zvarwa neCaribbean), uye gadziriro chaidzo nokuda kwevapoteri kana kuti vanhu vasina Hurumende.

Kududzira Kutonga

Matare anoita basa rinokosha mukujekesa zvitsama zvemashoko zvorudzi zvisina kujeka uye kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu panzvimbo yehurumende inosarudzwa. Nhau dzewalmark dzinobatanidza Afroyim v. Rusk (1967), umo Dare rapamusoro reU.S. rakasimbisa kuti Dare reChikuru reSangano reMitemo reSangano reNyika Yose ringasagona kubvisa kuva mugari wemo pasina kubvumira kwomugari wemo, uye Nottehm v.Linktengy[FLT:] (19555), apo Dare reNyika yose reRumbiso reSangano re “Sangano reSangano reH" retsika dzourudzi pamwero. Kuhwirusanomura pamutemo kunodzivisa masangano okudzivisa kuva nemitemo inorambidza kushambatirwa kwechino inodzorwa.

Kuberekwa Nakwo Nokushatiswa

Gadziriro yepamutemo inoda muitiro wokuita kuti zvinhu zvivepo, unowanzobatanidza muedzo wevagari vemo. Mu Australia, [[FLT]Australian Stocktivititionship Act 2007[ inoda kukumbira kukumbira kuratidzira zivo yetsika dzeAustralia nenhau. NOTY] [ inoisa “bvunzo yekuti vhenganiso yemutauro neretabheti. Iyi donzo rapamutemo kuvimbisa kuti vagari vatsva vanzwisise nokugamuchira tsika dzavo itsva.

Kupindira Mumuitiro: Kumanikidzwa Kuwana Kodzero uye Kusabvumirana

Gadziriro dzemitemo hadzisiwo zvadzo dzouzivi; inzira iyo vagari vemo vanomanikidzira nayo kodzero dzavo. Kana mugari wemo akanyimwa kodzero yokuvhota nemhaka yechikanganiso choutongi, kana kuti kana munhu akabviswa nenzira isina kururama kuva mugari wemo, matare anogovera mushonga. Uku kubatana pakati pekodzero dzokuva mugari wemo wemo wechiduku nedziviriro dzemitemo kunokosha nokuda kwomutemo.

Kusvika Kururamisiro

Gadziriro yemitemo iri yose inofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti vagari vemo vanogona kuunza zvichemo pamberi pematare asingasaruri. Gadziriro dzeyamuro yapamutemo, vadziviriri vavanhu, uye matare maduku zvinobetsera kuita kuti uku kusvika kuve kwechokwadi nokuda kwavanhu vane mitoo yakaganhurirwa. Dare reEupanean Convention on Human Rights (Artlectle 6) rinovimbisa kodzero yokutongwa zvakanaka, kusimbisa nyika dzose dziri mutezoro kuti dzipe dziviriro yakasimba zvikuru yedare. Mugadziriro dzehurumende dzakafanana neUnited States, dzose dziri mbiri matare ehurumende nehurumende dzinobata maruramiro anobetsera avanhu, kubva kukodzero dzokuvhotera kuidzwa kwemusikirwo.

Kufambira Mberi Kunofanira Muzvisarudzo Zveugari

Apo hurumende inotsvaka kuramba kana kuti kubvisa kuva mugari wemo, tsika yemitemo inoda kuti pave nokururamisira. Varapi vanofanira kugamuchira zvikonzero zvokurambwa, banza rokukwirira, uye kutongwa pamberi pomugadziri wechisarudzo. Mu R (Chitendero UK) v. Munyori weHurumende nokuda kweBato reHome [2022]), Dare rapamusoro reUK rakasimbisa kuti kushaiwa zvisarudzo kunofanira kuva kwakaenzana uye kudzorwa kupfurikidza nokuongororwa kwakazara. Kudzivirira kwakadaro kunodzivisa chiito chinonyengera uye kuvimbika kwougari hwemo somugariro unotsigarira.

Kuva Mubatanidzwa Wougari Hwomunyika Nerwisano Dzapamutemo

Masangano mazhinji apamutemo zvino anobvumidza kuva mugari wemo ane mativi maviri kana kuti akawanda, asi rwisano dzinogona kumuka. Rudzi ruviri rungatarisana nemisengwa inopesana (somuenzaniso, basa rehondo munyika mbiri kana kuti mutero muzvose zviri zviviri. Zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose se Hague Convention on Extudential Relating of the National Relitity Leacts [1930)[FLT] kuedza kupedza nhau dzakadaro, asi mitemo yehurumende imwe neimwe pakupedzisira inoshanda. Matare enyika angada kuziva kuti ndeipi inokunda nokuda kwedonzo chairo, yakadai seyatisimuro kana kuti pasportation inoiswa pamusoro pekudzivirira kwapamutemo. [FLT] [FLD:]

Kusatonga: Kana Masangano Epamutemo Asina Kubudirira

Vanhu vasina hurumende (vaya vasina kuva vagari munyika ipi neipi) vanosimbisa ukoshi hukuru hwebatano pakati pegadziriro dzapamutemo nenzika. Kusashanda kwehurumende kunowanzomuka kubva mumisiyano mumitemo yerudzi, zvakadai seapo mwana anoberekwa kuvabereki vasina nyika munyika inopa kuva mugari wemo neropa bedzi. Dziviriro dzamarudzi ose dzinobatanidza [[FLT:] 954] Convention ine chokuita neState of State Persons uye [[FLT:] [FFF:][FLAT]

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Pakupesana Kwomutemo Nougari Hwomunyika

Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose, kutama, ruzivo rwemazuva ano, uye kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze zviri kuchinja pfungwa dzose dziri kutochinja, zvichiita kuti pave nokuchinja kwepamutemo uye kuumbwa kwematare.

Gadziriro Dzokutama Nokuva Mugari Womunyika Pacho

Kufamba kwepfuma kwakaparira “chitima-chinetso chemari yakaitwa kuti chive“ , uye [[[FLT] purogiramu munyika dzakadai se Malta, Antigua neBarbuda], uye [[[FLT]] Portugal[[FLT]]. Zvirongwa izvi zvinobvumira vanhu vane ukoshi kuwana kuva vagari vemo mukutsinhana nokuda kwomupiro mukuru wemari kana kuti nzvimbo chaiyoiyo. Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuti mapurogiramu akadaro anoumba kuva mugari wemo, anoderedza mavambo awo etsika dzechokwadi nekuvimbika. Masangano emitemo anofanira kudzikanisa mutengo: [FLT:] Masetmagromeoctive [F]

Kugara Munzvimbo Dzinogadzirwa Nemadhigirii uye Miganhu Yakanaka

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwuri kushandura nzira iyo gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinotarisira nayo kuva mugari wemo. Gadziriro dzezvirongwa zvekugara munyika inosakisa mapasipoti ezvipurisa zvinogonesa hurumende kusimbisa vagari vemo zvakanaka zvikuru. Chirongwa cheEstonia e-Reformation programi yezvokurega kubvumira zvisati zviri zvechinyakare kuti zvipinde mabasa azvo eregitaitiki uye kunyange kunyoresa kambani, kunyange zvazvo isingabvumiri kuva mugari wemo. Chirongwa chepamutemo chinofanira kuvanzwa mashoko enhau, kubvumira, uye ngozi yokubvisa nokuda kwaavo vasina ruzivo rwemichina. [[FLT:] Eunon Union’UNIan Union yeD dziviriro yeDRGR)[FLT] inogadza mipimo yemitengo yematengo yemaga yezvounziyo yezve kuva mugari wevhuro, kuvimbisa.

Kubviswa Kwemamiriro Okunze Uye Kurasikirwa Novagari Vomunyika

Mwero inokura yegungwa inotyisidzira kuita kuti zvimwe zvitsuwa zvisagarwa, kuchiparira boka idzva ravanhu vanoshayiswa nzvimbo dzemamiriro okunze pasina mugariro wenzvimbo. Vagari vamarudzi vakadai se KIRIBAti uye Tuvaluu[[[FLT:]] . .] Hurumende yenyika yose inotarisana nechinhu chinganyangarika semasangano apamutemo. [[FLT:] SANUNIOM] CON NHAUNDIRAME SE] inodana nokuda kwechinjo[, asi hamuna chibvumirano chinobvumira kusimbisa kuva nohusarudzi muimwe migariro mitsva. Zvimwe zvakafanana navagari vemo yechisiko chenyika inoparira Pacific, asi haisi yokuparira kugadziriswa kwenzvimbo yehurumende yehurumende yepasi pevhu kupfurikidza nokubvumira kuti mamiriro ezvinhu matsva. “zvimwe zvenguva dzose, zvimwe , kufanana namamwe marudzi avanhu vagaritiko.[FT]

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Nzira Iyo Masangano Emitemo Akasiana - siana Anobata Nayo Ugari Hwomunyika

Kuongorora dzimwe nzvimbo kunoratidza kusiyana kukuru kwemashandiro anoita kuva mugari wemo.

United States: Kuberekwa Wakakwana Nokuberekwa Nakwo

.U.S. inopa unziri hwenhaka pasi pe Findment yechiNgezi ne [[FLT:]] uye na [[FLT]] naNationality Act[. Kuzviwanisa kunoda makore mashanu okugara (varoorani veU.S.S]), Chirungu, zivo yenhau yeAmerica nehurumende, uye tsika dzakanaka. Sangano yemitemo inogovera muitiro wakakodzera mukubvisa; asingatendi anogona kukwirira kumatare enyika. [FLFL: 4)]

Germany: Jus Sanguinis Nezvinodikanwa Zvokupinda Muungano

Germany yakanamatira kurudzi rweropa ( juinis ). chinjo huru muna 2000 dzakatanga mativi oudangwe nokuda kwevana vanoberekwa kuvagari vokunze kwenhambo refu, pamwe chete nomuitiro wokuberekwa unobatanidza [[FLT:]] kuyera [[FLT]] kuidzwa kwekugara nokurasikirwa norudzi rwakare kutoti kuva mugari wemo kwakabvumirwa mumigariro chaiyo. [[FLT:]] Chitayera chisakiso chechisiko icho chinobatanidza [[FLT] [FLT] [5] kunoda makore masere okugara nomutauro. Dare reHugust ([FLB]][5] BBBFUMF]

Israel: Mutemo Wokudzoka uye Wougari hweOrthodox

. [[FLT: 0] Mutemo wedzokero (1950) inopa muJudha upi noupi munyika yose maruramiro okutama ndokuwana kuva mugari wemo, kuratidzira kuzivikanwa kwenyika senyika yechiJudha. Asina kuberekwa anogona kuita kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakarongwa mu [[FLT]] Mutemo wedzori (1952) , unobatanidza zivo yechiHebheru nechinodikanwa chokugara. Dare guru raIsraeri ratonga pakushandiswa kwoMutemo wokudzokera kuvanhu vanobva kuEtiopia, kunowedzera ukurukudzora kwaro. Zvinetso zvemitemo zvinomukawo pamusoro pavagari vemuPalestine veJerusarema kumabvazuva, zvinosimbisa kudzika kwenhau dzekuchengeteka nekodzero.

Mugumo: Chibvumirano Chinotsungirira Chegadziriro Dzepamutemo Nedzevagari Vomunyika

Gadziriro dzapamutemo neugari hwemo hazvina mativi akasiana; hazvina kubatanidzwa zvikuru. Gadziriro yemitemo inogovera mitemo, masangano, uye miitiro zvinorondedzera kuti ndiani mugari wemo, icho maruramiro avagari vemo anawo, uye kuti kodzero idzodzo dzinogona sei kudzorwa. Rugariso, rumwe norumwe runopa vanhu danda mutsika dzemitemo (isundo yokuremekedza nokutora rutivi mumutemo. Munguva dzenguva dzenguva dzose, iyi symbiosis inosimudzira dzikamo. Munguva dzenjodzi.[1] Dzakadai sekubviswa kweboka guru, kunyonganiswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti kudzosera zvinhu zvesayenzi yesayenzi (it) inoda kudzokororwa kwokungwarira.

Kunzwisisa mashandire pamwe chete mashandire anoita gadziriro dzapamutemo nevagari vemo. Kunojekesa chikonzero nei mitemo inoshanda zvakanaka nemitemo yerudzi ichisasiwo zvayo asi zvishandiso zvinokosha zvokuchengeta chiremera chomunhu nehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende yedemocracy. Sezvo nyika ichiva inonyanyova inofamba------nemite, kudikanwa kwemibatanidzwa, kutsaurwa, uye kusimba kwapamutemo nokuda kwounzika kuchakura bedzi. Marudzi anopinza mumiitiro yomusikirwo yakajeka, anodzivirira kusavapo kwehurumende, uye anotsigira muitiro wakafanira wokunangidzira zviri nani kutungamirira zvinetso zve 21. Nokuda kwokurava, [FFFFF: 0], , United Nations Departerster of of Ecom neSocial Affations [FUF1] inoshuma pamusoro pemigromese.[2]

Kusimba kwemitemo kunoonekwa nokukwanisa kwayo kutsigira vimbiso yokuva mugari wemo: kuti munhu wose anotevedzerwa nemitemo yayo, anodzivirirwa, uye anopiwa simba rokuita zvose zvaanogona muupenyu hwose hwehurumende.