Nzvimbo Yapakati yeFilibuster Mukutonga kweAmerica

Chiremba chimire seimwe yemitemo yakatanhamara zvikurusa uye inokakavadzana mune zvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica. Yakapinzwa mukati memitemo yeUnited States Sernate, inzira inobvumira mutengi mumwe kana kuti mubatanidzwa muduku kutambanudza kurukurirano isingagumi, nenzira inobudirira kuvhara vhoti papepa kana kuti kuisa parusarudzo kutoti kana kuti kudavira kubvumirana kupera. Simba iri rinoumba zvikurukuru muitiro wemitemo, rinoisa chinokundikana, chinowirirana, uye kuti Dare rinobata sei naPrezidhesi uye neHoro yavamiririri. Nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi ari kutsvaka kunzwisisa kuoma kwehurumende yazvino unotonga zvazvino uno, kunzwisisa ichi chishandiso chinokosha chezvamatongerwe enyika.

Panzvimbo pokuva gamuchidzanwa rakasiana, filbuster yakachinja zvinoshamisa mumazana maviri amakore apfuura. Chakavamba sechisakiso chetsaona mumuitiro weDare chakashandurwa kuva chombo chezvamatongerwe enyika chinoshandiswa namativi ose ari maviri kumisa, kunonoka, uye kubvisa bvumirano. Kuvatsigiri varo, filbuster idziviriro inokosha nokuda kwekodzero shomanene nedziviriro mukurwisana nehuhuhu, mutemo wakakomba. Kuvatsoropodzi varopodzi vayo, injini huru yemipidhiro, inoita kuti kuoma kwezvido zvevororingi uye kushatisa kuda kwevaradzi. Basa rinoshanda rediotabheri rakadzika midziro munhau yayo, maaunicals, maaunion, uye gakava nekurukurirano yakakomba nguva yaro.

Mavambo Nemhindumupindu: Kubva Mungozi Kuenda Kusimba Rezvamatongerwe enyika

Chinoumba chirevo hachina kunyorwa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Dare simba rokusarudza mitemo yaro rimene (Mashoko, Chikamu 5). Mbeu yemonibhubhuruster yakasimwa muna 1806, apo Dare, pakukurudzira kwaPurezidhendi Aaron Burr, rakabvisa "mubvunzo wekare" kubva pamitemo yayo. Uku kufamba kwakanga kwabvumira voruzhinji kuti vasarudze kurukurirano. Pasina iyo, pakanga pasina, paine muitiro wakarongwa wokumanikidza kuvhota, kuchiparira bvikano isingaganhurirwi. Uku kutadza kuita donzo kwakakomba kwakaisa nheyo nokuda kwerimwe ramazano makurusa enyika.

Mazana Emakore 19 Napakuvamba Kwechi20

Kwakawanda kwezana ramakore rechi19, filbuster yaisawanzoshandiswa. Dare rakanga riri mutumbi muduku, uye tsika dzamasanga dzokuremekedza nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kazhinji kazhinji dzaidzivisa kudzongonyedzwa. Shoko rokuti "filibuster" rimene (rakabva mushoko rechiDutch nokuda kwe "freebooter" kana kuti pranger) rakawana mari mu1850. Kushandiswa kwaro kwazvino uno kwakava kwakatanhamara zvikuru mukupera kwamazana amakore echi19 uye kuvamba kwerechi20, kwaiwanzoshandiswa naMaomhembe eNyika kuvhara mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo.[FM]

Nguva inokosha yokuronga muitiro wacho yakauya muna 1917, mukati morusando chairwo rweDare rakadanwa naPurezidhendi Woodrow Wilson. Boka ra 11 vakomanda vakabva rakaita mutongo wokupfura ngarava dzinotengesa mukurwisana nengarava dzeGermany. Mumhinduro, uye nokuwedzera kwokutsamwa kwavose, Dare rakagamuchira RURIS 22[, iyo yakatanga muitiro we kutakura ] [muto wokugumisa kurukurirano. Mutemo wapakuvamba waida kuti pave namasumo maviri ewewewewewewewewewerosaro ai.[FLT][FF]

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nechinjo Kuviri

Chiremba weChivil Rights akava chinhu chinorondedzera kurwisana kwekodzero. Vanemba vejeri vokuMadokero vakakwidza nhanhando refusa munhau yeAmerica mukurwisana neCivil Rights Act ya1944, vachibata uriri kwamazuva 74, kubatanidza awa 24 ne18 miminite yakataurwa naSenetor Robert Byrd. Chiito chacho pakupedzisira chaipfuura (nekuvhota 71-29), chiPiankbuster chakaratidzira simba racho guru rokunonozeka. Ndyiko dzezvamatongerwe enyika dze "Kutaura naVanegarbuster" dzakanga dzakakwirira, zvichida kuti vasarutsi kuti vazvibate kuti varambe varidzi.

Mugariro wechinoumba chinenge chachinja zvinoshamisa muma 1970 pasi paMajorie Mutungamiriri Mike Mansfield. Yatarisana nechiverengero chinowedzera chetyisidziro dzechinhamba, Mansfield akatanga gadziriro ye yemikoto miviri]. Panzvimbo pokumisa bhizimisi reDare rose rokubata nemonitorbuster, muromo waifanira kuiswa parutivi pa "ndrooy" apo Dare raienda kune rimwe bhizimisi. Iyi chinjo yakanga yakaitirwa kuvandudza mufambiro wakanaka wedare. Panzvimbo pezvo, yakanga ine muuyo usingadzorengwi wokubvisa mutengo wezvamatongerwe enyika wechibacter. Senators aisagona kutora uriri hwedaidzo namashoko kwamaawa; ivo vaingoda havo kuratidzira donzo ravo kutyisidzira kurwisana. Chinodzosongemutungamiriri mukuru wenhau.[2][3]

Michina Yemazuva Ano

Kunzwisisa kuti nhubuster inoshanda sei muDare renguva imwe cheteyo kunoda kusiyanisa pakati pe "noulbuster yegamuchidzanwa" ne"procedul" filbuster yazvino uno. Musiyano mukuru kuzvikarakadzo zvizhinjisa zvokuchinja.

FIBUster yegamuchidzanwa "Kutaura

Seminari, setapuriti mumafirimu akafanana ne VaSMIT Goes ku Washington, inoda mutarisiri kuti abate uriri. Mumiriri anofanira kutaura nguva dzose, asingarambi akamira pasi, kana kuti kumira padhesiki nokuda kwerimwe donzo rinopfuura kudana kwechinyakare. Mitemo inobvumira kuti musoro uvepo, kubvumira vatendi kuti varave mumabhuku orunhare kana kuti vadzokorore. Chinangwa ndecho kunonozesa nhau dzomuviri kutozosvikira voruzhinji vachipa kana kuti kuwana mavhotera 60 anodikanwa nokuda kwokuruma. Ichi chimiro chaDicho chinowanzova hachiwanzowaniki nhasi nemhaka yetsika mbiri.

jini remazuva ano rinonzi "Procedal" Filibuster

MuDare remisi yazvino uno, mutungamiriri wedangwe anowanzoitwa nemhinganidzo yakapfava. Apo Mutungamiriri weMajor anoedza kuunza mutongo pauriri nokuda kwokuvhota, mutungamiriri anogona kushora. Uku kuparira muitiro wekunangana. Mutungamiriri anofanira ipapo kuronga kufamba. Pasi pedare, vhoti haigoni kuitika kusvikira mazuva maviri erusando apfuvura. Ikoku kunobvumira boka duku kunonozetsa kupfurikidza namazuva matatu pasina mutenzi upi noupi anoreva shoko pauriri. Nharte, Dare harigoni kufambisa kuendesa kumugumo wokupedzisira kutonge rina kuvhotera 60. Kuvhotera 60, kurasikirwa na 60, kutsanganako kuoma, kutyira kukuru kunofanira kubvumiranwa kubvumirana kupfurikidza.

Kutevedzera Chinodikanwa Chikuru

Muuyo unoshanda wemonibuster wazvino uno ndowokuti Dare rinoshanda pasi pe 60-vanute sundo yemitemo yakatsinhanwa zvikurusa. Ikoku kune revo huru. Kunoreva kuti chinjo huru dzemiitiro yezvoutano (pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kuchinja kwokunze, kutama, uye kodzero dzokuvhota) hadzigoni kupfuura pamitsetse yepati kutoti yakodzera mumiganhu yedzo yemari, inodzivirirwa kubva kumhuri inodzorwa. Zvinodikanwa 60-60 zvinotarwa nemhizha zvinomanikidza boka guru kutsvaka panenge pari tsigiro yebhipatistan, inowanzobatanidza kubvisa mutengo wemari kana kuti kubvumira vanhu vashoma. Njopa, inobvumira boka duku kuganhurirwa kuganhurirwa chose chose chose, pasineiwirira pamigumisiro yokuvhove.

Kushongedza: Nzira Yokupedza Nharo

Kukumbira Kutonga 22

Kuzvinyima ndiwo muitiro bedzi weparamende unogona kugumisa nhubuster muDare. Munyasi menguva yazvino RURE 22, muitiro wacho une nhano dzakawanda:

  1. Mubatanidzwa anofanira kuita chikumbiro chokudimburirwa, chakasainwa navatsigiri 16.
  2. Dare rinomirira zuva rimwe rakazara rerusando risati rabata kuvhota.
  3. Panguva yakagadzwa, Dare rinovhota mukufamba kwokugwamba.
  4. Kuti zvibudirire, kufamba kunofanira kugamuchira mavhoti e matatu ezvikamu zvose zvakasarudzwa nenzira yakafanira uye zvakapikirwa , kana kuti mavhoti 60 kana zvigaro zvose zvakazadzwa. Chikumbaridzo ichi hachigoni kudzorwa navatengi vasipo; chinoverengwa mubatanidzwa wose weDare.

Kana kutsemuka kukaitwa, imwe kurukurirano pamusoro pechikwereti yacho yakaganhurirwa kusvikira kumaawa 30.

Kusarudza Kwenyukireya Nezvinoitika Zvako

Chikumbaridzo cha 60 chekugwara chinoshanda kumutemo. Zvisinei, pakunyora nokuronga mari, mitemo yakachinjwa kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yemirau yeparamende inomutsa nharo inozivikanwa sechisarudzo chenyukiliya (kana kuti chisarudzo chebumbiro remitemo).

Muna 2013, yakakanganisika neRepublican mhinganidzo yaPurezidhendi Oma yedare, Mutungamiriri weMajority Harry Reid akashandisa chisarudzo chenyukireya kutanga muenzaniso wokuti kuisa nhevedzano pazhinjisa (kubatanidza Dare rapamusoro-soro) kwaingoda voruzhinji bedzi. Muna 2017, Majoliance Mutungamiriri McConnell akatambanudza iyi nhanho kuti ibatanidze Dare reSimende, achigadzira nzira yokusimbisa nayo Mutongi Neil Gormoth.[[FLT: 0][[FLT:][12] , Roviglics] , iyo inoshanda kumic, inoramba yakakotsekana, asi kuvapo kwayo kwakatosarira kupfuura nakare kose.

Kuchinja Kunoshamisa uye Kwematongerwe Enyika Kwevarwi

Kudzika Mitemo Nokurayira Kwevarwi 60

Chinonyanya kudzorwa navanaibuster hachisi hazvo kuvharwa kwemitemo, asi inoshatisa yayo. Kuziva kuti pamutemo unofanira kuva namavhoti 60 pakupedzisira, Vatungamiriri vemari kazhinji kazhinji vanogadzira mitemo inogadzirirwa pasati paitika kuti vakwidzere kumativi ose ari maviri. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kumitemo ine mwero, mirefu. Zvisinei, kunogonawo kutungamirira kukuvaka kwomutemo wemitemo wakaoma uye zviito zvinokosha zvinoshandiswa kuchengetedza vhoti 60. Gadziro yebhajeti, inoda mavhoti 51 bedzi, yazova chirongwa chikuru chezvinjo dzemitemo inodzorwa, asi yakaitwa mutsika (Kutonga kwechikoshi).

Dridrock ne "Tshoroma yeMiduku"

Mubato unodzora zvigaro 41 kana kuti kupfuura muDare rine simba rokuvhara anodokuva mutemo upi noupi wainoramba, kana ichiramba yakabatana. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kupomero dzapanguva dzose dze "vaduku," umo boka rinomirira vashomanene vavagari vemo rinogona kuvhara zvirongwa zvebato vazhinji, izvo zvingamirira mugove mukuru zvikuru wavagari vemo. Izvozvi zvakawedzera muzana ramakore rechi21, sezvo mapoka maviri azova akaderera zvikuru uye kushandiswa kwevaRelibster kwawedzera zvikuru. Mukati meProserssions 119-2017), somuenzaniso, Republican akashandisa chikamu chikuru cheDémocraticcas, kudzosa maPustreastlear ku "masterast".

Nharo Huru: Nharo Dzokuitirana Nharo Nokurwisana Nevaviri

Kukakavadzana pamusoro pechido chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica kunoderedza musimboti wemashandire anofanira kuitwa nayo.

Mhaka Yevaviri

  • Dhipatimendi reMinonity Rights:[[FLT: 1] Mugari wemo anomanikidza voruzhinji kurangarira mirangariro yavashomanene. Kunodzivisa voruzhinji vashomanene, vechinguvana kuratidzira chinjo huru, dzisingadikanwi idzo dzinogona kubvisa chikamu chikuru chavagari vemo.
  • Promotes Delibration ne Bipartisanship: kupfurikidza nokuda kuva nesimba guru, mugari wemotutsi anokurudzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira nekurukurirano mujira. Mitemo inopfuura netsigiro yakafara sezvingabvira zvikuru kuva yakatsiga uye yakasimba, sezvo isati ichidzorwa nokukurumidza apo simba rinochinja.
  • Misumo yorumano nePrevents Wild Swings: Hovebuster inoshanda seburi reburi remitemo, ichidzivisa chinjo dzemitemo dzinokurumidza, huru dzinogona kuperekedza chinjo mukudzora kwebato. Inoita kuti kurangarirwa kunonoke, kwamaune zvikuru kwechinjo huru dzemiitiro.
  • Rinochengeta Basa Wechienzi reDare: Dare rakavakwa somuto kutonhodza kofi yeImba. Honouster inoonwa navazhinji seratidziro yokupedzisira yeiri basa rinotonhora, rinodzivisira.

Mhaka Inoitirwa Muviri

  • Inoita kuti mutemo weGridlock ne Dys Basa: Vanambuyasi vazvino uno ndivo chisakiso chikuru chokuoma mitezo kweDare. Kunobvumira vashomanene va 41 vevamiririri kumisa zvirongwa zvevoruzhinji, kunyange apo voruzhinji ivavo vane murairo wakajeka. Ikoku kunoparira kuderera kwetendero yavose yeDare neshorwa pamusoro pehurumende.
  • inoita kuti "Tyrany of the Minor": Nemhaka yokuti mamiriro ezvinhu anomirirwa zvakaenzana muDare, boka rinomirira vashomanene vavagari vemo veU.S. rinogona kudzora ruzhinji rwezvigaro zveDare. Chikamu chaPreciebuster chinobvumira iyi boka duku kuvhara mitemo inotsigirwa nevoruzhinji veAmerica vakasimba, zvakadai sechereko dzekare nokuda kwokutenga pfuti kana kuti kuchinja kwokubuda munyika.
  • Pasi pekuzvidavirira: Mutongi anobvumira vasarudzi kudzivisa kuita vhoti dzakaoma. Mutevedzeri anogona kushora mutezo wakakurumbira kupfurikidza nokungovhota bedzi, kudzivisa vhoti yakananga papepa rimene. Ikoku kunoderedza kuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Inoshandiswa kuBlock Progress:[[FLT: 1] munhau, filbuster yakashandiswa zvikuru naMajeri anosarura ganda kuvhara mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo. Nhasi, vatsoropodzi vanoramba kuti inoshandiswa kuvhara kodzero dzokuvhota, kuchinja kwenhimbe dzemari, uye mamwe matanho anokosha nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vane utano hwakanaka.

Kupokanidzana Kwemisi Ichangobva Kupfuura uye Kuchinja Zvinhu

Servey yechi 117th Congress (2021-2023) yakaunza gakava revanabuster kunzvimbo yokutanga yezvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica. NeDare renzvimbo yebato ra50 rakakamuraniswa, vanambuyamuchi vakasvika pamhinganidzo huru yokupfuudza zvinhu zvikuru zveDemocratic Act, kubatanidza Freedom to Vote naJohn Lewis Voting Rights Advement Act. Kukundikana kwezvikwereti izvi, pasinei zvapo nokudzora kweDemocratic yeWhite House neCongress, kwakatungamirira kukurukurirano huru yebato uye nhamburiko yokuchinja mitemo.

Mavhairasi Nezvishongo Zvinonhuwira

Chisarudzo chenyukireya chakaparira muenzaniso wakajeka: filibuster inogona kubviswa kana kuti kuchinjwa nokuda kwamapoka akati ebhizimisi kupfurikidza nevhoti yakapfava. Kutevera chinjo kukuchinja muna 2013 na2017, vachinji vazhinji vakakarakadza "kavha-fumesero" yakafanana nokuda kwemitemo yokuvhota kodzero. Chikarakadzo ichi chaizobvisa kodzero dzokuvhota kubva pachikumbaridzo cha60-vote . Zvichingodaro hachina kukundikana nemhaka yekushora Senator Joe Manchin naKyrsten Sinema, uyo akadzivirira nheyo ye 60-vote.

Kutangazve Kuratidza Kuda Kuziva

Chimwe chezvikarakadzo zvechinjo hurusa kumukazve kwe "Kutaura napane tribuster". Pasi pomuenzaniso uyu, vamiriri vanoshora mutengo vaizodikanwa kuti vabate zvomenemene ndokutaura nguva dzose kuuvhara. Kana mugadziri angomira kutaura kana kuti kubudisa uriri, filibuster angaguma, uye mari yacho ingapfuurira kuvhotaworuzhinji. Vatsigiri vanganira ikoku vangadzorera ndyiko yezvamatongerwe enyika, vachimanikidzira boka duku kunyora netsoropo nerongedzero yavo yavose. Vatsoropote vanoona kuti ringangobvumira kunonoka kukuru uye kugona kupfuudzirwa navatambi vanoshandisa majana okutaura. Zvisinei, zvinoonekwa navazhinji senzvimbo iri pakati pe 60-pashure nechikumbano chapakati pe 60.

Kubviswa Kusingabvumirwi Kwechibvumirano Chomutemo

Chiverengero chinokura chavatsigiri vanotsiva uye vakuru vakuru vanosarudzwa vanotsigira nokuda kwokubviswa kwakakwana kwechinoumba chigadziko chehurumende, vachiramba kuti kutonga kukuru inheyo huru yedemokrati. Vanonongedzera kubudiriro yezvisarudzo zvenyukireya ya2013 na2017 soufakazi hwokuti kubvisa chikwata chenyukiliya hakuparadzi Dare asi kuti kuchiita kuti chishande. Vashori, kubatanidza Democrates nainenge Republic yesel, vanoita nharo kuti kubviswa kwacho kungatungamirira kudenderedzwa rechirano uye "wpash" resimba renguva iri yose rinochinjazve, kupfuurirazve zvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica. Murangariro wavose unopesana, kunyange zvazvo vaAmerica vazhinjisanotsigira chimiro chakati chekuchinja mitemo yazvino.[FLD][FFFD]

Kusawirirana Kusingaperi Mumwoyo Wedare

Chinoumba chinoramba chiri chikanganiso chikuru munharo pamusoro pechinjo yeDare. Haisi tsika yekare, isingachinjiki asi mutemo wetsika wakachinjwa nguva dzose kuti ubatire zvinodikanwa zvamatongerwe enyika zvoruzhinji nezvishoma. Nguva yavo yemberi ichatsamira pakurangarira kwakarongwa kwemapati uye mutengo unooneka webetsero dzinooneka dzesimba duku. Kuvagari vemo, kunzwisisa Fanbuster hachisi chinhuwo hacho chedzidzo; chidzidzo chinoshanda mukushanda kwesimba mukati megadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica.

Gakava riri pakati pomutemo woruzhinji namaruramiro mashoma nderekare seripabhuriki imene.