Masangano emitemo namasangano ehurumende anoumba musimboti wehurumende muUnited States, achishanda pamwe chete kuchengeta nhevedzano, kudzivirira maruramiro, uye kubatira fariro yavose. Kunzwisisa kuti iyi gadziriro dzinobatana dzinogovera sei nzwisiso inokosha mukusikwa kwemitemo, kududzirwa, kudzorwa, uye kushandiswa muupenyu hwezuva riri rose. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inonzvera chimiro, mabasa, uye ukama pakati pematare namasangano ehurumende pamwero yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende.

Kunzwisisa Muitiro Wapamutemo: Kuvakwa uye Basa

Vatongi, vanozivikanwawo segadziriro yokutonga kana kuti bazi redare, igadziriro yematare inodzivisa nharo dzapamutemo uye inodudzira, inodzivirira, uye inoshandisa mutemo munhau dzemitemo. Iyi gadziriro inobatira serimwe ramapazu matatu makuru ehurumende, pamwe chete namapazu emitemo neanotungamirira, rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yakasiana asi inobatira pamwe.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

Kuparadzana kwamasimba inzira huru iyo hurumende yedu inodzikamisa nayo simba kuitira kuti rutivi rumwe rwehurumende rurege kukurira rumwe, nebazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rine mabasa aro rimene nenharaunda dzechiremera. Ichi chirongwa chebumbiro remitemo chinovimbisa kuti hakuna sangano rimwe rinova nesimba rakanyanya uye kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rigogona kunzvera ndokudzikamisa mamwe.

Bazu remitemo, rinoumbwa neCongress pamwero wehurumende uye masangano ehurumende pamwero wehurumende, rinogadza mitemo. Bazu rinotonga rinobatanidza purezidhendi, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, uye dare rapurezidhendi, purezidhendi achibatira somusoro wehurumende, mutungamiriri webazu guru, uye mutungamiriri mukuru wamauto ane zvombo muUnited States. Bazu rinotonga rinobatanidza Supreme Court uye mamwe matare ehurumende.

Mudzidziso yokuparadzana kwamasimba, vatongi kazhinji kazhinji havaiti mutemo wemitemo (uyo uri mutoro wedare rinotonga) kana kuti kugombedzera mutemo (uri mutoro womukuru mukuru), asi panzvimbo pezvo kududzira, kudzivirira, uye kushandisa mutemo kumaidi enhau imwe neimwe. Zvisinei, vatongi vanotsamira pabazu ravakuru kuti vapedzisire zvisarudzo zvedare.

Zvivako zveDare Rehurumende

Chikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. chakagadzira Dare Rapamusorosoro uye chakabvumira Congress kugadza mitemo inosimbisa gadziriro yematare epasi pevhu.

Pahwaro hwedare redare redare rehurumende pane matare eruwa. Matare 94 oruwa kana kuti matare okutonga enyika ino anonzi matare oruwa eU.S. anopedza nharo kupfurikidza nokusarudza maidi nokushandisa mutemo kumaidi iwayo. Idzi matare anobatira sepfundo rokupinda nokuda kwemhaka zhinjisa dzehurumende, apo ufakazi hunopiwa, zvapupu zvinopupurira, uye zvisarudzo zvokutanga zvinoitwa.

Mwero wapakati unobatanidza matare edare rinotonga. Kune matare 13 anogara pasi peDare rePurezimente reUnited States, rinonzi matare ekwirira, uye basa redare redare redare redare redare nderokusarudza kana mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama mudare rinotongwa kana kuti sangano rinodzora rehurumende. Aya matare anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare oruwa uye masangano akati okutarisira kuti achengetedze miitiro yepamutemo zvakateverwa zvakarurama.

Pamugumo panogara Dare Gurusa, iro rinobatira somupikisi wokupedzisira womutemo womubatanidzwa nedudziro yebumbiro remitemo. Vatongi veDare Gurusa vanogona kuputsa mitemo isina kuwirirana nemitemo, uye iyi ruramisiro inogadzwa napurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare. Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvinogadza muenzaniso unobatira nokuda kwematare ose akaderera ndokuumba kududzirwa kwomutemo webumbiro remitemo nerenyika munyika yose.

Uyezve, kune matare 90 okubhuroka eUnited States anobatsira vanhu nemabhizimisi asingagoni kubhadhara zvikwereti zvavo ku “tanga kutsva. ”

Masangano Ematare eHurumende

Hurumende imwe neimwe inoshandisa gadziriro yayo imene yokutonga. Nepo zvivako zvedare rehurumende zvichisiana, zvizhinjisa zvinotevera mutoo wakafanana wedare rinotonga, matare apakati, uye dare rehurumende gurusa. matare ehurumende zvisikwa zvomutemo wehurumende uye zvinotangwa pasi pemiganhu yehurumende nemirau, pasi pemiganhu yakati yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende.

Hurumende imwe neimwe ine anenge dare rimwe ringashandisa simba rose, kureva kuti inganzwa rudzi rupi norupi rwenhau kutoti muganhu wakananga pasi peBumbiro remitemo kana kuti mutemo wehurumende uchishanda. Ikoku kunosiana nematare omubatanidzwa, ayo ane chiremera chakaganhurirwa uye anogona bedzi kunzwa mapoka akati enhau.

Mitezo yedare rehurumende inobatanidza mwero wakaderera zvikurusa. Pamwero wakaderera zvikuru pane matare edzosero, akadai sematare emigwagwa, matare maduku, uye matare makuru. Makorongwe maduku, kana kuti matare chaiwo, ndiwo mwero wokutanga wedare rePennsylvania, uye aya matare anotungamirirwa navatongi veruwa uye vatongi vedare reparamende. Matare aya anotonga nhau dzisina kukomba zvikuru uye kazhinji kazhinji anobatira senzvimbo yokutanga yeonano nokuda kwevagari vemo vemo negadziriro yedare rinotonga.

Dare redare redare rehurumende, rinowanzonzi matare makuru, matare amatunhu, kana kuti matare ezvikumbiro zvavose, anobata nhau dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi dzakakomba zvikuru. Kupfuura idzi nhau dzapanhambo nenhambo muhurumende dzine mhaka dzakakwana. Dare Gurusa nderimwe ramatare maviri ehurumende apakati pehurumende uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji mupedzi wokupedzisira wekakavara kwapamutemo, sezvo Dare Rapamusorosoro ringapa chikumbiro chokuhwirutsira chisarudzo cheDare Guru, asi zvikumbiro zvizhinjisa zvinorambwa uye Dare Gurusare rinomira.

Kupindira Pakati Pematare Ehurumende Nehurumende

Hakuna musiyano wakakwana pakati pegadziriro dzokutonga dzehurumende nedzehurumende, sezvo matare ehurumende anogona kunzwa marudzi akawanda ezvinotaurwa zvomutemo womubatanidzwa, uye kunewo migariro umo matare ehurumende anoshandisa mutemo wehurumende. Uku kuparira gadziriro yakaoma asi inoshanda uko gadziriro dzose dziri mbiri dzematare dzinogona kukurukura nhau dzakati dzapamutemo.

Mutemo weBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. uye mutemo wehurumende unorondedzera chiremera chematare ehurumende, nepo bumbiro remitemo nemirau zvinogadza chiremera chematare ehurumende pasi pemiganhu yakati pasi peBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. pane dzimwe nguva matare akawanda ane chiremera chokunzwa nhau imwe cheteyo, achibvumira vatongi kusarudza pakati penhau dzehurumende nehurumende.

Matare ehurumende anochengeta tarisiro pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvedare rehurumende mumigariro yakati.

Basa Rezvirongwa Zvehurumende

Sangano rehurumende kana kuti sangano rehurumende isangano risingadzorwi zvechigarire kana kuti rapasi zvishoma mumibatanidzwa yehurumende iyo ine mutoro wokutarisira nokutarisira mabasa akati. aya masangano anoita basa rinokosha mukushandisa mitemo, kupa mabasa, uye kudzora mativi akasiana - siana oupenyu hwavanhu.

Chii Chiri Hurumende Yezvirongwa?

Masangano ehurumende ane mutoro wokushandisa mitemo nemirau, kutarisira mabasa avanhu, uye kutarisira mabasa akasiyana - siyana muhurumende. Masangano aya anowanzoumbwa nomutemo wehurumende kana kuti mirau yehurumende uye ane mutoro wokushandisa nokushandisa mitemo yehurumende, kugovera mabasa avose, kana kuti kutungamirira mabasa akati kana kuti mabasa mukati mehurumende.

Masangano anotarisira eCalifornia anoita basa guru muhurumende yehurumende uye mukukura kwomuitiro wavose, namasangano ehurumende anopfuura 200, madhipatimendi, mapuranga, uye masangano ane chiremera chokushandisa, kududzira, uye kumanikidzira mitemo yehurumende. Nepo nhamba chaiyoiyo ichisiyana nehurumende, nyika dzose dzinochengeta mibatanidzwa mizhinji yamasangano kuti aite mabasa ehurumende.

Masimba Ehurumende

Masangano ehurumende anofarikanya masimba ehurumende echipameso naanopa chibereko, ane simba rekuisa simba rekuisa simba rakaenzana neramasangano ehurumende. Quasi-judicia isimba rokududzira mitemo, yakafanana nedare.

Masangano aya maviri anoita kuti masangano ashande zvinobudirira mumabasa awo okutungamirira. Masangano anogona kuita mitemo ine udzame inopiwa nevanopa mitemo. Masangano anotungamirira anodudzira mitemo, anodzika mitemo, uye anoshandisa mitemo kuti adudzire nokushandisa mitemo iyoyo. Iri simba rinogadza rinoita kuti masangano ave nezvinodiwa zvemiitiro yebasa uye zvinodiwa zvakananga zvingasava nyore kuti matare okutonga ataure mashoko akadzama.

Simba rezvokurapa rinogonesa masangano kupedza gakava ndokuita zvisarudzo pamusoro pokuti vanhu vamwe navamwe kana kuti masangano akawirirana nemitemo inoshanda nemirairo. Masangano akawanda okutarisira enyika anofarikanya chiremera chokusimbisa paavo vaanodzora, uye kupfurikidza nokuva nechiremera ichocho chokuita kuti vatsigire, aya masangano ehurumende anogona kuita kuti mitemo nemirau inodzora mufambiro waavo vanodzora. Ikoku kunobatanidza simba rokunzvera, kududza kupunza, kuisa fashoni, uye muzvimwe zviitiko, maraibhurogiramu kana kuti mvumo.

Marudzi Anozivikanwa Nehurumende

Masangano ehurumende anobatanidza anenge mativi ose egadziriro yavose nemitemo. Mamwe amasangano ehurumende anowanzosangana anobatanidza:

  • Nzvimbo ye Motor Vehicles (DMV): DMV isangano rehurumende rine mutoro wokubudisa marezenisi okutyaira, kunyoresa motokari, uye kusimbisa mitemo yomumugwagwa ine chokuita nokubata uye kushanda, ichishanda muchiremera chemitemo yenyika nemirau.
  • Nzvimbo yeUtano: Iri sangano rinotarisira zvirongwa zvoutano hwavanhu vose uye rinodzora vatarisiri vezvoutano. Madhipatimendi outano anonzvera kuvamba kwehosha, kunzvera zvokudya, nyanzvi dzezvoutano, uye anoshandisa gadziriro dzoutano hwavanhu vose.
  • State Board of Education: Dare iri isangano rehurumende rine mutoro wokutarisira dzidzo yavose mukati mehurumende, kugadza mipimo yedzidzo, kuzivisa vadzidzisi, uye kuparadzira mari yehurumende kumaruwa ezvikoro omunharaunda mukuwirirana nemitemo yehurumende.
  • Department yedziviriro dzezvemari: Iri isangano rehurumende rinoshandiswa nokudzivirira pfuma yomusikirwo yehurumende, kudzora kushatiswa, uye kudzika mitemo yemhoteredzo inopiwa nedare rehurumende. Aya masangano anobvumira nzvimbo dzeindasitiri, kuongorora kunaka kwemhepo nemvura, uye anomanikidza kuteererwa kwemhoteredzo.
  • Nzvimbo yeBasa: Masangano aya anodzika mitemo yekotsekano yebasa, anotungamirira gadziriro dzeinishuwarenzi yokusashanda, uye anodzivirira maruramiro avashandi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mibato yeMabasa:[[FLT: 1] United States inochengeta mabhodhi akawanda ayo anobvumira uye anodzora nyanzvi dzakadai savanachiremba, magweta, vatarisiri vemari, nyanzvi dzezvokugadzira zvinhu, uye vagadziri vemabasa okugadzira zvinhu.
  • Public Utilities Commissions: Masangano aya anodzora zvinhu zvinoshanda zvakadai semagetsi, gasi romusikirwo, mvura, uye kurukurirano yekombiyuta kuti ave nechokwadi chebasa rakavimbika pamwero ine mufungo.

Maitirwe Anoitwa Muitiro Wehurumende Wokuchinja Zvinhu

Masangano ehurumende anoumba uye anopesvedzera mitemo yomutemo nemitemo zvinogamuchirwa neLegislature neGenetive Orders zvinoziviswa naGavhuna wenyika. Iyi pesvedzero inotambanukira kupfuura kungoitwawo zvako kukutora rutivi kwokushingaira mumuitiro wokubudirira.

Masangano anotarisira anoita basa rinokosha mukurayira Gavhuna nevashandi vake pamusoro pomutemo unomirira pamwe chete nemari yemari yehurumende nenhau dzehurumende dzinowirirana idzo dziri musimba rawo, uye kurumbidzwa kweaya masangano anodzora enyika kunogona kazhinji kazhinji kuva noukoshi hukuru kuna Gavhuna navashandi vake pakuita zvisarudzo pamusoro pezvikwereti nenhau dzakasiana - siana. Unyanzvi hwezvokushanda munzvimbo dzinozivikanwa hunoita kuti vabati vapindure vakuru vakuru vakuru vanofanira kuita zvisarudzo munhau dzemiitiro yakasiana - siana.

Mutemo Unodzora: Zvirongwa Zvinodzora

Mutemo unodzora unobatanidza mitemo nenheyo dzemitemo zvinodzora urongwa nemirau yamasangano ehurumende (zvose zviri zviviri ehurumende nehurumende). Iri boka romutemo rinogadza mitemo iyo masangano anoshanda nayo, achirondedzera masimba awo, miitiro, uye ganhuriro.

Chisiko Nechiremera Chegadziriro

Masangano anopiwa simba neCongress (kana kuti muchinoitika chesangano rehurumende, chibvumirano chehurumende), kuti atange mutoro wokuita maruramiro akati kubva kuDare. Nzvero dzinotangwa kupfurikidza nemirau yadzo dzimene, iyo inogadza mitemo mitsva, uye mukuita kudaro, kugadzira masangano akasiyana - siyana kuti adudzire, ape, uye atsigire mitemo mitsva iyoyo.

Pane sangano rehurumende nokuti Congress yakasarudza kuti chimwe chinetso chaida kutarisirwazve. Nheyo imwe cheteyo inoshanda pamwero wenyika, apo matare okugadza mitemo anogadzira masangano kuti apedze zvinodikanwa zvakati zvavanhu kana kuti zvinetso zvinoda unyanzvi chaihwo uye ngwariro inopfuurira.

Kazhinji, masangano ehurumende anoumbwa kuti adzivirire kufarira vanhu pane kutsigira kodzero dzavo.Murangariro uyu unofarirwa nevanhu vose unosiyanisa masangano nematare, anonyanya kupedza kupesana kwemasangano evanhu kana kuti kwevanhu vehurumende.

Marudzi Egadziriro Dzamasangano

Masangano ehurumende anouya muzvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana zvine zvimiro zvesangano uye mwero yokuzvimirira kubva kuudzori hwapurezidhendi. Mamwe masangano akatanhamara zvikurusa masangano anotungamirira akadai seBato reRuramisiro neBato reDepartment. Aya madhipatimendi enzvimbo yeCapameter anokundikana zvakananga pasi pechiremera chapurezidhendi uye misoro yawo inobatira pafaro yapurezidhendi.

Mimwe mienzaniso inosanganisira masangano anozvimirira akadai seFederal Trade Commission, Security and Exchange Commission, uye Environmental Protection Agency, ose ari oga asingadzorwi zvakananga naPrezidhendi.

Tsanangudzo huru yeshoko rokuti "sangano rehurumende" inorevawo madhipatimendi makuru eUnited States anobatanidza madhipatimendi edare raPurezidhendi nemapoka awo maduku, akadai seDepartment of Energy neInternational Revenue Service, iyo iri bhituu yeBato reCMerceal.

Masimba eAgency Nemabasa

Masangano ane simba guru rokuita mitemo yakasiyana - siyana inorondedzera uye kutsanangura mitemo yakakodzera, kuita kuti mitemo iyoyo itevedzerwe, uye kupikisana zvinhu maererano nemitemo iyoyo.

Pasinei zvapo namasimba makuru amasangano, masangano ehurumende anofanira kupfuurira kuita mukati memiganhu yeBumbiro remitemo nemitemo, uye iyi nemimwe ganhuriro yakabatanidzwa kuva mutemo unozivikanwa seAdministrative Procedure Act (APA) ndokutaura masangano, ayo anogovera mabasa namasimba amasangano ose, uye miitiro yaanofanira kuwirirana nayo mumabasa awo ose.

APA mutemo wokugadzirisa wakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti ufanane uye usingavanzi mumiitiro inoshandiswa nemasangano ehurumende uye igadziriro yokudzora inobatanidza zvose, mirau inodzora, uye kugadza mitemo mumashoko ose. Muitiro wokutarisira wehurumende unoshanda mabasa akafanana pamwero wehurumende, uchitanga zvinodikanwa zvemiitiro yehurumende nokuda kwezviito zvehurumende.

Kutonga Nokuregerera

APA inoronga mabasa okutarisira mukuita mitemo nenzira yakarongwa uye isina kurongwa, izvo zvine miuyo inosunga, pamwe chete nenhungamiro, izvo zvisina muuyo unosungisa, uye APA inorayirazve mitemo yakati yemiitiro iyo masangano anofanira kutevera nayo asati aita mumumwe wemibato yakarongwa.

Kugadza mitemo muitiro uyo masangano anoita nawo mitemo ine simba romutemo. Mumubatanidzwa APA nedudziro dzokutonga dzeAPA, masangano anokarakadza kupinda mubasa rokuita mitemo anofanira kupa ziviso yokuita mitemo inokarakadzwa asati agamuchira mutemo wokupedzisira. Iyi ziviso negadziriro inobvumira vanhu kuhwirudzura mirau inokarakadzwa ndokupa revo isati yava yokupedzisira, achisimudzira kuonekana nokutora rutivi kwapachena.

Kurevererwa kunobatanidza kuita chisarudzo chesangano mumhaka dzakati, yakafanana nenzira iyo matare anopedza nayo nharo. Zvirongwa zvinotonga nyaya, zvinopa ufakazi, uye zvinopa zvisarudzo izvo zvinosarudza kodzero nemisengwa zvemapati akati. Izvi zvipikirwa zvinofanira kutevera zvinodikanwa zvetsika zvakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi cheruramisiro, kubatanidza chiziviso, mukana wokunzwiwa, uye kuita chisarudzo navakuru vakuru vasina chiziva.

Kupindira Pakati Pematare Nezvirongwa

Matare nemasangano anoshandira pamwe anoshanda munzira dzakawanda, matare achitarisira zviito zvemasangano asi achirevawo unyanzvi hwemasangano mumamiriro ezvinhu akakodzera.

Kuhwirudzura Zviito Zvedare

Kana sangano kana kuti sangano richifunga kuti raita zvisina kukodzera, rinogona kupikisa zvisarudzo zvesangano mudare.

Kuongorora matare kunobatsira mabasa anokosha akawanda. Kunovimbisa kuti masangano anoramba ari mumiganhu yechiremera chawo chaakapiwa, anodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu pazviito zvesangano zvokusarudza, uye anogona kusimudzira kusachinja mukushandiswa kwemutemo.

Zvisinei, matare haangotsivi chisarudzo chawo bedzi cheyamasangano.

Chinjo Dzazvino Uno Mukupesana Kwokutonga

Mugariro wehwirudzuro yedare wakava nechinjo huru mumakore achangobva kupfuura. MuLoper Bright, Dare Rapamusorosa rakasarudza kuti Chevron Penence ipfuure nhungamiro dzakarongwa muAdministrative Procedire Act, uye kupfuurira, matare haafaniri kupa kudzorwa kusingaonekwi kwetsananguro dzemitemo dzemasangano okutarisira, asi panzvimbo pezvo anofanira ku "dudzira nenzira yokuzvidira mutemo uye kuita kuda kweDare kumiganhu yemitemo."

Ichi chinjo inomirira chinjo huru munzira iyo matare anohwirudzura nayo rondedzero dzamasangano emitemo. Kare, mudzidziso yeChevron, matare aizoteerera tsananguro dzine mufungo dzesangano dzemitemo isina kujeka. Kubviswa kwouku kuzviisa pasi kunoreva matare zvino achashandisa rutongeso rwakazvimirira zvikuru apo anonzvera tsananguro dzesangano, runobvira runoganhurira kuchinjika kwesangano uye runowedzera kutarisirwa kwemitemo.

Kuronga Zvinhu Nebasa Repamutemo

Masangano ehurumende anoshandisa mitemo yakagadzwa nematare emitemo achidudzira gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo nemirau zvinorondedzera uye zvinoganhurira chiremera chesangano.

Apo gakava rinomuka pamusoro pezviito zvesangano, gadziriro yapamutemo inogovera nzira dzokupedza nadzo. Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kudenha zvisarudzo zvesangano kupfurikidza nezvikumbiro zvehurumende mukati mesangano racho, zvichiteverwa nehwirudzuro yedare kana kuri madikanwa. iyi gadziriro yehwirudzuro yakasiyana - siyana inobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti zviito zvesangano zvinobvumirwa nomutemo uye zvine mufungo nepo zvichigoverawo mhedziso kuzvisarudzo zvesangano izvo zvinopukunyuka kuongororwa.

Apo mitemo kana kuti mirau zvinenge zvisina kujeka, matare anoidudzira ndokutanga nheyo dzinotungamirira chiito chesangano romunguva yemberi. idzi rondedzero dzokutonga dzinova rutivi rwomutemo wokutonga unodzora unodzora mashandiro anoita masangano.

Ukama Hwenyika Mukudzosera Nokumanikidza

Zvirongwa zvakawanda zvokutungamirira zvinosanganisira kushanda pamwe chete kwehurumende, pamwero mumwe nomumwe uchiita mabasa akasiyana - siyana asi achitsigirana.

Kushandira Pamwe Kwehurumende

Gadziriro imwe neimwe yemipimo miduku yakanzverwa inogovera kushandiswa kwegadziriro dzehurumende kana kuti kuchengetwa kwegadziriro dzehurumende, nesangano rehurumende rinogovera mari netarisiro kumipimo yakasiana. Iyi fashoni yehurumende inobatira pamwe inobvumira mipimo yehurumende kuiswa nokuchinjika kwenzvimbo nepfuma zvehurumende.

Nyika dzaigona kuva nomutoro wokuita gadziriro kana dzikaita zvinodikanwa zvakati, uye muchinoitika chiri chose, hurumende dzaifanira kuratidza kuti dzaiva nemipimo yehurumende yakadzikama zvikuru kupfuura yapamutemo inodikanwa nokuda kwokuchengetwa. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti mipimo miduku yehurumende inochengetwa apo inobvumira nyika kugamuchira zvinodikanwa zvakati kana dzikasarudza.

Kunyora kuti zvirongwa zvehurumende zvinoedza kuvandudza zvikuru zvinhu zvinowanika kuti zvishandiswe kana kuti zvichengetedzwe, uye papurogiramu imwe neimwe yakaongororwa, mabasa okutsigira mitemo yehurumende yakavakirwa pamabasa akatoitwa nehurumende. Kushandiswa kwemasangano ehurumende aripo uye unyanzvi kunoita kuti mapurogiramu ehurumende abudirire uye abudirire zvikuru.

Kutarisira Zvirongwa Zvehurumende Zvakaganhurirwa

Kana hurumende dzangogamuchira mutoro wokushandisa mipimo yehurumende, kuzvidavirira kukuru nokuda kwebasa resangano rehurumende kunoitwa navakuru vakuru vehurumende uye ivowo vanozvidavirira kumwero wehurumende uye vanobvuma mwero yakasiana - siana youtarisiri hwehurumende, nezvishandiso zvokutarisira zvinowanika kusangano rehurumende kubatanidza kubvisa kwokuedza kwehurumende kupa mari nokubvisa mvumo nokuda kwehurumende yokushandisa purogiramu yacho.

Kutarisira uku kunovimbisa kuti kushande kwakarurama kwepurogiramu dzehurumende nepo dzichiremekedza kuzvitonga kwehurumende. Masangano ehurumende anoongorora kushanda kwehurumende, anopa rubatsiro rwemichina, uye anogona kupindira apo hurumende dzinokundikana kusvitsa zvinodiwa nehurumende. Zvisinei, hurumende yehurumende kazhinji kazhinji haigoni kumanikidza hurumende kushandisa mapurogiramu ehurumende; panzvimbo pezvo, inoshandisa zvikarakadzo zvakadai semari yehurumende kukurudzira kutora rutivi mune zvenyika.

Kusunungurwa uye Chiremera Chehurumende

Apo mirau yehurumende inoratidzira kuti Congress yakaronga kuti hurumende yehurumende ipe chiremera chose chose panharaunda yakati yenhau, hurumende haigoni kutanga mipimo kana kuti mipimo yorumano zvikuru kupfuura yehurumende, uye purogiramu iri pasi pechiremera chehurumende ingabatanidza kwete basa rehurumende, kutungamirira kwakaenzana kwehurumende nokushandisa basa, kana kuti kushandiswa kwehurumende gadziriro kana kuti mipimo yehurumende.

Dzidziso yokusunungurwa kwomubatanidzwa inodzivisa kutaura mukudzora munharaunda umo mutemo womubatanidzwa une munda. Zvisinei, munharaunda dzakawanda, murairo wehurumende nowehurumende uri pamwe chete, nehurumende dzakasununguka kuisa zvinodikanwa zvokuwedzera zvinopfuura mwero womubatanidzwa. Kunzwisisa mweroi wehurumende une chiremera munharaunda yakati kunoda kusanoongororwa kwemirau yehurumende, mirau, uye zvisarudzo zvedare.

Kutora Rutivi uye Kuzvidavirira Kwavose

Kuzvidavirira kwehurumende kunoda kuti masangano ehurumende arambe achigamuchira vanhu vaanobatira.

Cherechedza uye Kupindura

Muitiro weziviso necommo unomirira mutoo mukuru wokutora rutivi kwavose mukuitwa kwemitemo. Apo masangano anokarakadza mitemo mitsva, anofanira kubudisa mutemo unokarakadzwa muFederal Register (kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu akaenzana) ndokugovera banza retsinhiro dzavose. Zvirongwa zvinofanira kurangarira idzi tsinhiro ndokupindura kunhau dzinokosha dzakamutswa dzisati dzagumisa mutemo wacho.

Kushanda kwedare kunobatsira kuita kuti vanhu vanenge vawirwa nenjodzi vape mashoko uye pfungwa izvo masangano angasafunga nezvazvo.

Kudzora ruzhinji kunoongorora kuti vanhu uye mapoka vanopinda sei nemasangano anotungamirira uye kunoita kuti vazvidavirire, kusanganisira kodzero dzemuitiro wakakodzera mumabasa esangano, kutora rutivi mukutonga kuburikidza netsinhiro dzavose, uye kuwana zvinyorwa zvemasangano nemisangano, nemashandisiro akaitwa kuti atsigire kujeka uye kupindira kwevanhu muzvisarudzo zvinodzorwa.

Hupindwa kumashoko

Rusununguko rwemashoko pamwero yose iri miviri yehurumende neyehurumende runogovera kuwanwa kwavanhu kuzvinyorwa zvehurumende. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) uye mitemo yezvinyorwa zvavanhu vose zvinobvumira vanhu kukumbira ndokuwana magwaro kubva kumasangano ehurumende, vachizviisa pasi pokusabvumirwa kwakati kwamashoko anotapurika.

Mitemo yemisangano inoda kuti masangano aitise zvimwe zvinoitika pachena, achibvumira vagari vemo kuchengeta zvisarudzo zvehurumende. iyi mitemo yezuva inosimudzira kujeka kwezuva uye inobetsera kudzivisa masangano kuita zvisarudzo seri kwemasuo akavharwa pasina kuongororwa navanhu.

Kutarisira Kwomutemo uye Kune Simba

Mitemo inotarisira masangano kupfurikidza namasangano akasiyana - siyana. Anogona kuva nemhosva dzokunzvera zviito zvesangano, anoda masangano kuti ape mishumo, uye mari yesangano rokudzora.

Kutarisira kwevatarisiri kunoitwa kupfurikidza napurezidhendi kana kuti chiremera chagavhuna pamasangano ebazu makuru. Vakuru vakuru vanogona kupa mirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru inoraira chiito chamasangano, kugadza vakuru vemasangano vanogoverana miitiro yavo yemiitiro, uye kurongazve masangano kuti avandudze kushanda zvakanaka. Zvisinei, uku kudzora kwehurumende kwakaganhurirwa nokuda kwamasangano anozvimirira akarongedzerwa kukuva nechiremera chakati chezvamatongerwe enyika.

Matambudziko Nemakwikwi Omutemo

Ganhuriro yehurumende inotarisana nenharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pebasa rayo rakafanira noukuru.

Nharo Yokutsiva

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoongorora mashoko dzinoti masangano ehurumende haawirirani nemitemo, zvikurukuru nemhaka yesimba rinoita mitemo risingabvumirwi, asi kuzviisa pasi kwemitemo yehurumende kwazvino uno kunoratidza kuti masangano anotungamirirwa nemitemo, uye kunodiwa mupfungwa inoshanda uye inoshanda.

Vatsoropodzi vanoti simba rakawanda rehurumende rinopesana nemasangano anoputsa nheyo iyi nokubvumira vakuru vakuru vasina kusarudzwa kuita zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinofanira kuitwa nevanogadza mitemo.

Kudzikamisa Kushanda Kwazvo Noutongi Hwose

Vatsigiri vebasa rine simba zvikuru remasangano vanotaura kuti masangano anonyatsogadzwa kuti aite mabasa akaoma ehurumende, akadai sokutarisira mabasa enzanga, kutarisira mapurogiramu enzvimbo, uye kusimbisa utano, kuchengeteka, uye mitemo yemhoteredzo. Masangano anoshandisa nyanzvi noruzivo rwezvirongwa zvehurumende rusina chaizvoizvo.

Zvisinei, unyanzvi uhwu hunoda kurasikirwa nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende havasarudzwi zvakananga, uye zvisarudzo zvavo zvinogona kutapura zvikuru upenyu hwevanhu uye mararamiro avo. Kudzikamisa kudikanwa kwokuita chisarudzo chenyanzvi nemitemo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kunoramba kuri chinetso chinopfuurira mumutemo wehurumende.

Kuremedza uye Kukanganisa Kwemari

Mitemo inoisa ndyiko pamabhizimisi uye kuvanhu vamwe navamwe, ichitungamirira kukurukurirano pamusoro pokuti masangano anodzikamisa dzikamo here pakati pokudzivirira fariro dzavose uye kudzivisa mutoro wakanyanyisa wokudzora. Mitemo inofanira kurangarira tapuro yezvemari yemirau yavo, asi kusarudza mwero wakafanira wemitemo kunobatanidza kushambadzira kwakaoma pakati pemipimo inokwikwidzana.

Vamwe vanotaura kuti masangano anonyanyova asingabvumirani, anodzvinyirira kukura kwemari nokutangwa kusingadiwi nemitemo. Vamwe vanotaura kuti masangano ari pasi pomubatanidzwa, anokundikana kudzivirira zvakakwana utano hwavanhu, chengeteko, uye mhoteredzo. iyi kurukurirano inoratidzira mirangariro yakasiana pamusoro pebasa rakafanira rehurumende mukutungamirira mubato womunhu oga.

Zvinetso Zvinoshanda Zvevagari Nemabhizimisi

Kunzwisisa kuti gadziriro yapamutemo namasangano ehurumende zvinoshanda sei kune ukoshi hunoshanda nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatira pamwe nehurumende, iyo inobatanidza anenge munhu ari wose. Kana uri kutanga bhizimisi, kutenga musha, kutyaira motokari, kana kuti kungorarama upenyu hwako hwezuva nezuva, unosangana nemitemo nemirau inodzorwa namasangano akasiana - siana.

Kuronga Zvinodiwa Nesangano

Mabhizimisi anofanira kuwirirana nezvinodiwa nemasangano akawanda, kubva pakuwana marezenisi uye mvumo yokutevera mitemo yokuchengeteka kubasa uye mitemo yemhoteredzo.

Masangano akawanda anopa magwaro okutungamirira, anowanzobvunza mibvunzo, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinobatsira vanhu vanotungamirira kunzwisisa zvavanofanira kuita.

Zvisarudzo Zvokuongorora Zvakaoma

Masangano akawanda anobudisa zvikumbiro zvokukwikwidza paunofanira kukwikwidza zvisarudzo zvisina kunaka usati wapedza.

Kunzwisisa nzira dzokuita zvinhu uye nguva dzemabasa anodenha esangano kunokosha. Kurega kusvitsa nguva kunogona kurasikirwa nekodzero yako yokukwidza, uye kukundikana kupedza mishonga yokutarisira kunogona kukudzivisa kuwana hwirudzuro yedare. Kubvunza gweta rine unyanzvi mumutemo wokutarisira kunogona kukubetsera kushandisa miitiro iyi yakaoma.

Kubatanidzwa Mugadziriro Yokutungamirira

Kupa tsinhiro dzokufunga pamitemo inokarakadzwa kunogona kuumba mirau yokupedzisira iyo masangano anogamuchira. Mitemo inofanira kurangarira ndokupindura tsinhiro dzinokosha, ichipa vanhu inzwi rine revo muzvisarudzo zvine revo.

Kana pasina nzira dzokutaura dzakarongwa, vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kupinda mumasangano kupfurikidza namatare okuronga, misangano yavose, uye kurukurirano yakananga navakuru vakuru vesangano.uku kunobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvisarudzo zvesangano zvinoratidzira mifungo yakasiana - siana uye miuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika.

Nguva Yemberi Yematare Nezvemakurukota

Masangano epamutemo uye ehurumende ari kuramba achichinja zvichienderana nokuchinja kuri kuita mamiriro ezvinhu, upfumi uye ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nehurumende Yemagetsi

Ruzivo rwemakombiyuta rwuri kuchinja mashandiro anoita madare nemasangano.

Asi kufambira mberi kuri kuita zvinhu izvi kunotoita kuti pave nematambudziko.

Kuchinja Dzidziso Dzapamutemo

Zvisarudzo zveDare Repamusorosoro zvakagadziridzazve kuongorora, zvingangoganhurira chiremera chesangano uye kuwedzera kutarisira dare. Kuchinja uku kuchaita kuti simba rematare nemasangano rivepo kukanganisa zvikuru.

Mutemo unodzora wehurumende uri kubatanidzawo, nehurumende pane dzimwe nguva dzichitora mitoo yakasiana - siana kupfuura hurumende yehurumende. Iyi mhatsa inogona kutungamirira kukutangwa kwezvinhu sokuedza kwemitoo yakasiana - siana yokutungamirira nezvinodikanwa zvetsika.

Kugadzirisa Matambudziko Akaoma Kunzwisisa Mazuva Ano

Matare nemasangano anosangana nematambudziko akaoma kunzwisisa, anochinja mamiriro okunze kusvika pakusachengeteka kwemakombiyuta kusvika pakugadzira zvinhu zvakadai semasayendisiti akachenjera, uye izvi zvinoda unyanzvi hunoshamisa uye kuronga zvinhu muhurumende dzakasiyana - siyana.

Kufunga kuti masangano aya ane zvinhu, chiremera, uye anochinjika kuti agadzirise zvinetso zvitsva uku achichengeta kodzero dzevanhu uye achichengetedza kodzero dzavo kunoramba kuri chinetso chinoramba chiripo.

Mazano Okumwe Kudzidza

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pegadziriro yapamutemo namasangano ehurumende, zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinowanika. United States Courts [ inogovera mashoko akazara pamusoro pedare rehurumende, kubatanidza zvishandiso zvedzidzo, nhamba dzedare, uye tsananguro dzemiitiro yedare.

USA.gov shopu inobatira sechiteshi kumashoko ehurumende yehurumende, kubatanidza mabhurari amasangano ehurumende netsananguro dzebasa rehurumende. Mawebsite ehurumende anopa mashoko akafanana ematare enzvimbo nesangano rehurumende.

Maraibhurari emitemo, anooneka uye ari paIndaneti, anoita kuti pave nemitemo, mitemo, zvisarudzo zvematare, uye nyaya dzemitemo dzinonyatsoongorora nyaya dzemitemo nedzehurumende.

Masangano enyanzvi akadai seAmerican Bar Association’s Programme of Administrative Law and Regural Practice anogovera zvinhu, mabhuku, uye mikana yokukurukurirana paIndaneti nokuda kwevaya vanoshanda kana kuti vanodzidza mutemo wehurumende. Mabhuku ekwazvo anobudisa nyaya dzenyanzvi dzinoongorora zvinoitika mumutemo wokudzora uye kugadziridza.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yemitemo namasangano ehurumende zvinoumba mubatanidzwa wakaoma kunzwisisa wezvinodokuva rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwazvino uno. Dare rinotsanangura ndokushandisa mitemo, rinopedza gakava, uye rinovimbisa kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo nemitemo.

Kunzwisisa kuti gadziriro idzi dzinoshanda sei pamwe chete (uye dzimwe nguva dzichiitirana nharo) kunopa nzwisiso inokosha mukutonga kweAmerica. Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba kunovimbisa kuti hapana sangano rimwe chete rinonyanya kuva nesimba, nepo kushandira pamwe pakati pemitezo yakasiyana - siyana nemapazi ehurumende kuchibvumira kutarisirwa kunobudirira kwegadziriro dzegadziriro dzezvirongwa zvakaoma kunzwisisa.

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kuchinja kwenzanga, uye zvinetso zvitsva zvinomuka, masangano aya anofanira kuchinja achichengetedza mipimo mikuru yokururamisira, kuona zvinhu zvakanaka, uye mutemo.

Ungave uri muridzi webhizimisi anoshandisa mitemo, mugari wemo achitsvaka mabasa ehurumende, kana kuti anenge achingoda kuziva kuti hurumende inoshanda sei, anonzwisisa tsika dzepamutemo nemasangano ehurumende zvinokupa simba rokuita zvinobudirira zvikuru nemasangano aya. Nokuitawo chimwe chinhu, kuramba uchiziviswa nezvezviitiko zvepamutemo, uye kushandisa kodzero dzako pazvinenge zvakakodzera, ungabatsira kuti matare nemasangano ashande fariro yavose uye kuti urambe uchizvidavirira kuvanhu vaanoshandira.

Mhindumupindu inopfuurira yomutemo wokutonga nokutarisira kuchapfuurira kuumba dzikamo pakati pechiremera chehurumende norusununguko rwomunhu, pakati pokuita chisarudzo nechiremera chehurumende, uye pakati pesimba rehurumende nerehurumende. Kuramba kwakabatanidzwa neizvi zvinoitika nokunzwisisa nheyo idzo dzinotsigira gadziriro dzedu dzapamutemo nedzekutonga dzinoramba dziri dzinokosha nokuda kwokuva mugari wemo anoziviswa uye kutora rutivi runobudirira mukudzora kwoubati ushe hwehurumende.