Kutanga: Nei Zvichikosha Kuti Simba Rive Nenzvimbo Yakadzikama

Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda mugadziriro yehurumende inoparadzira chiremera mumwero mitatu yakasiana: yomunzvimbomo, yehurumende, uye yehurumende. Ichi chivako, chakasimbiswa muBumbiro remitemo reU.S., chakagadzirirwa kudzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuunganidza simba rakanyanya nepo ichiva nechokwadi chokuti vagari vemo vane mikana mizhinji yokumirira neyokutsiva. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi vanodzidza hurumende yeAmerica, vanonzwisisa kuti mwero iyi inowirirana sei inokosha mukunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, kuti mabasa avose anopiwe sei, uye kuti zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinotapura sei upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Dzikanyo yesimba haisi murangariro wakabatana; inochinja nguva kupfurikidza nomutemo, dare, uye muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika, kuchiita rutivi rune simba uye runowanzo rwamatongero rweAmerica.

Vavaki veUnited States vakanga vachipanikira zvikuru chiremera chakaganhurirwa. Vaziva zvavakarangarira sevakanyengerwa mukutonga kweBritain, vakavaka gadziriro iyo inokamuranisa simba pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende yehurumende ndokumira pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende. Iyi gadziriro inoumbwa nemativi maviri, inozivikanwa sehurumende, inoparira gadziriro yakachinjika yechekedzo nedzikamo izvo zvinopfuurira kushanduka. Nhasi, kubatanidzwa pakati pomunzvimbomo, hurumende, uye hurumende dzehurumende kunoumba chinhu chiri chose kubva kumipimo yedzidzo uye mari yokufambisa kugadziriro dzoutano dzavanhu nemiraurongwa yemhoteredzo.

Kutangwa kweBumbiro reMitemo Rehurumende

Constitution yeUnited States inogadza gadziriro yokuparadzanisa masimba pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende.Chikamu I chinodudza masimba chaiwo akapiwa kuCongress, kubatanidza chiremera chokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, mari yemari, kuzivisa hondo, uye kutanga mahofisi epositi. Simba reTenth Amendment reSitement reSivirence risina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti kuvanhu. Uku kugoverwa kwesimba igwaro remitemo rouchangamire hwehurumende uye yave iri nhau yokududzirwa zvikuru neDare Gurusa.

Freparation inoshanda panheyo dzinoverengeka. , inobvumira Masimba ane nhamba ayo akarongwa zvakananga muBumbiro remitemo nokuda kwehurumende yehurumende. masimba anoshandiswa[[[FLT:]], anobva muMasimba anonyorwa [[[FLT:], anobva muMasangano anodiwa naManete naMadokero, anobvumira kuti Paramendiswa mitemo inodikanwa kuita mitoro yayo. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] ndiwo anochengetwa nehurumende, sechidzidzo chenyika, bhizimisi, mufambiro, zvisarudzo, uye kugadza hurumende dzomunzvimbomo. [FLT:] masimba enzvimbo dzinobatanidzwa namasimba ose ari maviri, kubatanidza kuvaka migwagwa, uye kuvaka migwagwa, kuvaka migwagwa, masangano ose ari maviri makuru.

Nokuda kwokunzverwa kukuru zvikuru pamusoro pokuti gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoumba sei simba rehurumende, Consitution Annoteated inobva muRaibhurari yeCongress inogovera kurangarirwa kune udzame kwenyaya imwe neimwe negadziridzo. Kunzwisisa idzi mavambo ebumbiro remitemo kunobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei nhau dzakati, kufanana nedzidzo kana kuti kuchengetwa kwomutemo, zviri Hurumende yomunzvimbomo zvikurukuru nemabasa apo dzimwe, kufanana nedziviriro yorudzi nokupinda munyika, zvichiwira kuhurumende yomubatanidzwa.

Hurumende Dzomunzvimbomo: Mutsetse Wakananga Webasa Ravose

Hurumende dzomunharaunda ndiwo mwero wehurumende iri pedyosa nevanhu. Dzinoita mabasa anoshanda nevagari vemo zuva nezuva, kubva pakuunganidzwa kwemarara uye kugadziridzwa kwemigwagwa kusvikira kudzidzo yavose. Kune mapoka ehurumende anopfuura 90 000 muUnited States, kusanganisira nhamba, maturazi, maruwa ezvikoro, uye maruwa chaiwo. Rudzi rumwe norumwe rune mitoro yakasiyana uye mabasa okutsigira mari, asi vose vanogoverana pfungwa imwe pamabasa anochinja upenyu hwenzanga zvakananga.

Rudzi uye mabasa eHurumende yemunzvimbomo

[[FLT: 0]] mativi ezviverengero [[[FLT: 1] anowanzova masangano makurusa ehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Vanoshandisa mitemo yehurumende pamwero womunzvimbomo, vanotarisira sarudzo, vanochengeta zvinyorwa zvavose, uye vanogovera mabasa akadai sokuita kuti mutemo utevedzerwe, matare, uye utano hwavanhu. [[[FLT:]]] nharaunda [FLT:] [FLT]] inzvimbo chaidzo dzinozvimirira, idzo dzinobatanidza maguta, mataundi, uye mishana, dzinogovera mabasa adzorwa adzoro akafanana nenzvimbo, mapurisa omunzvimbomo, dziviriro yemoto, mapaki, uye migove yemvura. [[FLT] , iyi mitero yemipiro yemitengo inodzorwa yemitengo]

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinowana chiremera chadzo kuhurumende dzenyika. Hurumende dzinoita hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nechata kana kuti mutemo wavose, uye dzinogona kudzichinja kana kuti kudzinyungudutsa. Ikoku kunoreva kuti kuzvitonga kwomunzvimbomo kunosiana zvikuru munyika. Dzimwe nyika dzinopa masimba makuru okutonga kwapamusha kumaguta uye kuverengera, dzichiabvumira kupfuura miraudzo nokutarisira zvinhu nedzokudzorwa nedzomubatanidzwa muduku wehurumende. Dzimwe dzinoisa ganhuriro dzorumano pachiremera chomunzvimbomo, dzichida kutenderwa kwehurumende nokuda kwezviito zvakati. Uku kupesana idikatanharo inokosha yeukama hwehurumende.

Zvinetso Zvokushandisa uye Zvemari

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinovimba zvikuru nemitero yenzvimbo, mitero yemari, uye kuchinjwa kwehurumende kunobva kumanyuko ehurumende nehurumende. Iyi gadziriro yokutsigira mari inoparira kusashanda zvakanaka kwemari. Mukati mokusashanda zvakanaka kwemari, mipimo yepfuma inoderera uye mari inotengeswa inoderera, inoshandiswa kubhadharwa kwemari dzomunzvimbomo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kudikanwa kwemitero sechengeteko yavose nebetsero dzenzanga kunowanzowedzera. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinotarisana nedenho yokugovera mabasa anokosha nemhindu yakaganhurirwa. Zvipo zvinobva kunyika nehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzinogona kubetsera, asi kazhinji kazhinji dzinouya nemitero, ichida kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dziwirirane nemiraudzo yakananga uye kushuma zvinodikanwa.

Hurumende: Vashandi Vehurumende Inosarudzwa Noruzhinji

Hurumende dzine nzvimbo huru mugadziriro yehurumende. Dzine chiremera chakafara pamusoro penhau dzisina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, uye dzinobatira segadziriro yokutanga yapamutemo neyoudzori yehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Mutongi Louis Brandeis anorondedzerwa nenzira yakakurumbira se "masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu," chitsama chinowana pfungwa iyo hurumende dzinogona kuedza nemiitiro yakasiana- siyana uye kudzidza kune imwe. Iri basa rokuedza rave richioneka munharaunda dzakadai sechinjo youtano, mutezo wemhoteredzo, kodzero dzokuvhotera, uye muitiro wedzidzo.

Mavambo Ehurumende yeHurumende

Hurumende imwe neimwe ine bumbiro rayo rimene rebumbiro remitemo, iro rinogadza chimiro chehurumende yayo. Kazhinji kazhinji, ikoku kunobatanidza bazu ravakuru vakuru rinotungamirirwa nagavhuna, bazu remitemo ringava rebumeral kana kuti risati rapinda muhurumende, uye bazi rinotonga. Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji akareba zvikuru uye ane udzame zvikuru kupfuura U.S. Constitution, inoratidzira ukuru hukurusa hwemitoro yehurumende nechishuvo chokutaura nezvezvine chokuita chakananga. Mamwe mabumbiro emitemo anobatanidza gadziriro dzehurumende yehurumende yakananga kupfurikidza nezviito, mahendendendium, uye kuyeuka zvisarudzo, zvinobvumira vagari vemo kuvhota zvakananga pamitemo nemitemo.

Hurumende [ ndivo vakuru vakuru vehurumende dzavo. Vanotarisira kushandiswa kwemitemo yenyika, vanokarakadza bhajeti, vanogadza vakuru vakuru, uye vane simba pamusoro pemitemo. Mitemo yemitemo [ inoita mitemo pamhatsa yakafara yenhau, kubatanidza ruramisiro yeutsotsi, dzidzo, uye utano. matare eruwa anodudzira mitemo nemitemo, uye zvisarudzo zvavo zvinogona kuva nemiuyo inokosha pakudzora kwomunzvimbomo nekodzero dzevanhu.

Nzvimbo Dzechiremera Chehurumende

Hurumende dzinoshandisa chiremera pamiganhu mizhinji yemiitiro. Dzidzo mutoro mukuru wehurumende nowomunzvimbomo, nokugadza mipimo yezvidzidzo, kutengesa vadzidzisi, uye kuparadzira mari kumaruwa ezvikoro. Utano hwavanhu ndiimwe nzvimbo huru, ine madhipatimendi outano, inotarisira mapurogiramu eMidiaid, uye kutungamirira zvipatara nekiriniki. Rwendo, kubatanidza migwagwa yehurumende nedzokufambisa vanhu, zvinova pasi pehurumende.

Gavhuna veNational Association inogovera nzvero nezviwanikwa pamusoro pomuitiro wehurumende, inosimbisa kuti nyika dzinotaura sei zvinetso zvinozivikanwa kupfurikidza nemitoo yakasiana------. Kupfurikidza nokufunda mitsva yenzvimbo yehurumende, vagadziri vemitemo navagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani izvo zvinoshanda nezvisingabviri munharaunda dzakasiana- siyana.

Hurumende Yenyika: Chiremera Chenyika uye Mutoro

Hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa masimba ehurumende anopiwa neBumbiro reMitemo, ane chiremera pamusoro penhau dzinotapura rudzi rwose zvarwo. Izvozvi zvinobatanidza dziviriro yorudzi, muitiro wokumwe, kutengeserana kwenyika, kutama, uye muitiro wemari. Hurumende yehurumende inoitawo basa guru munharaunda dzakadai sezvoutano, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, maruramiro avagari vemo, uye garikano kupfurikidza nesimba rayo rokushandisa nokudzora chiremera chehurumende.

Mapazi Matatu Esimba Rehurumende

. . Constitution inokamura hurumende yehurumende yehurumende kuva mapazi matatu. Conrer inoita mitemo, mitero, uye mari yakakodzera. Mutungamiriri wehurumende [[[FLT:] anodzika mitemo, anodzika mirau yeimwe nyika, uye anoraira kuti mauto echiuto ashande. [[FLT:] matare ehurumende [[FLT] anodudzira mitemo uye anohwirudzura pamutemo wayo. Uku kuparadzana kwesimba kunovimbisa kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rigone kunzvera dzimwe, kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi risingadzori kudzorodzo yehurumende. Chimiro chimwe chetechinoshanda kumukano chapakati pesimba rehurumende nehurumende.

Kutsigira Nokupesvedzera Kwemari

Chimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa chinoshandiswa nehurumende yehurumende negadziriro yomunzvimbomo isimba rayo rokushandisa. Kupfurikidza nerokupa mari, hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari nokuda kwepurogiramu dzakadai seMedicaid, kuvaka mumugwagwa mukuru, dzidzo yavose, uye yamuro yengwavaira. ] Chipo chinobatsira[[[FLT:]] chinobatsira kugadzira mapurogiramu azvo mumirayiridzo yakafara. Kubatsira kunoita kuti nyika dzide kushandisa mari nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakananga uye kuwirirana nemipimo yomubatanidzwa. [[FLT:]

Hurumende yehurumende inogadzawo mipimo miduku iyo nyika dzinofanira kusangana munharaunda dzakadai sevara remhoteredzo, kotsekano yebasa, uye maruramiro avagari vemo. Nyika dzakasununguka kugadza mipimo yorumano zvikuru, asi hadzigoni kuwira pasi pouriri hwehurumende. Ikoku kunoparira dziviriro nokuda kweAmerica dzose nepo kuchibvumira hurumende kuwirirana nemitemo yemigariro yomunzvimbomo.

Ukama Hwehurumende Hunopindirana: Kushandira Pamwe Nokupesana

Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzinobatanidza kushandira pamwe, dzichida kushandira pamwe pamwe chete mumitemo yose.

Kushanda Kwoukama Hwokushandira Pamwe

Kofetifeya inoreva muenzaniso umo mwero yose yehurumende inoshanda pamwe chete kupedza zvinetso zvakarovedzeka. Iyi nzira yakava yakatanhamara mukati menhambo yeNew Deal uye yakapfuurira muzvimiro zvakasiana - siana. Mienzaniso inobatanidza batira pamwe kuvaka nokuchengeta Interstate Highway System, kuita pamwe chete kungwavaira dzomusikirwo kupfurikidza neFederal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), uye nhamburiko dzinobatira pamwe dzokuvandudza basa rechikoro mumipimo yehurumende yokuzvidavirira.

Ngwavaira dzoutano dzavose dzinowanzoenzanisira kushanda kwehurumende nesimba rayo gurusa. Mukati medenda reCOVID-19, masangano ehurumende akadai seCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) akabudisa nhungamiro, nepo nyika nenzvimbo dzakaita ganhuriro dzakaiswa, kuparadzira nhomba, uye kutarisirwa kwechipatara. Mhinduro yacho yakanga isiri nguva dzose yakapfava, asi nhevedzano yebatira pamwe yakanga iri pachena. Nenzira yakafanana, ngwavaira pashure pemadututututunhu, mazarira, uye mafashamo zvinoda chiito chinotsinhiraniswa navapi vomunzvimbomo, masangano okutarisira mamiriro ezvinhu enjodzi ehurumende, uye gadziriro dzeyamuro.

Kusawirirana Nekakavadzano

Nepo batira pamwe ichizivikanwa, rwisano dzinomukawo. Kupesana pamusoro pehurumende, mari, uye zvinhu zvokutanga zvinogona kuparira kusawirirana pakati pemwero yehurumende. Nhosvo dzinoitika apo hurumende yehurumende inokunda mitemo yehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji yakavakirwa pachiremera chayo chebumbiro remitemo pamusoro pezvokutengeserana zvenyika. Somuenzaniso, mitemo yehurumende pamusoro pembanje nezvokubuda munyika yave iri pakati penharo, nemitevero yehurumende inodenha dare.

Mirayiro isina kutenderwa ndiimwe manyuko erwisano. apo hurumende yehurumende yehurumende inoda nyika kana kuti nzvimbo kuita zviito zvakati pasina kugovera mari yakakwana, inogona kudzvinyirira bhajeti yomunzvimbomo ndokuparira pfundepfunde. Mandaides Reform Act ya1995 yakatsvaka kupedza chinetso ichi kupfurikidza nokuraira kuti Congress aone ndyiko dzemirayiro isati yazviisa, asi nhau yacho inopfuurira kubuda mugakavadzano pamusoro pemirairo yemhoteredzo, mipimo yedzidzo, uye mitemo yokuvhota.

Apo masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika akasiyana - siyana anodzora mwero yakasiana - siana yehurumende, batira pamwe ingava yakaoma zvikuru.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Munzanga

Nharo dzinoverengeka dzazvino uno dzinoratidzira shanduka inopfuurira yedzikamo yesimba. Marijuana pamutemo[ muenzaniso wakatanhamara. Chiverengero chinokura chehurumende chakanyoresa mbanje nokuda kwokushandiswa kwezvokurapa kana kuti varaidzo, kunyange zvazvo isati ichiri pamutemo pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Iyi rwisano yakaparira kusazivana kwapamutemo kwemabhizimisi, mabhangi, uye vatengi, uye yakasunda kuraira chinjo yehurumende. Chinonzvera ganhuriro chehurumende nerongedzero dzemirimo yehurumende.

Kudzora kwendangariro[[[FLT: 1] ndiimwe nharaunda yerwisano. United States kufanana neCalifornia yakagamuchira mipimo yenzwisiso yokubudisa nesimba rakachena nezvinodikanwa zvesimba, pane dzimwe nguva murairo mukuru wehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende yakakurudzira nokudenha nenzira inopesana nhamburiko dzehurumende, kuchitsamira pakutarisira. Muuyo ibasa rakaganhurirwa remiraudzo iyo inoratidzira kusawirirana pakati porudzi nokuedza kwehurumende.

Muitiro wokutarisira noutano [[FLT: 1] unopfuurira kuparira kusawirirana kwehurumende. Afford Care Act yakakudza Medicaid nemari yehurumende, asi dzimwe nyika dzakasarudza kusakudza mapurogiramu adzo, kuparira mikaha. Nhamburiko dzenzanga dzokuvandudza tarisiro yezvoutano dzakasangana nemhinduro dzakasiana-- siyana kubva kunyika, kuvambira pakuita kwembavara kusvikira kuzvinetso zvepamutemo. Ikoku kunosimbisa chinetso chokushandisa muitiro worudzi mugadziriro umo masangano ane chisarudzo chinokosha.

Muitiro wokudzidzisa [ unoratidzirawo kusunda nokukweva kwehurumende. The All Students Foundes Act (ESA) ya 2015 yakadzorera chiremera chinokosha pamusoro pemipimo yedzidzo kudzimwe nyika, ichitsiva utariri hwehurumende hwakawanda hwakanga hwave huripo pasi poNo Child Led Bend. United States zvino ine chidzoreso chikuru mukugadza nharidzano negadziriro dzokuzvidavirira, asi ivo vanotarisanawo nedzvinyiriro inopfuurira kubva kuzvinodikanwa zvemari nekariro zvavanhu vose.

Basa Rematare

judiary inoita basa rinokosha mukurondedzera miganhu yehurumende. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakabudisa zvisarudzo zvechiratidzo panhau dzakadai seChommerce Claus, uchangamire hwehurumende, uye ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende. Mumiganhu yakadai se United States v. Lopez[[FLT] [1995] [FLT] [] [FLT] [] Print] Printz v. United States [1997], Dare rakaganhurira muganhu wechiremera chehurumende, rinosimbisa hurumende. Munhau dzakawanda dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura, Dare rakataura nhau dzakafanana nokuiswa kwokutama, kodzero dzokuvhotera, uye utano, kazhinji nemirangariro inokamurwa pamusoro pedzikamo yedzikano yesimba rakafanira.

Mazano Anoshanda Okubatanidzwa Kwechikwata

Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi, kunzwisisa dzikamo yesimba hakusi kungoshandisa kwedzidzo. Kune revo dzinoshanda nokuda kwebvumirano yavagari vemo. Kuziva mwero wehurumende ine mutoro wenhau yakati kunobetsera vagari vemo kutungamirira mufambiro wavo wezvokugona. Kana nzanga ichida kuvandudza zvikoro zvomunzvimbomo, dare rechikoro nedhipatimendi redzidzo ndizvo zvinoumba zvisarudzo zvinokosha. Kana hurumende iri kurangarira mutemo mutsva wemhoteredzo, chivako chapamutemo negavhuna ndizvo zvinopfuudzirwa nehurumende. Kana mutezo wehurumende uri mungozi, mitezo yeDare rechikoro naPrezidhesi wedzidzo ndizvo vatambi vakuru.

Vagari vanogona kutora rutivi mutsika kupfurikidza nokuvhota murusarudzo rwomunzvimbomo, rwehurumende, kupinda misangano yavose, kuonana navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, uye kubatira pamapuranga nemirairo. Kunzwisisa mashoko akapoteredza ehurumende kunoita kuti uku kutora rutivi kuve kwakanangidzirwa zvikuru uye kunobudirira. USA. goval inopa nhungamiro pamusoro pokuti ungabata sei nehurumende pamwero yose, inogovera pfundo rokutanga nokuda kwaavo vanoda kuva vanobatanidzwa zvikuru.

mhedziso

Dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, dzehurumende, uye dzehurumende idivi raro rutivi runorondedzera rwehurumende yeAmerica. Inoumba nzira iyo mitemo inoitwa nayo, mashandisirwe anoitwa nayo, uye kuti vagari vemo vanobatirana nayo nehurumende yavo. Gadziriro yacho haisati iri nguva dzose inoshanda kana kuti inotsinhirana, asi gadziriro yayo inoratidzira chisarudzo chamaune chokuparadzira chiremera uye kudzivirira simba rakarongwa. Nokunzwisisa mibato neukama zvehurumende imwe neimwe, vadzidzi navadzidzisi vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuva nomugariro wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Dzikamo yesimba harisi nzvimbo yakatemwa; ikurukurirano inopfuurira pamusoro pomunhu anosarudza uye nzira iyo zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nayo murudzi rwakasiana - siyana uye rune simba.