Simba Rinoenzana Sei?

Dzikamo yesimba inheyo yakavakirwa pamipimo yehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Inonongedzera kukuparadzirwa kwamaune kwechiremera pakati pamapazu akaparadzana ehurumende . Nenzira yakafanana ipunda, mitemo, uye mapazu okutonga kuti kurege kuva nesangano rimwe chete ringadzora mamwe. Uku kuparadzana kunoitirwa kudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba, uko munhau kwakatungamirira kuudzvinyiriri nokuderera kwerusununguko rwomunhu oga oga. Kunzwisisa ichi chinhu chinokosha kuvadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye vagari vemo vanoda kunzwisisa kuti hurumende dzazvino uno dzinoshanda sei uye kuti kodzero dzavo dzinodzivirirwa sei.

Panzvimbo yaro, dzikamo yesimba inovimbisa kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rine zvose zviri zviviri mitoro yakasiana namano okuganhurira zviito zvamamwe mapazu. Iyi gadziriro yokutarisira kwavose inowanzonzi mipimo nedzinodzikamisa [. Pasina chirongwa chakadaro, hurumende inopinza muudzori, uko bazi rimwe chete(kana munhu mumwe) rinova chiremera chisingadzivisiki. Dzikamo yesimba harisati riri murangariro wakabatana; inochinja kupfurikidza nokududzirwa kwemitemo, muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kurukurirano yavose.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

Mugadziriro dzakawanda dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, zvikurukuru idzo dzakaratidzirwa neUnited States Constitution, simba rehurumende rinokamurwa kuva mapazi matatu akaenzana. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine basa guru negadziriro yamasimba inoribvumira kunzvera mamwe.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Bazu guru rine mutoro wokusimbisa nokushandisa mitemo inopfuudzwa nedare. Rinotungamirirwa zvikuru napurezidhendi, mutungamiriri wehurumende, kana kuti mambo, zvichitsamira patsika yenyika. MuUnited States, purezidhendi anobatira vose vari vaviri somusoro wehurumende nomusoro wehurumende, anoshandisa masimba akadai sokuisa mutemo, anoraira mauto ane zvombo, uye anoita muitiro wokumwe. Mukuru mukuru anobatanidzawo sangano guru rinoshandisa mitemo nemiraudzo.

Bazu Romutemo

Bazu remitemo, rinowanzonzi Congress kana kuti Paramende, rine mutoro wokuita mitemo. Rinomirira muvhozhokeri uye rine simba rechikwama chemutero(*kudzora mutero nokushandiswa kwehurumende. Magristature anowanzova nedzimba mbiri (bhijameral) kana kuti imwe (unitera). Mugadziriro yebidameral, yakadai seUnited States Congress neImba yaVamiristates neDare, imba imwe neimwe ine mabasa akasiyana. Somuenzaniso, Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi uye zvibvumirano zvemitero, nepo bazi reImba rinotangawo zvikwereti zvemibhadharo. Bazu remitemo rinewo chiremera chokusaidzira nokubvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende kana kuti vakuru vakuru vedare nokuda kwokusazvibata.

Bazu Rokutonga

Bazu rinotonga rinorondedzera mitemo uye rinoita ruramisiro. Rinoumbwa namatare pamwero yakasiana- siyana, kubva kumatare omunzvimbomo kusvikira kumatare makurusa. Simba guru redare rejaji ndiro judicial shoo yezvokuyera [] mano okuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvisina kutongwa. Iri simba rinovimbisa kuti mamwe mapazi ashande mukati memiganhuro yakagadzwa nebumbiro remitemo. Vatongi vanogadzwa zvakatanhamara muupenyu hwavo kana kuti miganhuro refu kuadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kuabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvisingasaruri zvakavakirwa pamutemo napamberi.

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinovimba nemamwe kuti rishande zvinobudirira, zvichiita kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe risanyanya kusimba.

Nhoroondo

Pfungwa yokuparadzanisa masimba ehurumende haisati iri yazvino uno; ine mavambo mumufungo wakare wezvamatongerwe enyika. Rome Republic, somuenzaniso, yakanga ine bumbiro remitemo rakavhengana namaconsul, senate, uye magungano akakurumbira. Zvisinei, rondedzero yazvino uno yedzikamo yesimba yakarondedzerwa zvakakurumbira zvikurusa nomuzivi weFrance Baron de Montesquieu [ mubasa rake Mudzimu weMitemo weMitemo . Montesquieu akataura kuti rusununguko rungagona bedzi kuiswa muchiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika muwis, mumiitiro yakasiana nemitumbi yakasiana. Iye akanyevera kuti apo munhu mumwe kana kuti boka rimwe rose rinova nemasimba anodzosano.

Mifungo yaMontesquieu yakapesvedzera zvikuru vagadziri veUnited States Constitution. Muma1780, pashure pokuwina kuzvitonga kweBritain, vatungamiriri veAmerica vaingwarira simba rakakomba. Ivo vakanga vawana umambo pasi paMambo George III uye vakanga vatambura muNhevedzo dzisina simba. Convention yeBumbiro reMitemo ya 1787 yakavavarira kuvamba hurumende yenyika yakasimba zvikuru nepo yaichengeta rusununguko. Muuyo wakanga uri muitiro wamasimba akaparadzana ane zvichemo zvakavakwa.

Mapepa Anowirirana

Kusimudzira kusimbiswa kweBumbiro reMitemo, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, naJohn Jay vakanyora nhevedzano yenhau dzinozivikanwa se Federal List Papers. Mu ] Fiteration Nhaka.[5][FLT], Madison akagovera dziviriro yenhau nedzinoyera. Akanyorawo kuti, “Kudavirwa kunofanira kuitwa kuti kurwisa kuzvikudza. Mufariro yomunhu inofanira kuva nechokuita nekodzero dzemitemo yenzvimbo.[FLT] Mabazi adaiwo kupa nzira dzokudzivisa nadzo dzimwe, masangano ehurumende angachengetedza nokuzvidzora. Iye akanyorawo kuti kuchengetedzwa kukurusa“ kudzora kwoudzo muboka guru rezviito.

Dzimwe zviitiko zvinokosha zvenhau zvinosanganisira Bill of Rights yeEngland ya1689, iyo yakaganhurira simba roumambo ndokusimbisa ukuru hweparamende, uye kutanga kwokuzvimirira kwokutonga mugadziriro dzemitemowo zvayo.

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Zvinoshanda

Izvi zvinotadzisa bazi rimwe chete kuti risaite zvinhu pasina munhu anozvishandisa munzvimbo dzinokosha. Pasi apa ndiro rinokosha zvikuru pakuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende seUnited States.

  • Veto Power: Purezidhendi angapa mutemo weveto unopfuudzwa neCongress. Zvisinei, Congress inogona kudzora vhato nevoruzhinji vane matatu maviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri, achigovera cheki kumukuru webasa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Jodicial Review: Dare rapamusoro namatare ehurumende akaderera anogona kurova mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Iri simba rakatangwa mumhaka yechiratidzo Marbury v. Madison [1803]).
  • Kupa mhosva: Imba yavamiririri inogona kushayisa mukuru mukuru, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, kana kuti vatongi vehurumende nokuda kwe “mufungo, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye husina kururama.” Ipapo Dare rinoita kutonga uye, kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri shanu, rinogona kubvisa mukuru mukuru pahofisi.
  • Sayense Ingnification: purezidhendi anoisa mitezo yekabhii, vatongi vehurumende, uye nhume, asi Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa ikoko kupfurikidza nevhoti zhinji. Ikoku kunopa bazi remitemo inzwi muvakuru vakuru navatongi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ratiation: Purezidhendi anotaurirana zvibvumirano namarudzi okumwe, asi zvinotanga kushanda bedzi pashure pezvikamu zviviri zvezvitatu zveDare rinoatendera.
  • [ Simba rePurse: Congress inodzora ndyiko dzose dzehurumende. Hapana mari inogona kutorwa muVhirmendi pasina mutemo wokuranga, kupa chibvumirano chomutemo pamusoro pemiitiro yehurumende.
  • [[[FUT:0] judicial Stunications for Life: vatongi veFederal vanobatira mukati momufambiro wakanaka, kureva kuti havagoni kubviswa napurezidhendi kana kuti Congress kunze kwokusateererwa. Ikoku kunodzivirira mutongi pakutsiva kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mitemo iyi inoumba gadziriro yemasimba anogoverana. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi anogona kurayira vakuru vakuru, asi matare anogona kuadzivisa kana akadarika chiremera chepamutemo.Musangano unogona kuisa mitemo, asi purezidhendi anogona kuiisa, uye matare anogona kuidudzira kana kuti kuibvisa. Uku kubatana kwemapazu kunofanira kutaurirana uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, kuchideredza ngozi yezviito zvakakurumidza kana kuti zvokunyanyisa.

Chikonzero Nei Dzikamo Yesimba Ichikosha

Simba harisi chinhu chinongodiwa nomunhu wose; rine zvarinobatsira chaizvo pakusarudza hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu uye rusununguko rwemunhu oga.

Kudzivirirwa Kwoudzvinyiriri

Chibvumikiso chinogombedzera zvikurusa chamasimba akaparadzana ndechokuti chinodzivisa munhu upi noupi kana kuti boka kuunganidza chiremera chisingadzorwi. Nhau yakazara nemienzaniso yavadzvinyiriri avo vakapukuta maparamende, vakaparadza, uye vanotongwa nemirairo. Gadziriro yakasimba yecheki nedzikamo zvinoita kuti shambidziko dzakadaro dzive dzakaoma zvikuru. Kunyange kana bazu rimwe rikava rine masimba, vamwe vanogona kuvhara kana kuti kunonotsa zviito zvaro, vachitenga nguva yechishoro chavose nedenho dzapamutemo.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Hurumende dzine simba guru pavagari vemo(h) dzinogona kubhadhara, kuisa mujere, uye kudzosa. Pasina kuongorora, simba iri rinogona kushandiswa kudzvinyirira kusabvumirana, kuvhiringwa nevanhu vashoma, kana kuti kuputsa rusununguko rwevanhu. Vatongi vanozvimirira vanogona kudzivirira vanhu kupfurikidza nokuputsa mitemo inoputsa kodzero dzinokosha, yakadai sorusununguko rwokutaura, chitendero, uye muitiro wakakodzera. Bazu reRegionation rinoshandawo senzvimbo inonzwiwa, uye bazi rehurumende rinogona kuzvidavirira kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo uye kutungamirira.

Kurudziro Yokubvumirana Pane Zvisina Kufanira

Nemhaka yokuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinogona kuita chiito riri roga, gadziriro inosimudzira kurukurirano nebvumirano. Kuti ipfuure mutemo, mapazu ehurumende nemitemo anofanira kubvumirana pamusoro pezviri mukati mawo, kazhinji kazhinji kunoda bvumirano. Ikoku kunoderedza kurongwa kwemitemo asi kunodzivisawo kuita zvisarudzo zvechimbichimbi. Kudikanwa kwokuvaka mibatanidzwa ndokutsvaka nzvimbo yavose inokurudzira muitiro unoregeredza zvikuru uye unodzikamiswa.

Kuzvidavirira Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Matare eCongression anogona kuongorora zviito zvokutungamirira; bazi rinotonga rinogona kuongorora zvisarudzo zvokutarisira; uye mapepanhau akasununguka, akadzivirirwa nemitemo, anogona kufumura kushandiswa zvisina kufanira.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera Pakudzikamisa Simba

Kunzwisisa zvinetso izvi kunokosha kuvadzidzi nevadzidzisi vari kuongorora mashandiro anoitwa zviremera zvemazuva ano.

Nhevedzo Dzine Vatungamiriri Nechiito Chisiri Chokushanda

Mapurezidhendi akashandisa nenzira inowedzera kumisa mirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru panhau dzinokakavadzana. Murayiro mukuru inhungamiro yakabudiswa napurezidhendi ane simba romutemo, asi haiisingwi nedare remitemo. Nepo mutemo wemitemo unoita kuti vamwe vapurezidhendi vashandise chishandiso ichi, zvinobudirira kunyora kubva kuOval Office. Mitemo inobatanidza kuchinja kukuru kwemitemo pamusoro pokupinda munyika, ganhuriro yemhoteredzo, uye chengeteko yenyika. Vashori vanotaura kuti ikoku kunoderedza basa romutemo uye vanoisa simba mumukuru mukuru mukuru. Vatongi vanogona kudzosa mirayiridzo yehurumende inopfuura bhishoo kana kuti chiremera chemitemo, asi zvinodenha pamutemo nguva, uye purezidhendi angadzivisa miganhuro.

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Chiito chokutonga chinonongedzera kumitemo yedare inopfuura kurondedzerwa kwapamutemo ndokuita nomutoo unobudirira muitiro mutsva. Apo matare anorova mitemo yakakurumbira kana kuti anotsigira masimba makuru ehurumende, pane dzimwe nguva anopomerwa mhaka yokudarika basa rawo. Nhevedzo dzemitemo dzinotaura kuti matare anofanira kuzviisa pasi pamapazu akasarudzwa kutoti kuputsa kwemitemo kwakajeka. Nharo pamusoro pekuumbwa kweDare Gurusa uye zvibvumikiso zvave zvinova zvinodzorwa zvikuru, nebato rimwe nerimwe rinotsvaka vatongi vanogoverana mufungo waro.

Kunyoresa Kwomutemo Nokuparadzana

Hyper-partisanism yakatungamirira kukuva nechero rekudzokororwa kwemitemo yapamutemo nguva dzose muCongress, namapoka maviri asingakwanisi kupfuudza bhajeti, kusimbisa vamaninei, kana kuti kukurukura nhau huru. Vamwe vanotaura kuti iyi giradhi rinopesana pacharo kuputsika kwesimba, sezvo bazi remitemo rinotadza kuita mabasa aro emitemo. Mumhinduro, purezidhendi vakaita chiito pasina nguva, uye matare apindira kupedza nharo idzo Congresssion asingagoni kugadzikisa. Gricklockwo inoparira kushatiswa kwapachena uye inoraira nokuda kwechinjo, zvakadai sokubvisa chinjo kana kuti kukudza Dare Rapamusorosoro. Zvisinei, chinjo dzakadaro dzingagona kushandura chiyero muganhu yesimba munzira dzisingadeyi kuzivikanwa.

Masimba Ekurumidziro Nechengeteko Yorudzi

Munguva dzenjodzi(_war, denda, ugandanga (8), vadzori vanowanzotaura masimba akawedzerwa. War Powers Resolution, Patriot Act, uye kushandiswa kwezviziviso zvenjodzi dzorudzi zvose zvakawedzera chiremera chehurumende. Nepo kumwe kukura kungadikanwa kuti kukurumidze kuita tyisidziro, kunogona kubvisa utarisiri hwesangano uye rusununguko rwevagari vemo. Vatongi pane dzimwe nguva vakadzosa, asi matare anowanzova anozviisa pasi pomukuru panhau dzechengeteko. Kuchengeta dzikamo mukati memigariro yakakomba kunoda kungwarira kumapazu ose nevoruzhinji.

Kushatiswa Kwemari Nokuperera Kwemari

Dzikamo yesimba pakupedzisira inotsamira pakusarudza kwakasununguka uye kwakarurama kunobvumira vanhu kusarudza vamiririri vavo. Magakava emisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pamusoro pemitemo yeID, kudzorwa kwemibato, uye mari yenhimbe akamutsa funganyo pamusoro pokuti vavhoti vanogona kuzvidavirira kuhurumende here. Bazu redare rakapindira munhau dzinodzorwa nemhosho dzekodzero dzokuvhota, asi zviito zvemitemo zvinogona kusimudzirazve kutamba. Democracy yakasimba haidisi masimba akaparadzaniswa bedzi asiwo mugari wemo wemo inogona kutora rutivi rune revokusarudza avo vane simba.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Dzikamo Yesimba Mudzimwe Nyika

Kunzwisisa gadziriro dzakasiana - siana kunobetsera kujekesa simba neganhuriro zvemutoo wokuAmerica.

Gadziriro Dzapaparamende

Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzeparamende (muchib. United Kingdom, Canada, Germany), mukuru mukuru anotorwa kubva kudare. Mutungamiriri wehurumende nedare inhengo dzeparamende uye anogona kubviswa nokuvhota kusavimba. Uku kubatanidzwa kwamasimba kunoparira muitiro wemitemo unobudirira zvikuru, sezvo mukuru mukuru anogona kushandisa zvirongwa zvake zvisina jasi. Zvisinei, macheki haana simba guru: Hakuna kuparadzanisa kwakakomba, uye vatongi vangava nesimba shoma rokuputsa mitemo (in UK, paramende ine chiremera). Vamwe vanotaura kuti gadziriro dzeparamende dzinova nemhosva zvikuru nemhaka yokuti vavhota vanogona kukurumidza kubudisa hurumende, nepo vamwe vachinetseka pamusoro pesimba rinotonga.

Mitemo yeSemi-Presidential mil.

Gadziriro dzaPurezidhendi seU.S. uye nyika zhinji dzeLatin America dzine purezidhendi akatsiga wenhambo yakatsiga akazvimirira padare. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kumapoka ehurumende nemubatanidzwa usingachinji, asi kunogoverawo nzvero dzakasimba. Semi-presiterienties michina yayo inokamuranisa, yakadai sematare emitemo, masangano ehurumende, uye hurumende.

Kushanda Muchikwata Secherekedzo Yokuwedzera

Mugadziriro dzehurumende (munzira huru, U.S., Germany, Australia), simba rinokamuraniswawo pakati pehurumende dzorudzi nedzehurumende. Uku kuparadzana kwakananga kwamasimba kunogovera rumwe rutivi rwechekedzo, sezvo hurumende dzinogona kudzivisa nzvero yehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro reU.S. kazhinji kazhinji rakadzivirira uchangamire hwehurumende munharaunda dzakadai sedzidzo, mapurisa, uye kushandiswa kwenyika. Federalism inoparadzira simba kunyange kutopfuurira, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma nokuda kwomwero upi noupi wehurumende yokudzora.

mhedziso

Dzikamo yesimba haisi chisaririra chezana ramakore rechi18; inheyo mhenyu, inochinja inopfuurira kuumba udzori hwedemokrase. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi vanofunda iyi pfungwa vanonzwisisa nzira iyo hurumende dzinogona kudzivirira nayo rusununguko nedzinoramba dzichibudirira. Mapazu matatu ehurumende (anoparadza, anotonga, uye anotonga) igadziriro yokufunga, kuzvidavirira, uye kutarisirana. Vazivi venhau dzakare vakafanana naMontesquieu naMadison vakagadzwa nheyo, asi chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kudzivirira nokugadziridza aya masangano kuzvinetso zvitsva.

Kunzwisisa kunzvera nokudzikamisa zvinopa simba pamusoro pezvirango zvehurumende, kugadza dare, uye kuronga mitemo zvinoratidza kuti dzikamo yesimba haitongowanikwi zvechigarire. Zvinoda kuvimbisana kwokushingaira navagari vemo, vaiti vemitemo, uye vatongi.

[[FLT: 0] Kuverenga kwakawedzera: kuwiriraniswa nezviwanikwa zvine chiremera kunogona kukudza nzwisiso yako. Terefita Constitution Center yeNational Constitution's nokuda kwetsinhiro parugwaro rumwe norumwe. Verenga [[FLT]][5]] Fiterastrist.[[FLT]] [[FFT:7]] paAvatectrogicrogist. Nokuda kwemie, ona [FLT:] .[FLT]