Kurondedzera Kukakavadzana Kwemakori

Kusawirirana pakati pechengeteko yavanhu vose norusununguko rwevagari vemo kunoratidza chikanganiso mukutonga kwazvino uno. Chinoitika chikuru chebvumirano yenzanga imene: kuti rusununguko rwakawanda sei urwo munhu anofanira kuverevedza nenzira ine mufungo nokuda kwedziviriro iyo hurumende inogovera? Uku kuenzana kunoedzwa nguva dzose netyisidziro dzinochinja tyisidziro dzinoparirwa nenyukireya; kubva pazvokuwanda nougandanga hwamarudzi ose kusvikira kudenho dzekombiyuta nehosha. Nepo hurumende dzine basa risingarambiki rokudzivirira vagari vemo vadzo, mutoo wadzinoshandisa nenzira yokushandisa nenzira yokusaziva unogona kubvisa maruramiro amene avanopika kutsigira. Kunzwisisa ikoku kunoda kunzwisisa zvakajeka kuti pfungwa imwe neimwe inoreva chii uye chikonzero nei ugandangando hunopfuurira.

Utsvene[, muaya mashoko akapoteredza, hunonongedzera kudziviriro yenyika, masangano ayo, uye chiverengero chavagari vemo patyisidziro dzokunze nedzomukati. Inobatanidza dziviriro yorudzi, chengeteko yavose, udzori hwemuganhu, uye nomutoo unowedzera, kudzivirira kwechisaririra nedziyo. Kudzivirira rusununguko [, nokupesana, ikodzero huru nerusununguko zvinopikirwa vanhu mukurwisana nehurumende. Izvi kazhinji kazhinji zvinopinzwa muzvinyorwa zvapamutemo kana kuti zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose uye zvinobatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, rusununguko rwakarurama rwezvakavanzika, rusununguko rweungano, uye mufambiro unomuka apo kuchengeteka kwechengeteka, sokudzorwa kwemifungo, uye kudzorwa kwemifungo yemifungo yehurumende, uye kudzivirira muiyi mitongo.

Zvakamboitika: Kushanda Kwechibharo

Nhau inoratidza kuti kuchengeteka norusununguko hazvichinjiki zvinoshamisa munguva dzinofungidzirwa kuti pane njodzi dziripo, kazhinji zvichisiya pamutemo unogara kwenguva refu.Masangano anowanzorega rusununguko kuti achengeteke kwenguva pfupi, asi gare gare achizodemba kuparara kwetsika dzinosarudzwa nevanhu.

Nguva Yehondo Yakanyanya Kusvika uye Zvakazoitika

United States inogovera mienzaniso yakawanda inorairidza. [[FLT: 0] Mabasa echiNgezi a 1798 kutaura kwokupa mhaka kwehurumende yehurumende, kuputswa kwakananga kweFirst Amendment, kwakaitwa mukati memasuesi-hondo neFrance. Mukati mehondo yeChiviko, Purezidhendi Lincoln akarebesa chiwi che [[FLT:][FLT][FLT] [3] kudzoka [[FLT] kudzosa] , kubvumira nokuda kwokuchengetwa kusingagumiki kwaitiki kweCondete. [FOct:] Act of [12] Act [FFF] [F]] [FLT] [FF]]

MuUnited Kingdom, [[FLT: 0] Kudzorwa kweChibvumirano cheDerceism (DOLT) [DOLT:1] kwa1914 kwakabvumira hurumende kuva nesimba rokuparadza zvinhu ndokuedza vanhuwo zvavo mumatare ehondo. Kudavidza kwoUganda Mabasa[ kwakapfuudzwa mukupindura kurwisana kweNorthern Ireland kunobvumirwa nokuda kwokusungwa kwemazuva manomwe pasina kupomerwa, mwero wakawanikwa neEurope Court of Human Rights 5 yeChikamu cheEurope yeKonquisition on Human Rights. Iyi mienzaniso inoenzanisira mupimo wakajeka wakajeka: Kudzorwa kwesimba, uko kazhinji kunobvumidzwa kudzokororwa kudzokera shure kwenhambo imwe nguva yemigariro.

Pedzisa

Kurwisa kwamagandanga kwaSeptember 11, 2001, kwakachinja zvikuru nzvimbo yechengeteko yenyika yose uye kwakaparira kukura kukurusa kwamasimba okunzvera munhau yazvino uno. United States yakapfuudza PURIOTT Act[ mavhiki mashomanene pashure pokudenha, kuchikudza zvikuru chiremera chehurumende chokutungamirira, zvinyorwa zvebhizimisi, uye kuuraya mawadhi ewaya ewaya ewaya enze. Kusikwa kweDhipatimende yeHomeland Security (DHS) kwakabatanidza masangano 22 ehurumende mumudziyo mumwe wokuchengetedza.

Nenzira inokosha zvikuru, George W. Bush akabvumira purogiramu yakavanzika yokunzvera kukuru, yakaziviswa murutivi nomupfuri mukuru Edward Snowden muna 2013. Snowden ’ kuzivisa ukuru hweNational Security Agency ’ (NSA) unganidzwa wemichina yakawanda pasi peChikamu 215 chePORTIOT Act, Purogiramu yePRISM (yakaunganidzwa zvakananga kubva kumakambani makuru ezvoruzivo rwamakemikari akadai saGoogle naApple), uye purogiramu yeTEPORY yakagumisa kuwanda kwezvinyorwa zveUK (imonetic fibers sy fibers). Kurira kunoguma nokurangana kwedare guru revonesa renyika renyika inodzosera kudzorwa zvikuru, kubatanidza nhambo yapachena.

Muganhu Wezvoruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu: Kuva Woga Muzera Remazuva Ano

Kuwanda kwemakombiyuta anounganidza mashoko kwakaita kuti pave nokuongorora kwaisagona kufungidzirwa nezvizvarwa zvakapfuura, zvichiita kuti pave nemhaka itsva dziri pakati pechengeteko norusununguko.

Kushanda Kwezvinhu Zvakakura

Kunzvera kwehurumende hakusati kuchaganhurirwa kukuvhura tambo imwe yorunhare. Mano azvino uno anobatanidza miunganidzwa yamanyoro makuru muvagari vose, kushandiswa kworuzivo rwokuziva munzvimbo dzavose, uye kuongororwa kwemitemo yenzanga yemitengi inofambisa mashoko. China yagadzira zvishandiso zvikuru zvikuru zvehurumende mukunzvera munhau yavanhu, kushandisa mamirioni emakamera akabatanidzwa nokuzivikanwa kwechiso, mirwi yevagari vemo, uye kudzorwa kwemazamu ( "Firellall" purogiramu yemages"). Iyi gadziriro inoshandiswa nokuda kwokudzora vanhu, kudzorwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kunzvera kukuru kwetsika dzedzinza, zvikurukuru Uyturs muXinjing.

Nyika dzokuMadokero dzinoshandisawo zvishandiso zvine simba zvokunzvera. London nderimwe ramaguta akacherekedzwa zvikurusa munyika yedemokrasi, neMetropolitan Police ichishandisa Live Facial Staguence (LFR) makamera pazvinoitika zvavose, pasinei zvapo nokutsoropodzwa kwemapoka ekodzero dzavagari vemo neUK High Court yakawana kuti kushandiswa kwayo kwakanga kusina masimba akajeka. MuUnited States, masangano anochengeta mutemo anonyanyotenga kusvika kukuwana manyuko makuru enzvimbo yebhizimisi uye mashoko omunhu oga akaunganidzwa nebato remikoro dzakaunganidzwa namadzimamo akavhotera, kazhinji kazhinji pasina maruramiro. [[FLT:]] [FLT]-Pargy Doctive [[FM] .[3]; nheyo yapamutemo inoda kuti vanhu vave vasina kukarira kwakavanzika kwemashoko akasununguka" muboka rechitatu revoninvo (masvoms &cract; muganhuromesssss muganhu, kunyange zvazvo muganhu avamba anotanga kutongedzerome zvinyorwa zvaro:[

Kunyora Mashoko Akarurama Nenharo Dzinotangira

Kumuka kwemashoko okunyora pamugumo panzvimbo dzechiratidzo seChiratidzo, Whatscapp, uye i-Mimeo zvakaparira nzvimbo yehondo inokosha. Masangano emitemo anodzikamisa anotaura kuti kunyora nokunyora kuti “ kuenda kwerima matsotsi nemagandanga zvinobvumira kukurukura pasina kubvumirwa nomutemo, kuvamba musiyano we “ musiyano wemitemo inoda makambani enyanzvi kuti avake [[FLD:0] mishao mishavo yemigodhi yemichetura [ muzvinhu zvawo, kuraira kuti unyanzvi nenzanga yechengeteko zvisarudzi zvisarutsike. projekiti inodzivirira gadziriro yose inodzivisa.

Mabasa Epamutemo: Matampu Anorinda Kana Kuti Marabha?

Mutemo ndiwo mudziyo mukuru wokubudisa nawo kusawirirana kuri pakati pechengeteko norusununguko, asi gadziriro dzemitemo dzinosiyana zvikuru munzvimbo dzose uye kazhinji kazhinji dzinononoka kutsigira mano okugadzira zvinhu.

Kusvika Kwebumbiro reMitemo reUnited States

Chinjo yeChina yeYakaro yedziviriro huru mukurwisana nokutsvaka kusina mufungo nokusurumuka muUS. kududzira kwayo munguva yemirangariro kwave kuchikakavara. Court’ yesarudzo mu[[FLT]][1] KATY] v. United States[[FLT] [[1977] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [2] [[FFLT]] [6]] [3] yakatanga kumirira zvakavanzika; kuedza, apo nhau dzakazozofanana [[FLT:] [FT] [FT]] [5].[10] , kana kuti gomo remose , purofizi dzinoedza purofiti , purofiti inotongerwa , kana kuti ipongedze puro yatongedzero: [FF]

Madhiropu Aiva Nekodzero Dzevanhu vokuEurope

, Chikamu 8, Chikamu 8, chinovimbisa maruramiro okuremekedza upenyu hwomunhu oga nehwemhuri, asi chinobvumira kudzongonyedzwa kana iri &lquo; inowirirana nomutemo we” uye “ inodikanwa munzanga yedemocracy &quo; nokuda kwechengeteko yenyika. [[FFLT:] Hurumende yeSangano reSayero reSangano reManihese nerevoruzhinji [[FFON]] reYaka] muganhu weDPR)[FURT] [FUPUR] [FURGUR:] [FUP] uye , udzorongedzero] yakakwirira.

Kushandiswa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu Munyika Yose

International Common Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCCPR), Chikamu 17, chinodzivirira vanhu padzongonyedzo dzoushingi kana kuti dzisiri dzapamutemo dzezvakavanzika zvavo. UN Special Rapporteur pamaruramiro okuvanda zvakashandiswa kujekesa kuti gadziriro dzenzvero huru, zvikurukuru idzo dzinoshanda muzviremera zvapamutemo zvapachivande kana kuti pasina tarisiro yazvimiririri, dzinoputsa mutemo wamarudzi ose. SSCA Prisons Scissicas Prisons Principles [[F] Arect] inogovera gadziriro dzekodzero dzekodzero dzinogona kuganhurirwa nenzira yapamutemo: ganhurirwa nomutemo, dzinoronda pamutemo, dzinova madikanwa zvikuru, uye pamwero mukuru.

Kuchinja Kwepfungwa Dzevanhu

Murangariro wavanhu ndiwo mutyairi mukuru wedzikamo pakati pechengeteko norusununguko. Apo nzanga inorangarira mwero mukuru wetyisidziro, kazhinji kazhinji vanodisa kushivirira vhozhokero dzinokosha.

Bhokisi RENHOROONDO

Murangariro wavanhu wakapararira we— kazhinji kazhinji wakapetwa se “ kana usina chinhu chokuvanza, hauna chinhu chokutya ” — majee okudzora kutevera denho yamagandanga kana kuti utsotsi hwakakomba. Majekerwe akaitwa nokukurumidza pashure pokunge 9/11 aratidza tsigiro yakasimba nokuda kwePatriot Act. Nenzira yakafanana, tsigiro yokunzvera pashure pokudenha muLondon, Paris, uye Brusselses. Iyi mhinduro yendangariro, inosundwa norutyo nechishuvo chechengeteko, inoparira mhoteredzo yezvamatongerwe enyika umo hurumende dzinonzwa dzichipiwa simba rokuwedzera masimba adzoro. Iyi chengeteko isimba chairoiro rezvamatongerwe enyika iro vadzorwi vagari vehurumende vanofanira kuisa munzevedzo.

Kuva Woga Kunotsiva

Pashure penhambo yeSnowden yakava nechinjo huru mukuzivisa vanhu. Chiverengero chemiunganidzwa yezvokuwana kwehurumende chakakatyamadza vagari vazhinji, kuchitungamirira kukuchinja kwemitemo, chinjo yewiro, (USA Freefusion Act), uye musika mukuru nokuda kwemitemo yokudzivirira ungwaru (VNS, kunyora mashoko akavanzika). Cambridge Analytica [] muna 2018, apo femu yezvamatongerwe enyika yakaunganidza mashoko okubvunza kunobva kumamirioni avashandisi veFacebook pasina kutendera kwavo, imwezve chivimbo muhurumende yose iri miviri younyanzvi hukuru. Nguva inoratidzirwa kuti chinyorwa chavose chinosano chinokwanisa kuraira nokuwana kuzvidavirira kune revoruzhinji.

Kutanga Unyanzvi Hunotsigirwa

Kuwana dzikamo inogara kwenguva refu kunoda zvinopfuura dziviriro dzapamutemo chete; kunoda musengwa wetsika wokuzvidavirira, kuoneka, uye utarisiri. Hamuna mhinduro yechigarire, muitiro bedzi unopfuurira wokudzorera.

Kutarisira Nokuona Zviri Nani

Utariri unokosha zvikurusa pakungwarira chengeteko. Mitumbi yakafanana ne Privitacy neLivigation Oversity Board (PCLOB) muU neUK’s Investigation Power Commissioner ’ Offices (IPCO) inofanira kuva nezviwanikwa, kuzvitonga, uye chiremera chokunzvera miitiro yemiitiro yerangariro yepiyamuko. Kuzivikanwa kwenhau yeFISA dare rePISA uye kubudiswa kwemishumo yokuoneka kwehurumende dzose dziri mbiri nekambani dzavanhu kunokosha nokuda kwokuzvidavirira pachena.

Kupisa Kwezuva Kunopisa uye Kuongorora Kwomutemo

Masimba ekurumidziro haafaniri kuva echigarire. Mitemo inoderedza rusununguko rwavagari vemo inofanira kubatanidza gadziriro dzinoda kunyorwazve kwapanhambo nenhambo. Iyi mauto nevoruzhinji nguva dzose kunzvera kana matanho achiri madikanwa uye akaenzana, panzvimbo pokuabvumira kuva mativi evhu repamutemo.

Kushandisa Unyanzvi Hwokuzvimirira (PETS)

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu harusi muvengi wezvakavanzika; chigadzikiso chinobvira. Hurumende namakambani zvinofanira kugamuchira “Privtacy kupfurikidza neDesign ” nheyo, kushandisa maturusi akadai sechivako chakasiana, kudzidza kwapiwa, kuchengeteka kwemifungo mizhinji, uye kunyorwa kwamashoko kwokupedzisira. Aya maturusi anobvumira kunzvera mashoko nechengedzero pasina kufumuranisa mashoko omunhu oga. EFFF inotsigira zvakasimba nokuda kwechivako chakasimba chenzanga yakasununguka.

Kusimbisa Nzanga Yavagari Vemo

Masangano akadai seAmerican Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Electronic Foundation (EFF), uye Koscial International anoita basa rinokosha mukuita kuti hurumende dzizvidavirire kupfurikidza nemuuyo, kupfura kwavose, uye kunzvera mitemo.

Kupedzisa: Kudzikamisa Kusingagumi

Kutsvaka chengeteko yakakwana kunogona kutungamirira kuudzvinyiriri hwakakwana, nepo kuomerera kwakakomba kurusununguko rwakakwana kunogona kusiya nzanga iri mungozi kune avo vanoda kuiparadza. Dzikamo pakati pechengeteko nerusununguko rwavagari vemo haisati iri chinetso chinofanira kupedzwa, asi kunyanduka kunofanira kudzorwa. Kunoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose, kusanosanova mugari wemo, kurumbidzwe kwapamutemo, uye kuzvipira kwakasimba kumipimo yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vose uko mwero wechengetedzwa kudzivirira. Pendulum yacho ichatenderera isingadziki, asi inotsigirwa navanhu vose, inotsigirwa namasangano akasimba uye mapepanhau apachena, inogona kuvimbisa kuti haitongochinjiki kusvika pakurasika chose chose. Utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa hunoyerwa kwete nokuchengeteka kwavagari vayo, asi namaruramiro anochengetedzwa mukuona kutya.