Kutangwa Kunoitwa Tsika Yedare muUnited States

Gadziriro yedare inoshanda senzvimbo yakavakirwa pamutemo muinenge hurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yemazuva ano. Iro isangano rinoshandiswa kududzira mitemo, kupesana kunogadziriswa, uye ruramisiro inopiwa nomutoo usingachinji uye usingasaruri. muUnited States, dare rinoshanda sebazu rakazvimirira rehurumende, rakaparadzana nemapazu emitemo neanotungamirira, gadziriro yakavakirwa munheyo yechekerero nedzikamo. Sangano redare harisi chinhu chimwe, chinoumbwa nechinhu chimwe asi panzvimbo yaro chinoitwa neboka rakawanda, rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yakajekajeka zvakajeka. Kunzwisisa kuti mwero iyi inokosha sei nokuda kwokudzidza mutemo upi noupi, nzanga, kana kuti muitiro wavose. Nyaya iyi inogovera kuongororwa kwemipimo yemitengo yakasiyana mukati dare reU. dare redare, kubva kumatare makuru, kutsanangura, uye kutungamirira kweDare, uye kutungamirira kwedare.

Donzo Redare Rinopfuudzwa

Kunyange zvakadaro, kunyange kutongwa kwokungwarira zvikurusa kunogona kuguma nemhosho dzapamutemo, kuwedzerwa kwouchapupu, kuti mirayiridzo yedare yakapiwa sei, kana kuti mutemo wakapiwa sei. matare edare anogadzirirwa kupedza nharo dzechokwadi ndokushandisa mutemo kumamiriro ezvinhu azvo. Asi kana pasina mutongi mumwe chete, aizova neshoko rokupedzisira, achiwedzera ngozi yemigumisiro isina kururama.

Dare gurusa, pamwero wakakwirira zvikurusa, rinoshanda basa rakatokura zvikuru: rinovimbisa kuti mutemo unodudzirwa zvakafanana musimba rose. Pasina dare renzvimbo dzokutsiva dzokupedzisira, matare akasiyana - siyana anogona kubudisa mitemo inorwisana pamubvunzo mumwe chetewo wapamutemo, kuparira nyongano nokusava nechokwadi nokuda kwavagari vemo, mabhizimisi, uye masangano ehurumende.

Uye munhau dzine chokuita nemibvunzo yepamutemo, dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rinopa dziviriro yokupedzisira pahurumende inonyengerwa. Gadziriro yedare, mupfungwa iyi, inzira yokupedza nayo zvose makakatanwa uye kuchengeta mutemo.

Mativi Matatu Makuru Ematare

Nepo zita chairo rematare nokuronga zvichisiyana muhurumende uye pakati pegadziriro dzehurumende nedzehurumende, gadziriro huru inowirirana nenzira inoshamisa. Miitiro yedare mizhinjisa muUnited States yakarongwa kuva nhurikidzwa nhatu huru: matare okutonga, matare apakati, uye dare rezvisarudzo zvokupedzisira, zvikurukuru rinodanwa kuti dare gurusa.

Dare Rokutonga: Panotanga Mhaka

Dare redare ndiro rinofanira kutongwa kuitira kuti nyaya dzisawirirane.

Dare rokutonga ndiro rinoita izvi. Mumhosva yemhosva, muchuchisi anopa ufakazi hwokubvumikisa mhaka yomukwiridziri pasina panikiro ine mufungo, nepo dziviriro ichidenha ufakazi ndokupa huyo humene. Munhau yehurumende, mupomeri anofanira kubvumikisa mhaka yake kupfurikidza noufakazi hwapamberi. Juries angabatanidzwa mumhaka dzose dziri mbiri, kunyange zvazvo kutonga kwakawanda kuchisarudzwa nomutongi oga muinonzi kutonga kwebheji.

Basa rematare edare nderechokwadi uye rakananga. Mukwirirwi aishandisa magetsi matsvuku here? Ko chibvumirano chacho chakasainwa pasi pezvibvumirano? Ko mapurisa angava ane chisakiso chenzvero yacho here?

Marudzi Ematare Okutonga Mugadziriro yeHurumende

Mitezo yematare ehurumende yakaoma kunzwisisa uye inowanzobatanidza matare anoverengeka akazvipira.marudzi anozivikanwa zvikurusa anobatanidza:

  • General Juristion Courts: Iwaya matare makuru okutonga munyika zhinjisa. Anobata mhaka dzoutsotsi dzakakomba (matsotsi), gakava ravagari vemo, uye dzimwe nhau huru. Anganzi matare makuru, matare amatunhu, kana kuti matare oruwa zvichitsamira pahurumende.
  • Dare reMirairo reJuristorion: Matare aya anobata marudzi akati emhaka, zvakadai sokuputswa kwemibato, kutaura kuduku (zvikurukuru kakava makakatanwa pasi pechitsama chakati chemadhora), uye zvisakafanira. Mienzaniso inobatanidza matare emanisiparati, matare eruramisiro, uye matare emejasitisi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Matare emhuri: Mukaha wakati kuti uri mukati megadziriro yedare rinotonga unobata chatanuro, kodzero yokuchengeta mwana, tsigiro yavana, kurera mwana, uye mhaka dzamasimba masimba dzomumba. Aya matare kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa kusvika kushoma kwenhau uye angabatanidza kutaurirana kana kuti mabasa omunzanga.
  • Dare reJovhinel: Aya matare anobata mhaka dzinobatanidza vaduku, kubatanidza usindimari (apo muduku anopomerwa mhaka yechiito chaizova mhaka kana ikaitwa nomunhu mukuru) uye kutsamira (kana muduku ari nyajambwa wokubatwa zvisina kufanira, kuregeredzwa, kana kuti kusiyiwa). Kunangidzirwa mudare repwere kazhinji kazhinji ndiko kugadziridza panzvimbo pechirango.
  • [[[FOL:0] probate matare: Aya matare anobata zvido, nzvimbo, ngarava dzinodzivirira, uye pane dzimwe nguva misengwa youtano hwendangariro.

Mugadziriro yehurumende, matare okutonga anonzi matare oruwa eUnited States. Kune matare eruwa 94 munyika yose, matare eruwa mamwe namamwe anofukidza nzvimbo yakati. Dare reFederal rinotonga nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo wenyika, Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., gakava pakati pavagari venyika dzakasiana - siana (kana mari iri mugakava inopfuura chitsauko chakati), uye nhau umo hurumende yeU.S. iri mubato.

Matare Okuongorora: Chikamu Chokutanga Chokudzokorora

Nhurikidzwa yechipiri yetsika yedare yakaumbwa namatare anopfuurira. Mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa, iwaya anonzi United States Courts of Appeals, uye kune 13 awo: matunhu ane nhamba 11, D.C. dunhu, uye Federal Frigiration. Munzvimbo zhinjisa, matare apakati anonzi matare ekwirira kana kuti matare eappelta.

Dare redare harina kutongwazve. Havanzwi zvapupu zvitsva, havagamuchiri ufakazi hutsva, kana kuti kuita dare rechipiri rechokwadi. Panzvimbo pezvo, vanohwirudzura chinyorwa chekutonga kwedare (manyoro, zviratidziro, nhevedzo, uye zvirevo) kuti vaone kana zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvipi nezvipi zvakaitika izvo zvakatapura muuyo wenhau. Nhau yacho haisati iri kana vatongi vakasvika rutongeso "chakarurama" asi kana rutongeso rwacho rwakaitwa nenzira yakarurama uye mukuwirirana nomutemo.

Kukwirira hakungoitiki kwoga muchiitiko chimwe nechimwe. Munhu ari kutsvaka chikumbiro, anonzi mukwidzi, anofanira kuisa chiziviso chekukwirira muganhuriro yenguva yakaoma (kazhinji kazhinji mazuva 30 kubva pakupinda kworutongeso). Muzvimwe zviitiko, muongorori anofanirawo kuziva chikanganiso chapamutemo chaicho chakaitika pakutongwa. Kana pasina mhosho inoziviswa, kukumbira kungarambwa.

Mashandiro Anoita Muitiro Wokuda Kuwana Chirongwa

Kunzwisisa nhano imwe neimwe kunobetsera kujekesa kuti gadziriro yedare inovimbisa sei kuzvidavirira nokururamisa mukuita chisarudzo chokutonga.

  • Notice of Appeal: Mafaira anonyorwa chiziviso chapamutemo nedare rinotonga rinoratidzira donzo rokukwirira. Iyi chinyorwa chinonyandura kuendeswa kwechinyorwa chenhau kudare renhau.
  • Nhevedzo paKukwirira: Mabharani wedare anonyora chinyorwa chapamutemo, kubatanidza zvikumbiro zvose, kufambisa, mashoko okupupurira, zviratidziro, uye rutongeso rwedare rinotonga. Iyi ndiyo mashoko bedzi dare rinotonga richarangarira.
  • Mabudi: Mapoka ose ari maviri anoisa nharo dzakanyorwa dzinozivikanwa sepfupi. Kupfupikisa kweapulant kunotsanangura chikonzero nei dare rokutonga rakaita chikanganiso chapamutemo uye nei mhosho iyoyo ichida kuchinjwa kana kuti kutongwa kutsva. Aumelle (mubato akawina pakutonga) anopa nharo pfupi yokuti chisarudzo chedare rakanga rakarurama uye chinofanira kusimbiswa. Amicuscuriae (shamwari yedare") mipfumo ingachengetwawo namapoka echitatu anofarira.
  • Tsvakano: Mumhaka dzakawanda, dare rinoronga kutaura, mukati mayo magweta kumativi ose ari maviri anopa mifungo yawo mikuru uye mibvunzo kuvanatongi. Nharo dzezvirevo dzinopfupikiswa zvikuru (*kazhinji kazhinji 15 kusvikira ku 30 km) rutivi rumwe norumwe) uye haisati iri kurukurirano yakananga yenhau dzapamutemo.
  • Chitendero: Pashure pokurangarira nharo pfupi nedzinotaurwa, dare rinopa murangariro wakanyorwa. Murangariro unotsanangura mufungo wedare ndokutaura muuyo: simbisa (Ita chisarudzo chedare rinotongwa), chinja (kudzosa chisarudzo), dzorera (dzosa nhau yacho shure kudare rinotonga nokuda kwokumwe kuwirirana nemufungo), kana kuti gadziridza (kushandura mativi echisarudzo).

Mune dzimwe nyaya dzisingawanzoitiki uye dzinokosha, dare rakazara ringanzwa nyaya yacho richirambidza, kureva kuti vatongi vose vanoshingaira vari mudare vanotsigirawo chisarudzo chacho.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa: Dare Rokupedzisira

Pamugumo wedare rinotonga panogara dare guru. Mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa, iyi ndiyo Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States. Mugadziriro dzehurumende, inowanzonzi dare rehurumende gurusa (kunyange muNew York, dare rapamusorosoro rinonzi Dare reZvikumbiro, iro rinogona kuva manyuko enyongano). Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa ndiro chiremera chokupedzisira pamibvunzo yomutemo mukati moudzori hwaro.

Basa redare guru rakasiana zvikuru neiro redare rinotonga kana kuti dare rapakati napakati harina basa zvikurukuru nokururamisa zvikanganiso zvomunhu mumwe nomumwe; iroro ibasa rematare apakati napakati. Panzvimbo pezvo, matare makuru anonangidzira ngwariro panhau dzine revo huru yapamutemo yakafara zvikuru.

Mabasa Anokosha eDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

  • Mutongi woMutemo: Zvisarudzo zvedare rapamusoro zvinosungirwa pamatare ose akaderera mukati moudzori hwaro. Apo Dare Gurusa reU.S. rinorondedzera mutemo wehurumende kana kuti Bumbiro remitemo, matare ose ehurumende nehurumende anofanira kutevera kududzirwa ikoko. Ikoku kunovimbisa kusachinja uye kudeya kutaura mumutemo.
  • Constituanical Prevention: matare makuru ane simba rokuhwirudzura mitemo nezviito zvehurumende nokuda kwebumbiro remitemo. Iri simba, rinozivikanwa sehwirudzuro yedare redare guru reU.S. rakatangwa mumhaka yenhau yeMarbury v. Madison (103). dare gurusa rinogona kurova mutemo unopfuudzwa neDare kana kuti nehurumende kana ukaputsa Bumbiro remitemo.
  • Kuisa zviitiko zvedare gurusa: zvisarudzo zvedare zvinoparira mienzaniso inowirirana iyo inoumba kutangwa kwomutemo kwamakumi amakore kana kuti kunyange mazana amakore. Nhau dzepanyika dzakadai seBrown v. Board yeDzidzo (1954), idzo dzakazivisa paradzano yedzinza muzvikoro zvavose isina kubatana, uye Roe v, iyo yakabvuma maruramiro emitemo kubvisa pamuviri, inoenzanisira muuyo mukuru wemitemo yedare panzanga.
  • Tsarudzo yenhau: Kusafanana nematare edare uye matare aidzorwa, ayo anofanira kunzwa mhaka dzinounzwa pamberi pawo, matare makurusa mazhinjisa ane chiremera. Anosarudza mhaka dzokunzwa. Mudare guru reU.S., izvi zvinoitwa nomumuitiro wecherestiari. Dare rinogamuchira zviuru zvemikumbiro gore rimwe nerimwe asi rinopa vashoma zvikuru 100 nokuda kwokuhwirudzura kwakakwana. Chisarudzo chokupa chiwiro chinoda mavhotiri mana ezvinenge zvipfumbamwe (murayiro wezvina").

Dare Rapamusoro reUnited States rinoumbwa nevatongi vapfumbamwe, kubatanidza mumwe Mutongi Mukuru neVatongi Vakabatana navasere. Vatongi vanosarudzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare. Vanoshanda kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose, uko kunoitirwa kuvadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kudzivirira kuzvitonga.

Ukama Huri Pakati PeHurumende Nematare Ehurumende

Rimwe ramativi akasiana zvikurusa egadziriro yedare reU.S. igadziriro yaro yamativi maviri: gadziriro dzakasiana dzehurumende nehurumende dzinoshanda pamwe chete. Gadziriro imwe neimwe ine matare ayo amene okutonga, matare edare, uye dare gurusa. Chinokosha kukunzwisisa iyi tsika mbiri iri mumurangariro woudzori.

Dare rehurumende rine simba ravose pamusoro penhau dzinomuka pasi pomutemo wehurumende.Izvi zvinobatanidza ruzhinjisa rwekakavadzano dzapamutemo: mhaka dzoutsotsi zhinjisa (kunze kwedzinobatanidza mhaka dzomubatanidzwa), gakava rebvumirano, kukakavadzana kwezvinhu, nhau dzemhuri, mhaka dzekuvadziko yomunhu oga, uye nhau dzinobatanidzwa. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine purogiramu yayo imene yemitemo, mitemo yedare, uye miitiro, izvo zvinoreva mhaka imwe cheteyo ingagona kupedzwa nenzira yakasiana - siana munyika dzakasiana.

Matare ehurumende ane simba rakaganhurirwa. Anogona bedzi kunzwa mhaka dzinobatanidza nhau dzinobatanidza (kutaura kunomuka muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., mutemo womubatanidzwa, kana kuti chibvumirano) kana kuti mhatsa yougari hwemo (apo mapoka ari vagari vehurumende dzenyika dzakasiana - siana uye chitsama mugakava chinopfuura $75 000). Matare eFederal anobatawo mhaka dzokurasikirwa nechikwereti, mhaka dzechikwereti, uye mhaka dzinobatanidza hurumende yeU.S.

Mhaka pane dzimwe nguva inogona kutongwa mudare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende, mugariro unozivikanwa sebatira pamwe. Somuenzaniso, mhaka pakati pavagari vemo venyika dzakasiana - siana kubatanidza gakava ingagona kuiswa mudare rehurumende kana kuti, kana chitsama chiri mugakava chinopfuura $75 000, mudare rehurumende rakavakirwa pamitemo inopesana. Mupoteriff anosarudza chaizvoizvo nharaunda, asi mukwirirwi angava nekodzero yokubvisa mhaka yacho kudare rehurumende.

Nzira dzenhau dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzakasiana. Mhaka inovamba mudare rehurumende rokutonga inopfuurira kupfurikidza negadziriro yehurumende uye, pakupedzisira, kudare rapamusorosoro rehurumende. Nzira bedzi iyo mhaka yehurumende inogona kusvika nayo Dare gurusa reU.S. iri kupfurikidza nenhau yehurumende iri kana inobatanidza mubvunzo wehurumende, zvakadai sekutaura kwokuti mutemo wehurumende unoputsa Bumbiro remitemo reU.S... Muchinoitika ichocho, Dare repamusorosoro rehurumende rine chiremera chokuhwirudzura chisarudzo chedare gurusa rehurumende.

Matare Anokosha Mukati Megadziriro

Kupfuura chirongwa chapanguva dzose chezvitatu, kune matare akasimba anoverengeka anobata marudzi akati enhau. Aya matare aripo pamwero yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende uye akarongedzerwa kukudziridza unyanzvi mumativi akati omutemo.

Matare Anokosha Ehurumende

Gadziriro yehurumende inobatanidza matare anoverengeka ane simba munyika yose pamusoro penhau dzakati:

  • United States Courts of the Federal Foundation: Dare iri rinonzwa zvikumbiro mumhaka dzekodzero, mhosva dzinobva kuDare reFederal Ponties, uye dzimwe nhau dzakati dzounyanzvi. Idare rimwe rine chiremera chenyika, kusafanana nematare edunhu anonzwa zvikumbiro zvinobva munharaunda dzakati.
  • United States Court of International Trade:[[FLT: 1] Dare iri rinobata zviito zvehurumende zvinobatanidza kushambadza kwamarudzi ose nemitemo yetsika.
  • [ Dare reUnited States Romutero: Dare rinotonga gakava pakati pavateresi neRevolution Service yeInternational Regionation (RS) muteresi asati abhadhara mutero unokakavadzana.
  • Dare reUnited States reZvikwiriso nokuda kweMauto Ane nezvombo: Dare rino rarangarira zvitendero zvedare nedzimwe nhau dzeruramisiro dzehondo.
  • United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC):[ Dare iri rapachivande rinohwirudzura zvikumbiro zvenzvero dzemagetsi nemimwe mibato yokuunganidza ungwaru mukati meUnited States.

Matare Anokosha Ehurumende

Nyika dzakawanda dzakaitawo matare chaiwo, anowanzonzi matare anogadzirisa zvinetso, ayo anonangidzira ngwariro pakupedza nhau dziripo dzinotungamirira kumufambiro woutsotsi:

  • [ Dare reMirimo: Aya matare anopa mutongo wakasiana nokuda kwavaiti vemirimo vasina masimba masimba, achibatanidza tarisiro yedare nokurapwa nokudzorerwa.
  • [[[FLT: 0] Dare routano hwematsi: Dare iri rinotsausa vanhu vane chirwere chendangariro kubva mugadziriro yetsika yemitemo yematsotsi kuva zvirongwa zvokurapa.
  • Dare redare: matare aya anotaura zvinodikanwa zvakasiana zvavakare vehondo avo vanobatanidzwa mugadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi, kazhinji kazhinji vachipa kurapwa kwePTSD, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwezvinodhaka, uye dzimwe nhau dzine chokuita nebasa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Dare Rechiduku: Aya matare anobvumira vapari mhaka vaduku kutongwa nedare rinobetsera vasarira vezera ravo, nesimbiso pakuzvidavirira nedzidzo panzvimbo pechirango.

Aya matare chaiwo anoratidzira kuzivikanwa kunowedzera kwokuti mitoo yegamuchidzanwa yokuita nayo zvinhu zvokusakurumidza ingasava nzira inobudirira zvikurusa yokupedza nayo marudzi akati enhau, zvikurukuru ayo anobatanidza utano hwendangariro, kupindwa muropa, kana kuti vapari vemhosva vaduku.

Matare Amarudzi Akawanda Nebasa Rawo

Kunyange zvazvo nyaya ino ichinyanya kutaura nezvedare reUnited States, zvakakodzera kucherechedza kuti zvivako zvakafanana zvemitemo zviripo mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda uye munyika dzakawanda.

Matare enyika yose, akadai se Dare reInternational Rights of Justice [ICP], International Criminal Court [IC], uye [[[FLT:] Dare reReef reRevolution rekodzero dzevanhu] [[[FLT]] [ICH] [ECH], inoshanda panheyo dzakasiyana- siyana asi inoshandisawo chimiro chokuhwirudzura. ICJ inopedza gakava pakati pedzimwe nyika, kutonga kwavanhu nokuda kwehondo, utsotsi, utsotsi mukurwisana navanhu, uye utsotsi hunorwisana navanhu, uye CHRIBURS hunonzwa kubva kuvanhu vose vanoputsa maruramiro avanhu. Idzi hadzinawo zvimiro zvetsikanawo muukama nematare enyika.

Nei Kunzwisisa Tsika Yedare Kuchikosha

Kuvadzidzi nevadzidzisi, kunzwisisa dare hakusi kungodzidza chete. Kunokosha kuti munhu ave mugari wemo achiziva. matare ndeapo kodzero dzinodzivirirwa, pane zvakaipa zvinogadziriswa, uye miganhu yesimba rehurumende inotangwa. Kuziva kuti idare ripi rinonzwa mhosho dzipi, kuti kukwidza kunoshanda sei, uye kuti ibasa ripi rinoitwa nedare guru rinopa vanhu simba rokutungamirira gadziriro yepamutemo nenzira inobudirira uye kuita kuti hurumende yavo izvidavirire.

Gadziriro yedare inoratidzirawo mipimo yenzanga yakafara. Kodzero kukutonga kwakarurama, kodzero yokukwidza chisarudzo chakaipa, uye nheyo yokuti kunyange hurumende inofanira kutevera mutemo zviratidzo zvenzanga inokoshesa ruramisiro uye mutemo. judicary yakazvimirira, isina kudzongonyedzwa mune zvamatongerwe enyika, iko kunokosha kwehurumende yedemocracy.

Uyezve, gadziriro yedare inoshanda zvakanaka inotsigira kukura kwezvemari kupfurikidza nokugovera mutoo unodeya kuzivikanwa nowakavimbika wokusimbisa zvibvumirano nokupedza nharo dzebhizimisi. Mabhizimisi navaronzesi vemari vane bviro huru yokuisa mari munyika umo vanoziva kuti kodzero dzavo dzichadzivirirwa nematare asina rusaruro.

Gadziriro yedare haina kukwana. Inogona kuva inononoka, inodhura, uye isingasvikiki kuvanhu vazhinji. Kune gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pokusarudza kutonga, mari yedare, kushurikidza kusaruramisira, uye kudikanwa kwokuvandudza.

Nokuda kwaavo vanoda kunzvera idzi misorozve, website yedare rehurumende reUnited States reSangano reSangano reHurumende inopawo mashoko ane udzame pamusoro pegadziriro yedare rehurumende, kubatanidza zvipfuro zvedzidzo namashoko pamusoro penhau. American Bar Association’s Division for Public Education [ inopawo pfuma yezvokushandisa zvakagadzirirwa kubetsera vanhu kunzwisisa kuti matare ashandei uye nei achikosha.

Mugumisiro: Gadziriro Yemakepi Nedzikamo Mukati Mejeri

Gadziriro yedare muUnited States igadziriro yakasanorongwa umo mwero mumwe nomumwe unobatira donzo rakasiana nerinokosha. matare edare, angave anoshanda kana kuti ganhuriro yakaganhurirwa, mabhiza edare, kupedza mativi mazhinji egakava rinouya pamberi pematare. matare eintermediaste areplate anopa hwirudzuro inotsoropodza, kutora zvikanganiso zvapamutemo uye kuvimbisa kuti matare makuru, pamusoro pedare, anogovera kuwirirana, uye kutsanangurwa kune chiremera kwomutemo neBumbiro remitemo.

Ichi chivako chine mabhii matatu hachisi chokungozvidira; chinoratidza kuronga kwamaune kwakaitirwa kudzikamisa kudikanwa kwokubudirira nokudikanwa kworururami nokutsinhirana. Kupfurikidza nokugovera mwero mizhinji yokuhwirudzura, gadziriro yedare inoderedza ngozi yezvisarudzo zvokusafunga kana kuti zvisina kururama nepo ichibvumirawo mutemo kutanga mumienzaniso iyo inotungamirira nhau.

Kana uri mudzidzi ari kugadzirira bvunzo yehurumende, muridzi webhizimisi anotsvaka kudzivirira fariro dzako, kana kuti mugari wemo anoda kunzwisisa kodzero dzako, kunzwisisa zvakasimba kwegadziriro yedare chishandiso chinokosha.