Chitanga: Kudzikamiswa Kwechiremera Norusununguko

Kuchengetwa kwemitemo youtsotsi ikokunangidzira kwapakarepo kana kuti nzanga yakarongwa. Inzira iyo nhevedzano inochengetwa nayo, kodzero dzinodzivirirwa, uye ruramisiro inorondwa. Pakati pouyu mutevedzeri vakuru vamapurisa, avo vanopiwa chiremera chakati kuti chokunzvera mhaka, kuita kusungwa, uye kuva nechokwadi chekotsekano yavose. Zvisinei, ichi chiremera hachina kutsaurwa kana kuti kudzorwa. Kunzwisisa ukoshi chaihwoihwo hwemasimba amapurisa neganhuriro dzawo dzinowirirana kunokosha nokuda kwenyanzvi dzose dzemitemo nevagari vemo vanoshanda. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kwakakwana kwenheyo dzapamutemo, mashandiro anoshanda, uye kutsoropodza kurondedzera mapurisa azvino unosarira zviri pakati neUnited States, kunopa murangariro wakadzikama pamusoro pokudzikamisa kubetsera kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunoshanda nedziviriro kwomutemo wekodzero dzorusununguko.

Nhoroondo Yamasimba Amapurisa

Masimba amapurisa azvino uno ndiwo mugumisiro wekushanduka mamiriro ezvinhu epamutemo, enzanga, uye ezvamatongerwe enyika. Marudzi okutanga zvikuru emapurisa, akadai seRoman *vigiles* kana kuti gadziriro yemasangano eruwa echiNgezi, akaumbwa uye kazhinji kazhinji anodzorwa nenzanga, ane chiremera chiduku. Kuchinja kukuva pakati, mapurisa ane unyanzvi kwakaitika muzana ramakore rechi19, zvikurukuru nokuumbwa kwaSir Robert Peel weLondon Metropolitan Police muna 1829. Mitemo yemitemo yePeel yaisimbisa kudzivirira utsotsi, batira pamwero mukuru, uye kushandiswa kuduku kwesimba — pesvedzero ichiripo nazvino.

MuUnited States, nhambo huru dzinobatanidza kubatanidzwa kweBill of Rights mukurwisana nehurumende asi nokumonyaniswa kwehurumende. Madhipatimendi apakuvamba eAmerica akagadzira makambani emapurisa akafanofananidzirwa patsika dzeLondon, asi kukura kwedziviriro dzekodzero dzavagari vemo muzana ramakore rechi20 rakagadziridzwazve nenzira inoshamisa. Nhamba huru dzinobatanidza kubatanidzwa kweBill of Rights muhurumende kupfurikidza ne 144th Amendment, kutonga kweWarren Court pamitiro youtsotsi muma 1960, uye sangano rakatevera rokuvandudza maruramiro avagari vemo. Kunzwisisa ichi chisaririra chenhau chinobetsera kupinza kurukurirano inopfuurira pamusoro pamasimba amapurisa, kubva pakumira napa-pakumira mira mira mira mira kumitezo yedare kuti ishandiswe mabanza edare.

Masimba Amapurisa Anodzora Anoshanda Mumutemo

Chiremera chamapurisa muUnited States hachibvi kumanyuko mamwe asi mugadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, mitemo yemitemo, uye mienzaniso yokutonga. iyi ine miganhu inovimbisa kuti zviito zvokuchengeta mutemo zvinoongororwa kunze uye kuti kodzero dzomunhu oga hadzisi zvokungozvionera zvoga.

Gadziriro Dzebumbiro reMitemo

Dare reU.S., zvikurukuru Bill of Rights, rinogadza miganhu yapanze zvikurusa yesimba ramapurisa. Gadziriro yeChina inorambidza nzvero isina mufungo nepfari, ichida kuti zvibvumikiso zvi “tsigirwe neOath kana kuti bvumirano, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo yokunzverwa, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa.” Gamende yeFindment inodzivirira pakuzvidzivirira pachayo yoga uye inosimbisa muitiro wakafanira, nepo Sixth Amendment ichivimbisa maruramiro kutongwa kwapamhizha nebetsero yavose. Izvi zvinodzorwa kupfurikidza nomutemo wokubvisa, izvo zvinowana mukuputswa kweidziro yedziviriro idzi mudare — dzidziso yakatangwa muna * Week.1914 * uye yakashandiswa munyika dzinotongwa nehurumende.1946 *.

Mitemo Yetsika

Kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo, mirau yehurumende nehurumende inorondedzera masimba amapurisa mumativi akapoteredza chaiwo. Somuenzaniso, nzvimbo yehurumende kana kuti Muitiro weProfes Police Miscuracy mutemo (34 U.S.C. 7601) unobvumira Dare reRuramisiro kunzvera uye kuisa mutemo mumitemo unoita kuti zvinhu zvisadzore. Pamwero wehurumende, mitemo inodzora kushandiswa kwesimba, miitiro yokusunga, uye kubatwa kwoufakazi zvinogamuchirwa zvinosiyana zvikuru. Masangano akawanda anoshandisa “mazano okudzivisa simba rakakomba kupfurikidza nevashandi vavo. Mutemo unopa nhungamiro yakadzadza udzame zvikuru kupfuura gadziriro dzemitemo, uchizadza munzvimbo umo mashoko asina kufungiranwa kwakasiyana - siyana“ kana kuti “anoita kuti kushandurire.

Mutemo Wemhosva Nezvisarudzo Zvedare

Chisarudzo cheLand Shouver Court chakanatsazve miganhu yechiremera chamapurisa. Terry v. Ohio (1968) yakatanga kuti vakuru vakuru vangamisa ndokuisa munhu mudariro une mufungo wekunyumwira mubato woutsotsi, mupimo wakaderera kupfuura zvinobvira. Mardav. Arizona[FLT] v. [6] (6) inoda kuti vafungidzirwe kuti maruramiro avo aziviswe pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero dzavo. [FLT:]Gram v. [1999]) yakagadzira mupimo wekuyera nokuda kwokurangarira simba rakawanda. Izvi hazvidisimuwiriranwa mumatare matsva. [FLT] projective translatective translated trans) inotooglated , projectivesssssssss travos tray anoshanda zviri tray a

Masimba Emapurisa Ari Kushandiswa

Kunzwisisa pamutemo iko bedzi hafu yemufananidzo. Kushandiswa kwezuva nezuva kwamasimba amapurisa — kusungwa, kusecha, uye kushandiswa kwesimba — kunobatanidza zvisarudzo zvesekondi zvakaparadzana izvo kazhinji kazhinji zvinoedza miganhu yomutemo.

Simba Rokusungwa

Kusungwa ndiko kutaura kwakananga zvikurusa kwechiremera chamapurisa, kubatanidza kunyimwa kukuru kworusununguko. Kuti kusungwa kuve kwapamutemo, vakuru vakuru vanofanira kuva nechisakiso chinobvira — chitendero chine mufungo, chakavakirwa pamaidi, kuti munhu akaita kana kuti ava kuda kuita mhaka. Mupimo nokuda kwechinobvira chinopfuura fungidziro ine mufungo asi chakaderera kupfuura ufakazi hunonzwisisika. Varwi vangasunga zvisina maruramiro nokuda kwevarwi vakaitwa mukuvapo kwavo kana kuti nokuda kwemiitiro yakaipa inoputsa rugare. Zvisinei, nokuda kwokusungwa mumusha, Pendementation yeChina inowanzoda maruramiro anoshairwa mamiriro ezvinhu anoshaikwa, sezvinochengetwa mu [[FLT: 0]. PITON. v[FLT: 1]

Mubasa, kusungwa kazhinji kazhinji ndiwo mugumo wenzvero, asi kunogona kuitikawo panzvimbo imwe cheteyo. Kuchengetwa kwapamutemo kwokusungwa kunogona kudenhwa mukutonga kwokudzvinyirira, uko mutongi anosarudza kana mukuru mukuru wacho akanga ane ruramiso dzakaringanira. kana kusungwa kwacho kukawanikwa kusiri kwapamutemo, ufakazi hunowanwa hunotevera pakusungwa hungabviswa.

Kutsvaka Nokushaya Chokuita

Kurambidza kweGavhura rechiChina kurambidza kunzvera kusina mufungo ndeimwe yenharaunda dzakanyanyojeka dzegadziriro yamapurisa.Kazhinji kazhinji, kunzvera kunoda rugwaro runotsigirwa nechisakiso chinobvira uye kurondedzera nzvimbo nezvinhu zvokusechwa.

  • Chinoitika chokutsvaka kusungwa: Varwi vangatsvaka nzvimbo iri mukati mekudzora kwokukurumidza kwomusungwa kuva nechokwadi chekotsekano ndokudzivisa ruparadziko rwoufakazi ( Cimhel v. California, 1969).
  • Migariro yakakomba: Mamiriro ezvinhu anobatanidza ngozi iri pedyo, kurondwa kwokukurumidza kwefungidziro inotiza, kana kuti ngozi youfakazi ruparadziko inogona kururamisa kunzvera kusina maruramiro.
  • Kusiiwa kwemotokari kusingadzoreki: Mapurisa angatsvaka motokari pasina rugwaro kana ane chikonzero chingabvira chokudavira kuti ine utsotsi husingaparadziki kana kuti ufakazi hweutsotsi ( Caroll v. United States, 1925).
  • Shoko:[ Kana munhu achibvuma nokuzvidira kusecha, vatariri havadi rugwaro. Zvisinei, bvuma inofanira kuva yakasununguka uye yokuzvidira; kungobvuma kuchiremera hakukwani.
  • dzidziso yomurangariro womutemo: vapurisa vangawana ufakazi huri pachena kana varipo nenzira yapamutemo uye rudzi rwokupomera rwechinhu chacho runooneka nokukurumidza.

Zvikamu izvi zvakagadzirirwa kubvumira mapurisa kuita zvinobudirira munzvimbo dzakapoteredza dzine simba, asi zvinogadzirawo nzvimbo dzachena. Somuenzaniso, kuwanda kwechiitiko chokutsvaka chokusunga kwakaganhurirwa ne Riley v. California (2014, iyo yaidavira kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vangasatsvaka mashoko paserofonini pasina pamutemo, kunyange kana vakasunga muridzi. Kutonga kwakadaro kunoratidza nhamburiko inopfuurira yedare kugadziridza dziviriro dzeGenese Amendment kuzvinhu zvesayenzi.

Kushandiswa Kwesimba

Kushandiswa kwesimba namapurisa zvichida rutivi rukurusa uye kurukurirano yamasimba amapurisa. Mupimo wapamutemo unobva mu Graham v. Connor, iyo inoyera simba rinodavirwa pasi pe “mupimo wesimba” weFirence Amendment. Iyi nzvero inorangarira:

  • Kukomba kwoutsotsi hunofungidzirwa hwemufungidziri.
  • Vainyumwirwa vacho vaikurumidza kutyisidzira kuchengeteka kwevakuru vakuru kana kuti vamwe.
  • Kana anonyumwirwa akanga achidzivisa nokushingaira kusungwa kana kuti kuedza kunzvenga kupfurikidza nokutiza.

Nomutoo unokosha, kuva nomufungo kunotongwa mumurangariro womutungamiriri ane mufungo panzvimbo yacho, nouyu mupimo unowirirana. Kunyange nouyu mupimo unowirirana, kushandiswa kwakawanda kwesimba kwakawanikwa kuva kusina mufungo apo kunyumwira kwakaiswa, kudzorwa, kana kuti kudzorwa. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nzufu dzakakwirira dzakadai sedzokwa George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, naDaniel Prade vakatungamirira kuidzo dzemitemo, kubatanidza zvirambidzo pamite, basa-pamberi, uye kushandiswa kwemirayiro yemiviri. [[FLT:] Pew Center on Research Center [20] [FLT20] yakawana kuti masangano makuru edzinza nerevombo anotsigira mativi ose akadai sezvibvumirano zvemitengo.

Miganhu Pamasimba Amapurisa

Nepo masimba amapurisa ari madikanwa, anosungirwa neganhuriro dzapamutemo, dzetsika, uye dzetsika idzo dzinovavarira kudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira ndokuchengeta chivimbo choruzhinji.

Miganhu Yepamutemo

Tsarudzo dzeBumbiro reMitemo nemitemo idzodzi dziviriro dzapamutemo huru. Kuparadza kwemitemo, sezvataurwa, kunodzivisa kusazvibata kwamapurisa kupfurikidza nokuita kuti ufakazi huwanikwe zvisiri pamutemo. Miranda] [ mutemo unovimbisa kuti mashoko anowanwa mukati mebvunzurudzo yekodzero ndeekuzvidira uye anoziviswa. Kuwedzera, dzidziso yedziviriro inodzivirira dziviriro inodzivirira mapurisa, kubatanidza mapurisa, kubva mumitoro yevagari vemo kunze kwokunge vaputsa “mutemo wakagadzwa chose chose chosero". Iyi yave iri dzidziso inopesana — vatsoropote kuti idzivise kuzvidavirira nokuda kwokusasarura, nepo vatsigiri vanoramba kuti ibvumire vakuru vakuru kuita zvisarudzo zvenguva pfupi pasina kutya kupomerwa kudarika. Dare Gurusarusaru rinoratidzwa munguva ichangobva kupfuura iyi kurangarira kudiwa nokusakwaniswa kwomutemo.

Kufungisisa Kwomuitiro

Politiki inodarika zviri pamutemo. Vakuru vakuru vanotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvetsika zvinogara zviripo: apo vanoshandisa uchenjeri, nzira yokudzikamisa nayo kuchengetwa netsitsi, uye nzira yokudzivisa nayo mirangariro yedzinza kana kuti yezvemari. Internationalism Association of Kings of Police (IACP)[FLP] inogovera mitemo yemuenzaniso nenhungamiro dzetsika zvinosimbisa kuperera, kururama, uye ruremekedzo nokuda kwechiremera chomunhu. Zvisinei, kuderera kwetsika — zvakadai seperjury, kunyengera ufakazi, kana kuti kupinda mumiitiro yokusarura ururamisiro — inogona kushatisa chivimbo chavose uye kundikano. Kurovedza mutsika nemutezo wokusashanda. Zvino rutivi rwamapurisa vazhinji zvino chirevo, asi kubetsera kupfuurira basa.

Kuchengetedza Kwemapuraneti

Miitiro yokuranga yakadai semabhodhi anotarisira vanhu, kunzvera nhau dzomukati, uye muchuchisi akazvimirira zvinobatira kunzvera simba ramapurisa. Maguta mazhinji akatanga mabhodhi ehwirudzuro ehurumende ane mwero yakasiana- siyana yechiremera — mamwe anogona kurumbidza bedzi chiito chokuranga, nepo mamwe anogona kurumbidza zvapupu zviduku ndokumanikidza uchapupu. Makamera eboka azova chishandiso chakapararira chokuzvidavirira, kugovera chinyorwa chezvinoitika pakati pamapurisa navose. [[FLLT:0] View neAmerica Police Beat[[FLT: 1] akawana kuti makamera omuviri anoderedza zvichemo pamusoro pezviitiko, kunyange zvazvo ufakazi hwava hwakavhengana. Pakupedzisira, chinodikanwa nokuda kwemishumo yokupedzisira yemashoko ose okushandiswa kana kuti kugadzira mufambiro womufambiro wakaipa.

Ukama Hwenzanga Nokuzvidavirira Kwamapurisa

Kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunobudirira hakusi mugwagwa mumwe chete. pamutemo unotsamira pakuvimba kwenzanga, ukowo kunokurudzira batira pamwe nokushuma utsotsi. apo chivimbo ichocho chinoputsika, gadziriro yose yeruramisiro inotambura.

Kukosha Kwezvipo Zvenzanga

Mapurisa enzanga anochinja ngwariro kubva pakushandiswa kwechirongwa chokufambisa mashoko kusvikira kuchinetso chinonyandura. Vakuru vakuru vanokurudzirwa kuvaka ukama navagari vemo, kupinda misangano yomunharaunda, uye mubiyavo namasangano omunzvimbomo. Uku kuita kwakaratidza chipikirwa mukuderedza rutyo rwoutsotsi uye kuvandudza nzwisiso dzavanhu dzamapurisa. Somuenzaniso, “Chisimba” chirongwa chinobata masimba masimba senhau youtano yavose, chichishandisa vashandi vanodzokorora kurukurirano namasimba masimba kuparira rwisano asati akura. Nepo chisati chiri chirongwa chepanicea, mapurisa yomunzanga inogona kugadzira mikoto yekurukurirano inoita kuti zviite zviito zvokuchengeta.

Michina Inozvidavirira Nenhamburiko Dzokuchinja

Pashure pokuramba kwenyika uye kunoda kuti mapurisa anyadziswe kana kuti agadziridze, madhipatimendi akawanda akatora matanho matsva okuzvidavirira.Aya anosanganisira:

  • Makamera eBody-morn: Zvino mupimo mumadhipatimendi akawanda, aya makamera anogovera chinyorwa chisina revo chebatano uye kazhinji kazhinji anodikanirwa kupiwa mukati mebatano dzose dzokuchengeta mutemo.
  • Gadziriro dzokunyevera dzapakuvamba:[ Gadziriro dzeDzidziro dzinozivisa vakuru vakuru vane nyunyuto dzakawanda kana kuti kushandisa zviitiko zvesimba, zvinotungamirira kukudzoresa kana kuti kupindira.
  • Kutarisira kwakazvimirira: Mamwe masangano akagadzira mapurisa kana kuti zvirango zvinobvumira neBato reRuramisiro pashure pokuwana mitoo yokusazvibata.
  • [[FLT: 0] Bharani panzvimbo pasina mapepa enziyo dzokuroverera:[[FL:1] Mukupindura kurufu rwaBrenna Taylor, nyika dzinoverengeka namaguta zvakaganhurira kana kuti kurambidza magwaro okusashandisa kickck, ayo aiwanzoshandiswa mukunzvera mirimo.

Kuchinja uku hakubvumirwi munyika yose — mamwe masangano emapurisa anotaura kuti anoshanda nehamu uye anowedzera ngozi — asi kuongorora kunoratidza kutsigira vanhu vakawanda kuti vaone zvinhu nenzira yakanyatsonaka uye vazvidavirire.

Mugumo: Nezvenguva Yemberi Yakadzikama

Kuchengetwa kwemitemo yamatsotsi kunoda tsinhirano yakakomba. Mapurisa anofanira kuva namasimba akakwana kudzivirira vanhu ndokuunza vapari vemhosva kururamisiro, bva masimba iwayo anofanira kupiwa mhaka yokudzivisa udzvinyiriri. Ruzivo rwemitemo — mabumbiro emitemo, mirau, uye mutemo wenhau — zvinopa nheyo, asi hazvisati zviri kuzviparadza. Kunoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose, kuchinja nhambo, uye musengwa kubva kudzori womutemo nenzanga dzose dzinobatira kubatira kubatirana kuzvidavirira. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu nekariro dzechipo dzichapfuurira kuedzwa. Kunzwisisa aya masimba kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi ane hanya pamusoro pomutemo, kodzero dzavagari vemo, uye kuronda nzanga yakarurama.