Mutemo wehurumende ndimumwe wemapazu makuru maviri egadziriro yemitemo, akasiyana nomutemo weutsotsi, uye unodzora ruzhinji rwemagakava anomuka muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Nepo mutemo weutsotsi uchikurukura mufambiro unokuvadza hurumende kana kuti nhevedzano yavose (zvakadai soumbavha, kudenha, kana kuti kuponda) mutemo wehurumende unopa gadziriro yakarongeka yokupedza kusawirirana pakati pavanhu voga, mabhizimisi, kana kuti mamwe masangano. Chinangwa chawo hachisi chokuranga vaiti vezvakaipa asi kupa mishonga, kudzorera maruramiro, uye kupedza rwisano munzira yakarurama neinorongedzero. Kunzwisisa chinangwa chomutemo wevagari vemo wemo unokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofunda nhau, mutemo, kana kuti kushanda kwenza nzanga yazvino unovapo nhasi, nemhaka yokuti mutemo unoita zvinhu zvose kubva muzvibvumirano uye kuva nezvinhu zvemhuri yomunhu oga.

Mavambo Enhau uye Kushanduka - shanduka Kwomutemo Wevagari Vemo

Mavambo omutemo wehurumende anosvika shure zviuru zvamakore. Mabumbiro emitemo ekare, akadai seCode of Hammurabi (Circ 1754 BC), akatova negadziriro dzavagari vemo dzekakavadzano dzezvinhu, zvibvumirano, uye nhau dzemhuri. Zvisinei, mutevedzeri mukuru mukuru wemitemo yehurumende yazvino uno imutemo weRoma, zvikurukuru Corpus Juris Julvin [ yakabatanidzwa naMambo Justinian muzana ramakore rechi6 AD. Iri boka romutemo rakaronga mumapoka akadai savanhu, zvinhu, uye zviito] chivako icho chichiri kutsinhira mumitemo yavagari vemo nhasi.

Pashure pokuwa kwoUmambo hweRoma yokuMadokero, magamuchidzanwa emitemo yavagari vemo akachengetwa ndokugadziridzwa neChechi yeKaturike (mutemo weKaturike) uye gare gare akamutsidzirwa mumayunivhesiti echinyakare eEurope. Napolonic Confecture [ ye1804] ya 104 (Bumbiro remitemo reFrance) yakava chiratidzo, yaizivisa nheyo dzomutemo wavagari vemo uye yaidziparadzira muEurope, Latin America, uye mativi eAsia neAfrica. Mukupesana, muitiro wemitemo wavose wakakurambana wakatsamira zvikuru pamipimo yemitemo nenhau, asi masangano ose ari maviri pakupedzisira anobatira donzo rimwe gurusaro: kupedza nharo dzavagari vemo.

Nhasi, gadziriro dzemitemo yavagari vemo (dzinonziwo gadziriro dzehurumende dzinoshandiswa) dzinoshanda munyika dzakadai seFrance, Germany, Japan, uye Mexico, nepo gadziriro dzemitemo dzinozivikanwa navose (seUnited States, United Kingdom, uye Canada) dzichibatanidza mitemo nomutemo wenhau. Pasinei zvapo nemisiyano iyi yetsika, nharidzano huru dzomutemo wevagari vemo, dziviriro maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe, kuisa misengwa, uye kugovera miitiro yechisarudzo cheganopotezo (8) inoramba ichitsinhirana munyika yose.

Donzo Rakakomba roMutemo Wavagari Vemo: Kupedza Kusabvumirana Kunze Kwematare Eutsotsi

Donzo guru romutemo wehurumende nderokugovera mutoo une rugare, wakarongeka, uye unosungisa pamutemo wokupedza nawo gakava pakati pamativi avanhu. Kusafanana namatare outsotsi, umo hurumende inotonga mutadzi uye inotsvaka chirango (zvakadai sefaindi, kuiswa mutorongo, kana kuti kuedzwa), matare avagari vemo anobata mhaka apo mumwe mubato (mupokate) anotaura kuti rimwe boka (mukwidziri) rakundikana kusvitsa musengwa wapamutemo kupfurikidza nokuputsa chibvumirano, kuchiparira kuvadziko kupfurikidza nokuregeredza, kana kuti kuputsa chinhu chakarurama. Chiratidzo chacho chinotsvaka mari yakakurumbira ( [FLT]]), mubato chaiwo (kuitira kuti vaite chimwe chinhu chawakavimbisa), kana kuti chibvumirano (chipo chinodzivisa chiito).

Kuchengetedza Gadziriro Yenzanga uye Kugadzikana Kwemari

Kupfurikidza nokupa chimwe chinhu chakavimbika kunzvimbo yokuzvibetsera kana kuti kutsiva, mutemo wehurumende unochengeta nhevedzano yenzanga. Pasina mutemo wehurumende, vanhu vangatendeukira kukumanikidza kana kuti kunyengera kupedza kusawirirana, kuchitungamirira kunyongano nekusagadzikana. Mabhizimisi anotsamira pamutemo wehurumende kuti apedze zvibvumirano, kugadzirisa kusawirirana, uye kudzivirira zvinhu zvoruzivo. Vanhu vanotsamira pazviri kuti vawanezve mari yokurapa pashure petsaona, kubvisa roorano, kana kuti kukwikwikwidzana nechido. Nenzira iyi, mutemo wevagari vemo unoita somutsigove wenzanga yakatsigarira, unovimbisa nzanga umo kodzero nemabasa zvinorondedzerwa zvakajeka uye zvinodzorwa.

Kugovera Kugadziridza Nokutsiva

Chimwe chinangwa chikuru ndechokuita kuti mutyairi aparadzezve, kusvikira kumwero unobvira. Kana mutyairi akaparira tsaona yemotokari nokuregeredza, nyajambwa anogona kukwidza mhaka nokuda kwemibhadharo yezvokurapa, kurasikirwa nemirimo, uye marwadzo nokutambura. Kana muridzi wemba akaramba kudzorera chengeteko pasina chisakiso, mutengi anogona kuendesa mhaka yacho kudare duku. Mutemo wehurumende hauna chinangwa chokuranga (kutsiva kunogona kupiwa mumigumisiro isingawanzoitiki yokudzivisa kusazvibata kwakarurama); panzvimbo pezvo, unonangidzira pa kudzorera nokudzorera. Iyi nheyo inopfupikisa nechirevo [[FLT:] kazhinji haisipo mumutauro weLatin [FLT] [FLT]] [FFT]] [FT]

Kusiyana Kukuru Pakati Pomutemo Wehurumende Nomutemo Wematsotsi

Kuti unyatsonzwisisa chinangwa chemutemo wehurumende, unobatsira kuusiyanisa zvakananga nemutemo wematsotsi.

  • Parapatimendi dzinobatanidzwa: Mumutemo wehurumende, gakava riri pakati pebato ravanhu vari voga (mapepa v. mukwirirwi). Mumutemo woutsotsi, hurumende (mushushi) inounza pomero pamunhu mumwe nomumwe (mutongi).
  • Nhevedzo yechibvumikiso: Nhau dzavagari vemo dzinoda [ kurangarira ufakazi [ (inopfuura 50% mukwiridzirirwi angava anofanirwa). Zvisarudzo zveutsotsi zvinoda chibvumikiso [ kusava nechokwadi chine mufungo [ (mupimo mukuru zvikuru).
  • [ Kurapa kwevagari vomunyika kunobatanidza kuvadziko, mirairo, kana kuti chiito chaicho. Zvirango zvoutsotsi zvinobatanidza faindi, kuiswa mutorongo, kuedzwa, kana kuti basa renzanga.
  • [[FURT:0] Purpose: mutemo wavagari vemo unopedza kukakavara uye unotsiva vanyajambwa. Mutemo weutsotsi unoranga chakaipa uye unodzivisa utsotsi kudzivirira chaunga.
  • [ Expands:[ A dare rokuputsa chibvumirano (chivhil) v. kurovererwa mhaka nokuda kwokupa mhaka.

Misiyano iyi inoratidza kuti mutemo wehurumende haisi yokupa mhosva yetsika kana kuti kuranga kwehurumende; iri pamusoro pokupedza kusawirirana kwepachivande mumutsara wakanaka uye une nhevedzano.Mune zvimwe zviitiko, chinoitika chimwe chinogona kumutsa zvose zviri zviviri kukwirira mhaka yavagari vemo nepomero youtsotsi — somuenzaniso, mutyairi akadhakwa anoparira tsaona inouraya angatarisana nezvose zviri zviviri sumo yorufu yapamutemo yakashata kubva kumhuri yanyajambwa uye pomero youtsotsi yokuuraya munhu.

Marudzi Makuru Emhosva Dzemitemo Yavagari Vemo

Mutemo wehurumende unosanganisira zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoitwa nevanhu.

Mutemo Unobvumiranwa

Zvibvumirano zvinomanikidzirwa pamutemo. Apo mumwe munhu anokundikana kuita sechipikirwa (kuitwa kwebvumirano), mumwe mubato anogona kukwirira nokuda kwekuvadziko. Mienzaniso inobatanidza mugove anokundikana kugovera zvinhu, muvaki anosiya basa risina kupedzwa, kana kuti kuputsa chikwereti. Mutemo wekondirasi ndiyo nheyo yokutengeserana nebvumirano zvezuva riri rose.

Mutemo Wakaipa

Matort izvikanganiso zvevagari vemo zvinoparira kuvadziko kana kuti kurasikirwa, zvimwe zvisati zviri kuputswa kwebvumirano. Zvinobatanidza glegice (g., tsaona dzemotokari, kusashanda zvakanaka kwemishonga), zvinangwa zvematorts[ [g., kurova, kuzvidza, mhosva), uye , njodzi huru yezvigadzirwa.

Mutemo Wezvinhu

Gakava rezvinhu rinobatanidza kuva nenzvimbo, kushandiswa, uye miganhu yenzvimbo kana kuti zvinhu zvomunhu oga. Nhau dzinozivikanwa dzinobatanidza rwisano dzinobatanidza nzvimbo yapanzvimbo, gakava remiganhu pakati pavavakidzani, nyaradzo, uye pfuma yakaipa.

Mutemo Wemhuri

Mitemo inosanganisira kurambana, kuchengetwa kwevana uye kutsigirwa, kuva nekodzero yokuchengeta mwana, kurera mwana asiri wako, uye kurwisana nevemumba.

Mutemo Webasa

Kusawirirana kuri pakati pevashandirwi nevashandi kunowanzova pasi pemutemo wehurumende, kusanganisira kuputswa kwemari, kuputswa kwemibhadharo neawa, kusarurana pabasa, uye kuputswa kwezvibvumirano zvemabasa.

Mutemo Webhizimisi Nowamasangano

Masangano ebhizimisi anowanzoshandisa mutemo kuti apedze kupesana pamusoro pekodzero dzehurumende, zvibvumirano zvokushandira pamwe, kubatanidza zvinhu, kuputsa zvinhu zvevakangwara, uye zvakavanzika zvebhizimisi.

Kodzero Dzehurumende Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Nepo kutaura kwebumbiro remitemo kuchiwanzobatanidza hurumende, mutemo wehurumende unobvumirawo vanhu voga kukwirira mhaka nokuda kwokuputswa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo − zvakadai sokusazvibata kwamapurisa, kusarura, kana kuti kuputswa kwekutaura kwakasununguka mumirau yakati.

Muitiro Wokuzvizivisa Wavagari Vemo: Kubva Pakunyunyuta Kusvika Kurutongeso

Kana paine chikonzero chokutaurirana, kutaurirana kana kuti kutongwa, kunetsana kwevanhu vomunyika imwe chete kunogona kugadziriswa nokutevera matanho aya:

Kutungamirira

Mukwidziridziri anofanira kupindura [[FLT:] mhinduro [[FLT:], kubvuma kana kuti kuramba nhema, uye anganyorawo [[FLT:] masvomhu nehwaro hwapamutemo hwezvaanotaura. Mukwirirwi anofanira kupindura ne mhinduro [, kubvuma kana kuti kuramba tsoropodzo, uye anganyorawo maturaincillam[[ mutungamiriri wenhau. Kana mukwiriri akakundikana kupindura, rutongeso rwakakwana rungapinzwa.

Kuwana

Vose vari vaviri vanochinjana mashoko noufakazi kuti vavake zvisakiso zvavo. Maturusi enzvero anobatanidza zvigadzikiso (mibvunzo yakanyorwa), wirirano[ (uchapupu hwakajeka huri pasi pemhiko), zvinangwa zvemagwaro , uye . Iyi nhambo inogona kuva yakapfava uye inodhura, asi inovimbisa kuti mativi ose ari maviri ane mukana wakanaka wokuwana maidi akakodzera.

3. Kufamba Kusati Kwaitika

Vapi navapi vanogona kukumbira dare kusarudza nhau dzakati pamberi pokutonga. [[FT:0] mirangariro yerutongeso rwechipfupi [[[FT:1] inotaura kuti maidi anopokanidzwa uye kuti boka rinosunda rine maruramiro orutongeso senhau yomutemo, kudzivisa muedzo. Kumwe kudzokororwa kungadenha gutsikano kana kuti kutsvaka kubvisa ufakazi hwakati.

4. Kutongwa

Kana mhaka isingagoni kupedzwa, inopfuurira kutongwa (pamberi pomutongi ( kutonga kwebenk [[FT: 1]]) kana kuti dare rinobetsera vatongi. Mativi ose ari maviri anopa ufakazi nenharo. Mukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, vatongi vanosarudza maidi ndokupa mutongo; ipapo mutongi anopa rutongeso rwakavakirwa pamutongo iwoyo. Mukutonga kwebhenji, mutongi anosarudza zvose zviri zviviri maidi nomutemo.

5. Rutongeso Nemishonga

Munhu wacho angafanirawo kubhadhara mari yedare rakakurumbira uye, mune dzimwe nyaya, mari yepamutemo kana yabvumirwa nemutemo kana kuti chibvumirano.

Kukwirira

Vari muboka rimwe chete vanogona kukwidza mutongo wacho kudare repamusoro, vachitaura kuti dare rinotonga rakaita chikanganiso chepamutemo. Kukwirira hakusi kutongwazve; vanonangidzira ngwariro pakuti mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama here. Kukumbira kwakawanda kunoitwa neboka ravatongi rinohwirudzura mipfupi yakanyorwa nezvibvumikiso zvokutaura.

Kupesana Kunotsiva Chisarudzo (ADR)

Nemhaka yokuti jambwa rinogona kuva kupedza nguva neraidro, mutemo wevagari vemo unokurudzira kushandiswa kwe Alternivative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mitoo. ADR inobvumira mapati kupedza nharo kunze kwedare, kazhinji kazhinji nekurumidziro huru, mutengo wakaderera, uye kuchinjika zvikuru. Marudzi makuru matatu ndeokuti:

Kushanda

Vatevedzani vechitatu, murevereri, vanopfavisa kurukurirano pakati penharo uye vanovabetsera kunzvera zvisarudzo nokuda kwebvumirano inogamuchirika. Chibvumirano hachimanikidzi; murevereri haamanikidzi chisarudzo. Chinoshandiswa zvikuru mumutemo wemhuri, gakava rebhizimisi, uye rwisano dzenzanga. matare mazhinji anoda kuti vaedze kutaurirana pamberi pokutongwa.

Kubvisa Muropa

Mukudzosa, chikamu chechitatu chisingatori rutivi (arbitrotor) chinonzwa ufakazi nenharo zvinobva kumativi ose ari maviri uye chinomutsa chisarudzo chinosungisa kana kuti chisingasungi. Kutora kunowanzoshandiswa muzvibvumirano zvebhizimisi, magakava ebasa, uye zvibvumirano zvavatengi. Mitemo yacho haisati iri yapamutemo kupfuura zviitiko zvedare, uye chisarudzo chinogona chaizvoizvo kudzoreswa serutongeso rwedare.

Kuvhiringika

Kutaurirana chimiro chakananga zvikurusa cheADR, umo mapoka anokurukura nomumwe nomumwe(8) zvakananga kana kuti kupfurikidza namagweta) kuti asvike kugarwa. Hapana rutivi rwechitatu rusingatori rutivi runobatanidzwa. Kukurukurirana kwamano kunogona kupedza kakavadzano pasina kupfuurira kwapamutemo kupi nokupi, kuchengeta nguva uye chengetedzo ukama.

Mimwe mitoo yeADR inobatanidza [ mutemo unoyera [papo vose vari vaviri vanobatanidzwa namagweta avo vanobvumirana kushanda pamwe chete kunzvimbo isina kuenda kudare) uye mirangariro yapakuvamba yokusatora rutivi [ (panopapo nyanzvi inopa cherechedzo isina muganhu yenhau yokukurudzira kuva negariro). Kuwedzera kukurumbira kweADR kuratidzira kombamiro yenyika yose kukubudirira zvikuru, kushomanenesa kusvika kururamisiro yavagari vemo.

Chikonzero Nei Mutemo Wehurumende Uchikosha Munzanga Yazvino Uno

Kukosha kwemitemo yevagari vemo hakungorevi kukwirira kwemunhu mumwe nomumwe asi kunoumba upenyu hwezuva nezuva munzira huru:

Kukura Kwemari Nechivimbo Chebhizimisi

Mabhizimisi anoda vimbiso yokuti zvibvumirano zvichakudzwa, zvinhu zvedzidzo zvichadzivirirwa, uye zvikwereti zvinounganidzwa. Gadziriro yakasimba yemitemo yevagari vemo inoderedza ndyiko dzemari, inokurudzira kuisa mari, uye inowedzera chivimbo. Nyika dzine kuchengeteka kwemitemo yevagari vemo kwainozivikanwa dzinokwezva kuiswa kwemari yokumwe uye kuva newedzero huru yezvemari. Maererano neWorld Bank, kunetsana kunenge kuri kupedza kurukurirano kwakakwana [[FLT:] chiratiso chezve bhizimisi rakanaka.

Kodzero Dzomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe uye Dziviriro Yomutengi

Kupa mutemo wehurumende kunobatsira vanhu kuti vasaita zvakaipa, kambani painotengesa chinhu chakaremara, chiremba anovhiya anoita matsotsi, kana kuti muridzi wemba anonetsa vagari vemo, kukwikwidza mhosva kunobatsira kuti vatongerwe mhosva.

Kubatana Kwenzanga Nehurumende Inosarudzwa Nayo

Kupanana mhosva kunoitwa mumatare ehurumende, mutemo unodzivisa kuti kusawirirana kuve chisimba kana kuti kusagadzikana kwevanhu vomunyika yacho.

Kuva Nemhuri Nenzanga Zvakanaka

Mitemo yemitemo yemhuri inobatanidza dzimwe dzenhau dzinotambudza zvikurusa mundangariro — kubvisa mwana, masimba masimba omumba. Mutemo wavagari vemo unogovera muitiro wakarongeka uyo unoisa fariro dzakanakisisa dzavana uye unodzivirira mapoka asina dziviriro. Nenzira yakafanana, gakava romuvakidzani pamusoro pefenzi, ruzha, kana kuti nyaradzo dzinogona kupedzwa pasina kuparadza zvisungo zvenzanga, nemhaka yokuti mutemo unogovera mipimo nemishonga zvokusatora rutivi.

Zvinetso Netsoropodzo Zvemutemo Wehurumende

Vatsoropodzi vanoti pane matambudziko akawanda ari mumutemo wehurumende yemazuva ano:

  • [[FT:0] Nhevedzo nakunonoka:[[FT:1] Litigs inodhura, uye midzoro mugadziriro zhinji dzedare inoreva kuti mhaka dzinogona kutora makore kupedza. Ikoku nenzira isingaenzaniswi kunotapura vanhu vanowana mari yakaderera vasingagoni kubhadhara mimiririri yapamutemo.
  • Kuedzesera: mitemo yavagari vemo, mipimo yakajeka, uye mutemo usiri wemitemo unogona kuva unokatyamadza kuvasiri vatendi, kuchiita kuti kuzvimirira kuve kwakaoma.
  • [ Mitemo isingashamisi: Dzimwe faira dzezvirango zvisina kufanira kutaura kusina kufanira kwokuvakwa nokukurumidza, kuchiisa dzvinyiriro pavakwirirwi kuti vagadzike panzvimbo pokurwa.
  • Kusaenzana kweManyuko: Masangano akapfuma anogona kazhinji kazhinji kupfuudza vashori, kupinza magweta ari nani nokurebesa kuti amanikidze misha isina kururama.

Kuchinja kwakasiyana - siyana kunovavarira kugadzirisa nyaya idzi, kusanganisira kushandiswa kwakawedzerwa kweADR, kupfavisa nzira duku dzokutaura nadzo, kuisa makepu pazvakakuvara, gadziriro dzemari yokubhadhara, uye kutsigira mari nokuda kwemasangano anoyamura zviri pamutemo.

Basa Redzidzo Yomutemo Wehurumende

Kunzwisisa mutemo wehurumende hakusi kwevadzidzi vemitemo chete, asi kunobatsira vanhu:

  • Ziva apo maruramiro avo apamutemo akapunzwa uye anoziva nzira yokutsvaka nayo mushonga.
  • Ita zvisarudzo uchiziva muzvinhu zvomunhu oga uye zvebhizimisi, zvakadai sokusaina zvibvumirano kana kuti kutenga zvinhu.
  • Onga kushanduka - shanduka kwenhau netsika kwegadziriro dzemitemo.
  • Kudziridza kufunga kwokutsoropodza nounyanzvi hwokuongorora kurangarira kwapamutemo nenhau.

Zvikoro zvakawanda zvinobatanidza kurava nokunyora kwapamutemo muhurumende kana kuti nhau, kufukidza misoro yakadai somusiyano pakati pomutemo wavagari vemo nowoutsotsi, nzira inoshanda nayo dare, uye basa rematare.

mhedziso

Mutemo wavagari vemo unobatira donzo guru munzanga kupfurikidza nokugovera mutoo une rugare, wakarongeka, uye unomanikidzirwa pamutemo wokupedza nawo gakava kunze kwematare outsotsi. Iro rinotsigira ruramisiro, ruramisiro, uye kuzvidavirira apo rinenge richigovera nzira yakavimbika yokutsvaka nayo zvichemo zvavanhu namabhizimisi. Kubva pamavambo awo ekare omutemo weRoma kusvikira kuzvinonyorerwa zvazvino uno mumibatanidzwa, zvigumo zvemhuri, uye rwisano dzebhizimisi, mutemo wehurumende unoramba uri iko kuwirirana kwakarongwa navanhu. Sezvo vadzidzi vanobatanidzwa nenheyo dzawo, vanopa kuruzivo rwakawanda, runowirirana, uye nzanga runoshanda , mabasa anoitwa, uye magakava asingagadzirirwi kupfurikidza nesimba, asi kupfurikidza nokutonga kwomutemo.

Kuravazve, bvunza zviwanikwa zvine chiremera zvakadai se Cornell Legal Information Institute yemvumo yomutemo wehurumende, American Bar Association’s nhungamiro kunhau dzevagari vemo[, uye enisaikoropidhiya yepamutemo pamusoro pemhosva dzevagari vemo[.