Hwaro Hwefambiro Yakafanira: Hunopfuura Unyanzvi Hwepamutemo

Muitiro wakafanira haisi nheyowo zvayo yemitemo; chipikirwa chipenyu chokuti hurumende ichabata munhu ari wose zvakarurama. Yakavakirwa muMitemo yeChishanu neMinei yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. inoshanda senhoo yokudzivisa simba risingafungidziri. Findth Amendment inoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, ichizivisa kuti hapana munhu acha “zvidzwa noupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Hurumende ye145th Amendment inopa dziviriro imwe cheteyo kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo.

Kunzwisisa muitiro wakafanira kunoda kuziva mapazi ayo maviri akasiana: mapazu echimuko neaduku. Procracy yeitiro hanya yomuitiro wakafanira ine chokuita nemuitiro wakafanira how[[[FLT:]]] [[[FLT:]]] [[[FLT]]]] .[FLT]]] .[FLT]]][5] inodzivirira hurumende inofanira kutevera isati yadzora mamiriro ezvinhu okuzvisarudzira. [FLT:] Mapazu ose ari maviri]] ZVINE miuyo inoparira miuyo mikuru muupenyu.

Zvinodiwa Nevanhu: Kutamba Zvakanaka Kunotonga

Projectation muitiro wakafanira unovimbisa kuti apo hurumende inoita chiito mukurwisana nomunhu, inoita saizvozvo kupfurikidza nechemberi, uye muitiro unoyera. Zvinodikanwa zvikuru (] notice, ] kunzwika [, uye mugadziri wechisarudzo [] haisi zvinangwa zvefungidziro. Zvinoshandisa zuva riri rose mumiganhuro inobva kudare remigwagwa kuenda kumbiriso yezvizvarwa zvavagari vemo.

Somuenzaniso, hurumende isati yagumisa kodzero dzekodzero yokuchengeta mwana dzomubereki, inofanira kuzivisa mubereki wacho ndokuabvumira kupa ufakazi nezvapupu.

  • Nounice: Hurumende inofanira kukuzivisa nezvepomero dzakananga kana kuti zviito zvinoitirwa iwe, noudzame hwakakwana kugadzirira dziviriro.
  • [[FOLT: 0] Ufakazi hunofanira kunzwiwa: Unofanira kuva nebanza rine revo rokupa rutivi rwako, kubatanidza zvapupu zvinodana, kusuma ufakazi, uye vapomeri vanopomeri vanogura.
  • dare redare risingasaruri: Mutongi kana kuti mukuru mukuru anonzwa anofanira kuva asina wirirano uye asina mhindu yomunhu oga kana kuti yemari mumuuyo.

Dare rePamusoro peUnited States rakatanga muedzo wakapfava wokuziva kuti muitiro upi uri madikanwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akapiwa, kudzikamisa fariro yomunhu oga yakatapurwa, ngozi yokushaiwa kwezvikanganiso, uye fariro yehurumende mukuita zvakanaka. Mathews v. Eldridge [1997], Dare rakarangarira kuti kunzwa kwakazara hakudikanwi nguva dzose; mwero wegadziriro inotsamira pamashoko akapoteredza. Iyi nzira inovimbisa kuti muitiro wakafanira hausi mupimo mumwe wezvikwaniso-se asi unogadzirirwa kudzivirira maruramiro apo ivo vanokosha zvikurusa.

Muitiro Wakafanira: Kudzivirira Rusununguko Runokosha

Muitiro wakafanira wakakomba unopfuura muitiro wokudzivirira maruramiro makuru akati kuti kubva mukudzongonyedza kwehurumende() kunyange zvazvo muitiro wacho wakarurama sei. Dare Rapamusoro rakadudzira Iwenati Amendment kudzivirira rusununguko urwo “rwakavakirwa zvikuru munhau yeRudzi urwu negamuchidzanwa.” Irworwu runobatanidza:

  • Kupinda murunyararo - kubatanidza roorano yamarudzi ( kubuda v. Virginia, 1967) uye roorano imwe cheteyo yechiidzo ([[FLT:]4]] Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015).
  • Kururama nokurera vana [ – kubatanidza zvisarudzo pamusoro pokudzivisa kubereka nokuvharwa kubereka.
  • kukutendeseka kwomuviri – kubatanidza maruramiro okuramba kurapwa.
  • Kururamira kuvata oga muukama hwapedyo – kubatanidza mufambiro wevatano wavakuru ( Lawrence v. Texas[[FLT]], 2003]).

Muitiro wakafanira unowanzomutsa nharo nemhaka yokuti kunoda matare kusarudza kuti ikodzero dzipi dziri “dzamanyuko.” Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti vatongi vangapfuura kupfurikidza nokuravira maruramiro muBumbiro remitemo risina kutaurwa zvakajeka. Vatsigiri vanopupurira kuti vimbiso dzeBumbiro remitemo dzinofanira kushanduka kuti dzidzivirire rusununguko munguva dzinochinja. Pasinei zvapo nekurukurirano yacho, muitiro wakafanira wave uri mukuru kumbiri dzekukunda kwamaruramiro avagari vemo anokosha zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica.

“Muitiro unowirirana womutemo ivimbiso yebumbiro remitemo inodzivisa hurumende kunyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu pasina kutevera miitiro yapamutemo inoruramisira neyakagadzwa. Idziviriro pachiito chehurumende chekuzvidira uye chisina mufungo.” — [ Cornell Information Institute

Kufambira Mberi Kunotarisirwa Mugadziriro Yeruramisiro Yeutsotsi

Tsika yeruramisiro youtsotsi ndiyo uko dziviriro dzakafanira dzinooneka zvikurusa(uye yakakomba zvikurusa. Hurumende painopomera mumwe munhu mhaka, mapango anobatanidza rusununguko, mukurumbira, uye pane dzimwe nguva upenyu humene. Muitiro wakafanira wedare unovimbisa kuti mupomerwi haasati achibatwa sechinhuwo zvacho chesimba rehurumende.

Kodzero Yezano Nomuedzo Wakanaka

Chinoitika chechiratidzo chenhau Gideon v. Wainwright (663) chakasimbisa kuti maruramiro eSingth Amendment okupa zano anoshanda kuzviitiko zvehurumende kupfurikidza neMhenderero ye 144. Ikoku kunoreva mukwiri upi noupi anotarisana nemhosva dzakakomba dzoutsotsi dzisingagoni kupa gweta mumwe pandyiko yavose. Pamberi pa [[FLT]] Gideon[[], vapomeriki vazhinji vakamanikidzirwa kuzvimirira vamene, kuchiguma nemhosva dzakatambudzwa uye zvitendero zvisina kururama.

Kutongwa kwedare kunoratidzawo kuti munhu anozvida kuzvidavirira. Kuongorora kwakavanzika kunoita kuti vanhu vabatwe zvisina kunaka, nepo kutaura pachena kuchibvumira nzanga kucherechedza kana ruramisiro iri kuitwa. Yakabatanidzwa nekodzero yokutarisana neZvapupu uye kudzivirira, izvi zvinodzivirira zvinoita kuti pave negadziriro yokuti kuva nemhaka kunofanira kubvumikiswa kusingarambiki zvine musoro, kwete kungofungidzirwa.

Kudzivirirwa Pakuzvishora: Miranda Kodzero

Vagari vemo vazhinji vanoziva nyevero yakarovedzeka: “Une maruramiro okunyarara. Chipi nechipi chaunotaura chinogona kushandiswa mukurwisana newe mudare.” Asi nhau iri shure Miranda v. Arizona (66) inopfuura manyoro. Ernesto Miranda akawanwa ane mhaka yokubiwa nokubatwa kwavanhu nokubatwa chibharo kwakavakirwa zvikurukuru parevo pashure pamaawa maviri okubvunzurudzwa kwamapurisa pasina kuudzwa nezvekodzero dzake. Dare Rapamusoro rakachinja kupwirira kwake, richitonga kuti dziviriro yeFindmerment inorwisana nokuzvitonga kunoda kuzivisa mapurisa kodzero dzavo pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa.

Zvinorehwa: Kana ukasungwa ndokubvunzurudzwa pasina kurava kodzero dzako dzeMiranda, kutaura kupi nokupi kwaunoita kungadziviswa pakutonga.Murayiro uyu unodzivisa nzira dzemapurisa dzinoshanda pamwe chete uye unopa vanhu simba rokuita zvisarudzo zvokuziva kuti votaura here kana kuti kwete.

Kutonga Kwougamba Nokutsvaka

Gadziriro inoita kuti pave neganhuriro dzemapurisa pamberi pokutongwa.Foursement inodzivirira kunzvera kusina mufungo uye pfari, inoda vakuru vakuru kuwana rugwaro rwakavakirwa pachingabvira pamberi pokunzvera musha kana kuti zvinhu. Kana ufakazi hukawanwa zvisiri pamutemo (muenzaniso), mukati mokunzvera kusina maruramiro pasina migariro inodzivisa kushandiswa kwahwo mudare.

Mutemo uyu unoshanda sechidziviso chine simba kumufambiro wakashata wamapurisa. Pasina iwo, vakuru vakuru vaizova nechishuvo chiduku chokutevera mutemo pakuunganidza ufakazi. Zvisinei, matare akaisa musiyano, zvakadai se “kutenda kwakanaka” (apo vakuru vakuru vanovimba nenzira ine mufungo nechiratidzo icho gare gare chinoratidzika kuva chisanoshanda) uye“ kuwana kusingaenzaniswi” kusingabviri kuve kwakawanwa nenzira yapamutemo. Kunzwisisa izvi mirangariro kunobetsera vagari vemo kuziva apo kodzero dzavo dzinopunzwa uye apo vanogona kudenha ufakazi.

Zvinoitwa Kupfuura Dare: Kutarisira Nemamiriro Ehurumende

Kana hurumende ichizongoda kutorera munhu upenyu, kusamutorera rusununguko kana kuti zvinhu zvake, izvi zvinosanganisira kukurukurirana kwakawanda nemasangano ehurumende uye ehurumende.

Basa Nemarishuwarenzi

Vashandi vehurumende vane fariro yezvinhu mumabasa avo(vasingagoni kudzingwa pasina muitiro wakafanira. Vasati vabviswa, kazhinji kazhinji vane maruramiro okuziva zvikonzero, banza rokupindura, uye kutonga kwakarurama. Nenzira yakafanana, nyanzvi dzakadai savanachiremba, magweta, uye vamiriri venzvimbo havagoni kurasikirwa namarezenisi avo nenzira yamaune. Hurumende inofanira kutevera miitiro inopa rezinesi mukana wapachokwadi wokukwikwidza mhaka dzomufambiro wakaipa.

Kuchengeteka Kwenzanga Nekugarika

Hurumende haigoni kubvisa betsero dzourema kana kuti betsero yezvokudya pasina kutanga kuzivisa mugamuchiri nokupa dare. Mu Goldberg v. Kelly (1970), Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti vagamuchiri vegarikano vane maruramiro okunzwa nguva yemberi nemhaka yenhamo yakakomba inoparirwa nokurasikirwa nebetsero dzemari. Iyi nhau inoenzanisira kuti mwero wegadziriro inodikanwa unotsamira sei pakukosha kwefariro padanda.

Kutama

Kubviswa kunoitwa zvinenge zvatarwa kunofanira kuitwa, kubatanidza ziviso yemhosva, kodzero kugweta (pandyiko dzavo vamene), uye mukana wokupa ufakazi. Zvisinei, mwero wedziviriro unogona kusiyana. Mukubviswa kwakarongwa kwemapoka akati evanosvika, muitiro wacho unobviswa. Kukakavadzana kunopfuurira pamusoro pomuitiro wokupinda munyika kunosimbisa kusagadzikana kwerudzi nekodzero dzevanhu.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Chakaumba Kufora Kunotarirwa

Miranda muArizona (1966)

Chisarudzo chacho chakachinja dzidzo yemapurisa uye tsika, zvichiita kuti Miranda inyevere kuti vanhu vasungwe mazuva ose.

Wainwright (1963)

Clarence Gideon aiva murombo aipomerwa mhosva yokupaza muimba yokuchengetera zvinhu. Akarambidzwa rimwe gweta nemhaka yokuti Florida yaingopiwa zano pamhosva dzerufu bedzi, akazvidzivirira uye akanzi ane mhosva. Ari mujeri, akapa chikumbiro kuDare Rapamusorosoro. Dare racho rakabatana rakasarudza kuti kodzero yeSikisi yePendementment yekodzero yokupa zano inokosha uye inoshanda kuhurumende. Gidhiyoni akanzi aendeswezve negweta uye anzi anzi anzi anzi asunungurwe.

Wade (1973)

Kunyange zvazvo Roe yakapidigurwa muna 2022, inoramba iri muenzaniso wakatanhamara wenzvero yegadziriro yakafanira. Dare rakaziva kuti murangariro weWewechinethi We Amendment werusununguko rwomunhu oga unobatanidza maruramiro omukadzi okusarudza kana kubvisa pamuviri. Chisarudzo chacho chakatsamira pamipimo yapakuvamba yakavanzika yakadai se Griswold v. Connecticut[[F:3] [65]), iyo yakadzivisa chirambidzo pamusoro pokudzivisa kubereka nokuda kwevakwa. Hondo dzapamutemo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pekodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri dzinoratidzira kuti mutoo wokubereka unopfuurira sei mutoo wapamberipo.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Munhau iyi, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti maruramiro okuroora ikodzero inokosha inovimbiswa neGuer Procession Claus, inotambanudzira kuvakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano. Murangariro woruzhinji waMutongi Kennedy wakasimbisa kuti rusununguko runodzivirirwa ne 144th Amendment runobatanidza maruramiro ezvisarudzo zvomunhu oga zvinokosha kuchiremera chomunhu oga. Obergefell[] unoratidza kuti muitiro wakafanira unogona sei kuwedzera kuziva mwero mitsva yorusununguko sezvo nzwisiso yenzanga youenzani hunokura.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Nepo kazhinji kazhinji ichiratidzirwa senhau yedziviriro yakaenzana, Brown inewo mwero yebasa rakafanira. Dare rakawana kuti zvikoro zvinoparadzirwa zvakatorera vana vashomanene mikana yedzidzo yakaenzana, kuparira kuvadziko yendangariro. chisarudzo chacho chakatsamira papfungwa yokuti hurumende haigoni kumanikidza vana kuwana mukana wokubatanidza dzidzo yavose neitiro hanya yakafanira. Chinoramba chiri chiteshi chemipimo nokuda kwemiitiro yetsika yakaenzana nekodzero dzevagari vemo.

Kuchengeteka Kwavose: Dzikamo

Muitiro unodikanwa hausi wakakwana.

Dzikamo pakati pomuitiro wakafanira nekotsekano yavose inowanzokatyamadzwa ne Mathews v. Eldidge kuedza, kunoyera zvinhu zvitatu: fariro yomunhu oga yakatapurwa, ngozi yokunyimwa kwekanganisika mumiitiro iripo, uye fariro yehurumende murubudiriro. Uku kudzikamisa gadziriro kunovimbisa kuti muitiro wakafanira hausi mutoo wakaoma asi mupimo unochinjika.

Vagari vanofanira kunzwisisa kuti kunyange mumigariro yakakwirira, vane maruramiro okukwikwidza chiito chehurumende. Somuenzaniso, munhu anodzorwa nenhevedzano inodzivirira kana kuti kuzvipira kwehurumende nokuda kwokurapwa kwendangariro kunofanira kucherekedza nokunzwa. Kuziva idzi maruramiro kunogona kuva kudzokororwa.

Zano Rinoshanda Kuvagari Vemo: Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzako Dzokuronga

Kunzwisisa muitiro wakafanira inhano yokutanga; yechipiri ndeyokuziva nzira yokushandisa nayo maruramiro ako. Heano matanho anoshanda:

  • [[FOLT:0] Kana ukasungwa: Uraire kodzero yako yokunyarara ndokukumbira mududziri wegweta pakarepo. Usasaina chinhu pasina zano rapamutemo.
  • Kana ukatarisana nechiito chehurumende: verenga zviziviso zvose nokungwarira. Mitsetse yakafa nokuda kwokupindura inodzorwa norumano. Kupotsa musi wokunzwa, uye ungarasikirwa namaruramiro ako okunzwiwa.
  • [ Kana betsero dzako dzichityisidzirwa:[[FT:1] Kumbira kutongwa nokukurumidza. Masangano mazhinji anogovera zvirongwa nemirayiridzo paIndaneti. Chengeta makopi etsamba dzose.
  • Kana uchidavira mutemo unoputsa maruramiro ako makuru: Bvunza negweta ramaruramiro avagari vemo. Mabhuku anodenha usarura kana kuti mitemo inotonga nenzira youshingi anotsamira panharo dzapamberi dzegadziriro.
  • Kudzidzisa vamwe: Kugoverana zvaunoziva. Muitiro wakafanira unodzivirira munhu ari wose, asi bedzi kana vagari vemo vakakuraira.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pakodzero dzako, shanyira tsananguro yedare rehurumende yemuitiro wakafanira. Nokuda kwokupinda kwakadzama mumuitiro wakafanira, Constitution Center inopa rondedzero ine udzame[.

mhedziso

Muitiro wakakodzera hausi murangariro wakarongeka wamabhuku edzidzo omutemo.Nhoo mhenyu iyo vagari vemo vanoshandisa zuva riri rose — kunyange ichidenha kudzingwa kusiri kwapamutemo, kuraira kutongwa kwakarurama, kana kuti kutaura maruramiro okuroora. Kubva panyevero yeMiranda kumaruramiro okupa zano, kudzivisa kunzvera kwounyengeri kusvikira kukuzivikanwa kwoudzori hwomunhu oga, muitiro wakafanira unoumba ukama pakati pomunhu nehurumende.

Sezvo Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rinopfuurira kutsanangura ukuru hwedziviriro, vagari vemo vanofanira kuramba vakasvinurira. vimbiso yomuitiro wakafanira yakangosimba bedzi sokuziva nokusimbisa kunoita vanhu vanoinzwisisa.