Federalist Papers inopfuura zvikuru muunganidzwa wamapepa ezvamatongerwe enyika egumi namasere ezana namakumi masere. Iwo marongerwo mararamire egadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yeAmerica yakarongedzerwa kuti irambe iri yakarurama, inozvidavirira, uye mumazana amakore. Yakanyorwa pasi pepodifini "Publicas," idzi rondedzero dzine makumi masere neshanu dzakabudiswa pakati paOctober 1787 naAugust 1788 kuvaka tsigiro yavose nokuda kwokusimbisa United States Constitution. Zvibvumikiso zvavo pamusoro pomugariro wesimba, kudikanwa kwesimba, uye dziviriro yorusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe zvinopfuurira kuumba kuti vagadziri vemitemo, vatongi, uye vagari vemo vanodudzira chinyorwa chenheyo cheAmerica.

Nguva Yenhau Iri Mumapeji

Kushandiswa kweBumbiro reMitemo kwakanga kusiri kwechokwadi. Zvikamu zveConfederation, gwaro rokutanga rinodzora renyika, zvakanga zvabvumikisa kuva zvisina kusimba zvikuru zvokuchengeta nhevedzano, kudzora kutengeserana, kana kuti kudzivirira nyika. Nhevedzano yezvinoitika(kubva kuRupanduko rweShays kurwisa zviremera zveruwa) yakajeka kuti gadziriro yehurumende yakasimba zvikuru yakanga inodikanwa. Asi maAmerica akawanda, matsva mukuputsa madzimambo, aitya kuti hurumende huru yaizotungamirira kuudzvinyiriri.

Muiyi mhanza yakaipa yakapinza Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, naJohn Jay. Hamilton vakaronga chirongwa ndokunyora ruzhinji rwenhau (mukwirira wamakumi maviri nenhinine naJay mashanu. Kubatira pamwe kwavo kwakanga kunoshamisa: varume vatatu vaimirira nyika dzakasiana - siana uye vakanga vane uzivi hwakasiana - siana hwwwww, bva ivo vakabatana panharidzano imwe: vachitsanangura chikonzero nei Bumbiro reMitemo rinokarakadzwa raizochengeta rusununguko panzvimbo pokuriparadza.

Nhetembo dzacho dzakabudiswa mumapepanhau eNew York mudzvinyiriro huru yenguva, kazhinji kazhinji pamwero wenhau nhatu kana kuti ina pavhiki asi dzakanga dzisiri mashoko edzidzo, ekurumidziro, anonyengetedza anonangidzirwa kuruzhinji rusina chokwadi.iyi donzo rinopa pepa simba raro rakasiana. rondedzero imwe neimwe inopa chirambidzo chakananga kana kuti inotsanangura rutivi rwakati rweBumbiro remitemo, kubva pakudikanwa kwomutungamiriri mumwe kusvikira kugadziriro yeDare nebasa rejaji.

Hondo Yokudzivirira Kupinda Muropa uye Basa Remapepa Rakakodzera

New York yakanga iri nharaunda yehondo yakakomba. Masimba eAnti-Federalist aiva akasimba, akatungamirirwa naGavhuna George Clinton. Federalist Papers yakarongedzerwa kudzongonyedza kokorodzano yehurumende, yaizosarudza kubatana kwenzvimbo. Kunyange zvazvo asina kudzosa noruoko rumwe vhoti . New York pakupedzisira yakatenderwa ne 30 ne27 padivi pondices. Mapepa acho akava tsananguro yakakwana yematemerwo eBumbiro remitemo. Akabudiswazve mune dzimwe nyika uye akataurwa nenhume mumagakava avo. Muchigumi ramakore, vaizivikanwa setsinhiro dzinobvumwaratirwa parevo yeBumbiro reMiteo.

Nhasi, muunganidzwa wakazara unowanika paIndaneti kupfurikidza ne Ritariri yeCongress, iyo inobatanidza shanduro dzakanyorwa mumapepanhau apakuvamba. Uku kuwanikwa kunovimbisa kuti zvikamu zvenheyo zvinoramba zviri rutivi rwehurukuro yavose, kwete nhau yekirasi dzezvikoro zvemitemo.

Kukurudzira Kuongorora uye Kudzikamisa

Pfungwa imwe inokosha zvikurusa muFederalist Papers igadziriro yokunzvera nedzinodzikama. Vagadziri vakanzwisisa kuti hunhu hwakashata; seizvo Madison akanyora nenzira yakakurumbira mu Fiterast Nhaka. 51, "Kuda kukunda chinzvimbo. Iyi nheyo ndiyo fandesheni yehurumende yakarurama. Hapana bazi rimwe rinogona kuunganidza simba rakakwana rokuita nenzira inodzvinyirira nemhaka yokuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rine zvose zviri zviviri mutoo nevavariro yokudzivisa dzimwe.

Nhetembo dzinotsanangura kuti izvi zvinoshanda sei. Bazu remitemo (Coreff) rinogadzira mitemo, asi purezidhendi anogona kuiisa mumitemo. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anomanikidzira mitemo, asi mutongi anogona kuiputsa seasina murairo. Dare rinogona kuzivisa ndokubvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru navatongi. Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi, asi Dare rinovanza kuti ive nesimba apo simba rinoramba richiongororwa, uye hapana sangano rinogona kushanda pasina utarisiri.

Federal Mustrist N. 51, ichitaurazve kuti kuparadzana kwamasimba kunodzivirirawo sei mapoka maduku. "Kana vazhinjisa vakabatanidzwa nefariro imwe cheteyo," Madison anonyora, "kodzero dzavashoma dzichava dzisina kukotsekana." Kupfurikidza nokukamura simba kwete bedzi pakati pamapazu matatu asiwo pakati pehurumende dzehurumende, Bumbiro reMitemo rinoparira mirwi mizhinji yedziviriro. Iyi pane dzimwe nguva inonzi "chengeteko yakapetwa kaviri." Mapepa anoita kuti chiitiko chokuti kuoma kwakadaro kuve chive chiputsi asi rutivi rwakagadzirirwa namaune kuchengetedza ruramisiro.

Munyorero Wezvemari Nhamba 10: Kudzora Chokwadi

Hapana kurukurirano yeruramisiro inogona kufuratira Federal Federal Purst No. 10, umo Madison anobata chinetso chamapoka(mapoka anosundwa nefariro yavose ingatsika maruramiro avamwe. Iye anotaura kuti republic huru iri nani chaizvoizvo kupfuura duku pakudzora mapoka. Mundima huru, fariro zhinji dzinokwikwikwidzana dzichanzvera nenzira yomuzvarirwo, dzichikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti dare rimwe ripi neripi ritove simba. Iyi yakanga iri mhindu. Yakashora zvakananga Anti-Federalist inotaura kuti mariphabliki maduku bedzi, masangano anorwisana namapoka angagona kuchengeta rusununguko.

Kurangarira kwaMadison kunoramba kwakakodzera nhasi. Kupesana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwazvino uno kwakaparira mapoka makuru epfungwa, bva gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yakakurira idzi dzvinyiriro murutivi nemhaka yedziviriro dzezvivako Madison. Federalist Papers inogovera gadziriro yerondedzero yenzwisiso yokuti nei tsika yeU.S., namasimba ayo akakamuraniswa nasarudzo zvinokatyamadza, zvinoshivirira mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri hweidi.

Mupepeti Nha. 78: judiciary yeIndependent

Hurumende yakanaka inodawo dare risingasaruri. MuFederali N. 78, Hamilton anoita mhaka nokuda kwokuzvitonga kwokutonga, kubatanidza kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose kwavatongi vehurumende. Iye anotaura kuti matare "ane ngozi duku" nemhaka yokuti haadzori munondo kana kuti chikwama, rutongeso bedzi. Asi simba rawo rokuzivisa mitemo isina kutongwa rinokosha nokuda kwokudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga. Simba iri, rinozivikanwa sehwirudzuro yedare, harina kunyorwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo asi rakaratidzirwa negadziriro yeSangano RaHamilton.

Kuzvimirira kwedare redzimhosva kudzivirira zvakananga pakusaruramisira. Apo mapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika anonyengedzwa, vagari vemo vanogona kutendeukira kumatare kuti vareveredze maruramiro avo ebumbiro remitemo. Federalist Papers inotsanangura kuti iri basa rinoshanda bedzi kana vatongi vakadzivirirwa padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kusarudza ikoko (h____aposel awiriranwa nomufambiro wakanaka) kunoramba kuri shongwe yetsika yeruramisiro yeAmerica.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Nerusununguko

Chirambidzo chaizivikanwa navose kuBumbiro reMitemo panguva yokuparadza chakanga chiri chokuti rakanga risina mutongo wekodzero. Anti-Federalist yakataura kuti pasina vimbiso dzakajeka, hurumende yehurumende pakupedzisira yaizodzvinyirira vanhu. Federalist Papers yakapindura nemhedziso yakaoma. Hamilton, muFederalist No. 84, inopikisa kuti mutemo wekodzero hausati uri bedzi usiri madikanwa asi une ngozi zvikuru. Nemhaka yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa masimba anongodudzwa bedzi, hurumende haina chiremera chokudzongodzosa kodzero dzisina kurongwa. Kuwedzera ndaza, Hamilton, kungatorwa kuratidzira kuti maruramiro api naapi anogona kurongwa.

Iyi tsinhiro haina kuva nezuva(h) gadziridzo gumi dzokutanga dzakawedzerwa nokukurumidza pashure pokunge dzaitwa kuti dziitwe. Asi kurangarira kweFederalst kuchiri kuoneka. Inosimbisa nheyo yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo igwaro rakaganhurirwa, rakapiwa. Hurumende inogona kuita bedzi izvo Bumbiro remitemo rinobvumira. Iyi pfungwa chishandiso chine simba chokudzivirira rusununguko. Kana hurumende ichiita kupfuura masimba ayo anodudzwa, vagari vemo vanogona kudenha chiito ichocho mudare.

Basa Rouchangamire Hwakakurumbira

Mumwe musoro mukuru mumapepa ndewokuti hurumende yapamutemo inowana chiremera chayo mukubvumira kwavadzorwi. Federalist Papers inosimbisa yasimbisazve kuti Bumbiro reMitemo harisi mutongo wesimba rinobva kunyika asi kuratidzirwa kwakananga kwekuda kwavanhu. Kutanga kunotanga "Isu Vanhu" nokuda kwechikonzero. Iyi fandesheni youchangamire hwakakurumbira inovimbisa kuti hurumende inoramba ichizvidavirira kuvagari vemo vainoshanda. Mitemo, miganhu, uye kuparadzana kwemasimba ose zvinofamba kubva munheyo iyi inokosha.

Mapepa acho anotaurawo kuti chimiro chokumirira chinodzivisa sei kusaruramisira.Mune republic huru, vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vanofanira kukwidziridza mubatanidzwa mukuru wefariro. aya masimba anobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira uye ane mwero, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti sangano ripi neripi riise kuda kwaro parasara. Gadziriro yacho yakarongedzerwa kuparira miuyo yakanaka kwete kupfurikidza nokutsamira pachimiro chavatungamiriri asi kupfurikidza nokupinza chimiro chendangariro chendangariro nekuva nevavariro yechako mukwikwidzano inovaka.

Mutungamiriri Wehurumende Nha. 10 uye Kudzivirirwa Kwamaruramiro Ezvinhu

Pakati pekodzero idzo mapepa anosimbisa idziviriro yezvinhu. Madison anotaura kuti chinhu chokutanga chehurumende kudzivirirwa kwemano akasiyana- siyana uye asina kuenzana okuwana zvinhu. Ikoku hakurevi kuti hurumende iripo kupfumisa vapfumi; panzvimbo pezvo, kunoreva kuti hurumende yakarurama inofanira kudzivirira kodzero yomunhu mumwe nomumwe yokufarikanya zvibereko zvebasa ravo pasina kutora mutengo. Iyi nheyo inoisa chibvumirano chebumbiro remitemo, kutora chikamu chemashoko, uye muitiro wakafanira. Ivo vanobatira sedziviriro mukurwisana norudzi rwekusaruramisira kwezvemari uko kunogona kumuka apo voruzhinji vanoshandisa simba rehurumende kuparadzira pfuma kuvaduku.

Kutsungirira Kufurirwa Nehurumende Dzazvino Uno

Mapepa eFederalist Pepa anodudzwa nemitemo yeDare Rapamusorosoro kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru kupfuura mamwe manyuko api naapi okududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunze kweBumbiro remitemo rimene. Anoshandiswa kunzwisisa revo yapakuvamba yegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, kupedza mativi anokosha, uye kushandisa nheyo dzakavakirwa kumigariro mitsva. Nhau dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pamusoro penhau dzakasiana sesimba rapurezidhendi, kubvisa mimba, Hurumende, uye ganhuriro dzechiremera chesangano zvose zvakanokora mashoko mapepa.

Somuenzaniso, mu Printz v. United States (1997), iyo yakaputsa mutemo wehurumende unoraira mutemo wehurumende kuti uite nzvero dzekare, Mutongi Antonin Scalia akatsamira zvikuru paFederalst No. 78 nemamwe mapepa okupikisa kuti Dare rinodzivisa hurumende kutungamirira hurumende. Mu S v.[FLT]S.ha. [1913]], Dare rakadudza mapepa mukurovanya pasi peGiviti reGiviko, richisimbisazve nheyo iyo Congresslset isingagoni kushandisa simba roumbia. Iyi mienzaniso inoratidza kuti mapepa haasati ari mapepa enhau anotungamirira enhau asi mapepa anotonga.

Mapepa anoumbawo magadzirire anoita vagadziri vemitemo. Pakugadzira mitemo mitsva, matare esangano anowanzonongedzera kuFederal Papers kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvikarakadzo zvavo zvinoremekedza kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba. Vakuru vakuru vebazu vanotungamirirwa vanoshandisa kunzwisisa ukuru hwechiremera chapurezidhendi. Uye vadzidzisi vanozvishandisa kudzidzisa vadzidzi pamusoro pouzivi hwehurumende yeAmerica. National Archives ine chikamu chakatsaurirwa nokuda kweFederalist Papers, vachisimbisa chimiro chavo chakaenzana parutivi peBumbiro remitemo neDeclaration of Independetion sezvinyorwa zvinokosha.

Mapepa Sechishandiso Chedzidzo Yemibatanidzwa

Munhambo yemapoka ezvematongerwe enyika, Federalist Papers inopa mashoko akagoveranwa okukurukura nawo kudzora. Inoyeuchidza vagari vemo kuti vakanga vasiri vatarisiri vasina ungwaru pamusoro pomusikirwo womunhu. Ivo vakavaka gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kushanda kunyange apo vanhu vanenge vane udyire, mapoka anorwadza, uye simba rinoshatiswa. Kunzwisisa iyi gadziriro kunobetsera vagari vemo kuti vasazvida kuzvidavirira. Mapepa anodzidzisa kuti ruramisiro haisati iri inozviitika; inoda kugadziridzwa kwenguva dzose kupfurikidza namashandiro echekero, marusarudzo, uye kuhwirudzura dare.

Zvikoro zvakawanda zvesekondari nekoreji zvinoda kuti vadzidzi varave rondedzero dzakasarudzwa. Federal list No. 10 naA. 51 ndemamwe magwaro anopiwa zvikurusa muvagari veAmerica. Idzi rondedzero dzinodzidzisa kufunga kwokutsoropodza pamusoro pokuti masangano anoguma sei. Anogoverawo musiyano wenhau umo mirau yapanguva ino ino inopesana nechinjo yebumbiro remitemo. Kana nhau iri miganhu yenhambo renhimbe, mari yenhimbe, kana kuti simba rechiremera, mapepa anopa gadziriro yakakomba yemiitiro yetsika.

Pesvedzero Yenyika Yose

Pesvedzero yeFederalist Papers inotambanukira kupfuura United States. Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo munyika dzakadai seIndia, Germany, South Africa, uye Brazil vakafunda rondedzero nokuda kwenzwisiso mukuvaka masangano edemokrasi akatsiga. Pfungwa yecheki nedzinoyera, kushandiswa kwebumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa, uye pfungwa yokuongorora dare yave ichigamuchirwa namarudzi akawanda. Mapepa anoshanda sebhuku renyika yose nokuda kwegadziriro yehurumende yakaganhurirwa. Constitution Constitution Center yeNational Center inogovera zviwanikwa zvinonzvera iyi pesvedzero yenyika yose, inoratidza kuti zvibvumikiso zvamatevei anoramba sei zviri madikanwa muzana ramakore ramakumi maviri.

Mugumisiro: Chikonzero Nei Mapepa Anoumbwa Nehurumende Achiri Anokosha Nokuda Kwokururama Neruramisiro

Mapepa eFederalist haasi asingakanganisi. Anoratidzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwenhambo yavo, kubatanidza kugamuchirwa kwouranda nokubviswa kwavakadzi mukutora rutivi mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Bva nheyo dzavanotara (kurongwa kwemasimba, kunzvera uye kudzikama, kuzvimirira kwokutonga, hurumende yakaganhurirwa, uchangamire hwakakurumbira humene hwakabvumira Bumbiro remitemo kugadziriswa uye kutsanangurwazve kwenguva yakati kuti ritambanudzire maruramiro kuna avo vakabviswa pakuvamba. Mapepa anotsanangura mubatanidzwa wehurumende yakagadzirirwa kuva yakanaka neyakarurama, asi anorevawo kuti ruramisiro inoda kungwarira kusingagumi.

Apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kurangarira kuri seri kwokuparadzana kwemasimba, ivo vanoshongedzerwa zviri nani kuziva apo bazu rinodarika miganhu yaro. Apo vanonzwisisa mufungo wokuhwirudzura kwokutonga, vanonzwisisa chikonzero nei matare achifanira kuramba akazvimirira. Apo vanoona kuti mapoka anodzorwa sei mukati mehurumende huru inotonga, vanonzwisisa uchenjeri hwegadziriro inonyandura fariro dzinokwikwidzana kukurukura. Federalist Papers inogovera nheyo youchenjeri nokuda kwechibvumirano, muzivi anoziviswa wevagari vemo wehurumende inoramba iri yakarurama uye yakarurama nokuda kwavose.