Kusarudza Kunoitwa Nematare Ehurumende: Kutsanangura Zviri Nyore

Dare rehurumende rinoumba musimboti wegadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica, kubata mativi makuru ekakavadzano dzapamutemo dzinomuka mumutemo wehurumende. Kuvambira pakuputswa kwemotokari nebvumirano kusvikira kumhaka dzoutsotsi dzakakomba uye hondo dzekodzero dzokuchengeta mwana dzemhuri, kunzwisisa kuti matare ehurumende anosvika sei pazvisarudzo zvawo zvinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofamba mumugariro wapamutemo kana kuti anotsvaka zvake kuva mugari wemo akaziva. Muitiro wokuita chisarudzo ndewenzira yokuita nayo, unovambwa mumazana amakore egamuchidzanwa remitemo, uye unogadzirirwa kuvimbisa kururama, kuchinjika, uye kuomerera kumutemo.

Nepo miitiro chaiyoiyo ichisiyana - siyana panzvimbo nehurumende, gadziriro huru inoramba iri yechienzi. Iyi nyaya inoputsa chikamu chimwe nechimwe chorwendo chinotora, kubva pabumbiro rokutanga kusvikira kuchisarudzo chokupedzisira, uye inonzvera zvinhu zvikuru zvinopesvedzera mutongi kana kuti dare rinobetsera dare esungakamiriro dzedare dzvurudzo; chisarudzo chokupedzisira. Kana uri mudzidzi womutemo, muridzi webhizimisi muduku, kana kuti mumwe munhu anotarisana nenhau yapamutemo, iyi tsananguro ichaza zvakajeka, inoshanda nzira iyo matare ehurumende anofunga nayo uye anoita nayo.

Kuzvidzwa uye Kuhwirudzurwa Kwokutanga

Dare riri rose rinotanga apo mubato (mutevedzeri kana kuti mukumbiri) rinoisa gwaro repamutemo rinozivikanwa senyunyuto kana kuti chikumbiro nedare rehurumende rakafanira. Irori rinoronga hwaro hwapamutemo hwenhau yacho, maidi sezvo mugadziri wefaira anozviona, uye rusununguko rwakatsvakwa (zvakadai sechakaipa chemari, murairo, kana kuti murairo wekodzero yokuchengeta). Dare &ssquo; mabharani anohwirudzura mapepa esimba — anonzvera zvimiro zvakarurama, mitero, uye mashoko ebasa anobatanidzwa.

Zvisinei, kuhwirudzura kwokutanga kunodarika mapepa chete. dare, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nomutongi ’ kunzvera kwokutanga, richasarudza kana nyunyuto “ richitaura kuti nderipi ringapiwa mvumo. ” Iri ibasa rokuchengeta masuo. Kana nyunyuto yacho ichikundikana kuratidzira kuputsa kwapamutemo kwapamutemo kana kuti kushaiwa udzame hwakakwana, mutongi angadzinga mhaka yacho zvakananga kana kuti kupa mugadziri wefail banza. Somuenzaniso, dare rinotaura kuti chitoro chakanga chiri “unfair &quordo; pasina kududza kuputswa kwechibvumirano kana kuti mutengidziro sezvingabvira ringabviswa pachikamu chino.

Kana nyunyuto inopfuura, dare rinopa madaidziro uye mhaka inopfuurira. Mukwirirwi (kana kuti mupinduri) ipapo anogamuchira ziviso uye ane nhambo yakatarwa — zvikurukuru 20 kusvikira ku 30 mazuva —to anopindura. Iyi mhinduro, inonzi, ingabvuma kana kuti kuramba, ingasimudzira dziviriro dzokubvuma, kana kuti kunyange kunyora dare . Papfundo rino, muganhu wepamutemo &lquo; Battle mitsetse ” inokweva, uye dare rinovamba kudzora nguva.

Miitiro Yapamberi Pehondo: Kuderedza Hondo

Kutonga kupi nokupi kusati kwaitika, nhano yakarongeka isati yaitwa. Iyi nhambo ndiyo umo chiverengero chikuru chenhau chinopedzwa kupfurikidza nokugadzikiswa kana kuti kudzingwa, nemhaka yokuti chinomanikidzira mativi ose ari maviri kuzivisa ufakazi hwavo nerondedzero dzapamutemo. Zvikamu zvikuru zviviri zvinowanwa uye muitiro wokufamba.

Kuwana: Mashoko Anobudiswa

Kuwana muitiro wakarongwa uyo mumwe nomumwe anowana nawo ufakazi kubva kune rumwe rutivi. Kwakagadzirirwa kudzivisa “ dare kupfurikidza nevavandiri ” uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti maidi akaiswa mudenga zvizere pamberi pedare. Maturusi anozivikanwa navose anobatanidza:

  • [[[FRANT:0] Mibvunzo [ – mibvunzo yakanyorwa inofanira kupindurwa pasi pemhiko.
  • [ wirirano – chipupuriro chinotaurwa chinoitwa mumhiko kunze kwedare, chakanyorwa nokuda kwokushandiswa gare gare.
  • Kukumbira nokuda kwokubudisa – kudikanwa kwezvinyorwa, maemail, zvibvumirano, kana kuti humwe ufakazi chaihwoihwo.
  • Kukumbira nokuda kwokubvumira – kutaura kwokuti mumwe anokumbira mumwe kubvuma kana kuti kuramba, achipedzisa nhau dzokutongwa.

Kana munhu ari mudare akaramba kuita maererano nazvo, dare rinogona kuisa zvirango, kusanganisira kuteterera kunotyisa kana kuti kunyange kuita mutongo wakakwana.

Muitiro Wekufambisa: Kukurumidza Kupedza Nhau

Munguva yokutonga kusati kwaitwa, mumwe nomumwe anganyora nyaya achikumbira dare kuti risarudze nyaya dzepamutemo dzakananga pasina kutongwa kwakazara. Kudzokororwa kukuru kunosanganisira:

  • Kudzinga – inoramba kuti kunyange kana zvose zvinonzi napaduku - duku ’ zvinoumba maidi ndezvechokwadi, mutemo haugoveri mushonga.
  • Motion for Fung Juncial Justitu – inosimbisa kuti hakuna gakava rechokwadi pamusoro pamaidi ezvinhu, naizvozvo mutongi anogona kutonga senhau yomutemo. Kana akabvumirwa, muedzo unodziviswa chose chose.
  • Motion mu Limine – anotsvaka kubvisa ufakazi hwakati mukutongwa, zvakadai serunyerekupe kana kuti mifananidzo inofungira mano akaipa.

Zvisarudzo izvi zvinoumba kutongwa kupi nokupi kwokupedzisira uye kazhinji kazhinji zvinova hwaro hwokukwirira.

3. Muitiro Wokutonga: Kutsanangura Mhaka

Kana nyaya ikapukunyuka kutongwa kusati kwaitwa uye mapati asingagari, inoenderera mberi kutongwa. Kutonga kwacho ichiitiko chikuru umo mutongi kana kuti vatongi vanonzwa ufakazi hwose huripo ndokupa mutongo. kutonga kwehurumende kunotevera mugadzirirwo wakafanana, kungava kutonga kwebheji (kusarudza) kana kuti kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi).

Kusarudza Chiratidzo cheJury (Voir Dire)

Mukutonga kwedare redare rinobetsera vatongi, nhano yokutanga kusarudza vatongi. Vatongi navanotonga vanobvunza vangada kufumura rusaruro kana kuti rwisano dzemhindu. Rutivi rumwe norumwe rungarova chiverengero chakati chamatare “ nokuda kwokuparira ” (kusasarura) kana kuti kushandisa &lquo; denho &lquo; (hachina chikonzero chinodikanwa, mukati memiganhuro). Vavariro yacho iboka rakarurama nerisingasaruri.

Kutaura Kwokuzarura

Mashoko aya haasi uchapupu humene asi anobatira semapu yedare rinobetsera vatongi.

Kuratidzwa Ufakazi

Chisakiso chokutonga kusumo youfakazi. Boka rine mutoro wechiratidzo (zvikurukuru mupurisa) rinopa chinoitika charo pakutanga. Ufakazi hungabatanidza:

  • Antimony – zvapupu zvinopindura mibvunzo pasi pokupika. Kunzvera kwakananga neboka rinodana, ipapo kuyambuka kuongororwa nomushori.
  • Exhibits zvinyorwa, mapikicha, zvinhu zvinooneka, kana kuti marekodhi emitauro. Izvi zvinofanira kuva zvekuziva nokusvitsa mitemo youfakazi (mirau inotevedzerwa, inoshanda, zvichingodaro).
  • ZVIREVO[ – maidi ose ari maviri anobvumirana, zvinoravirwa muchinyorwa.

Mupurisa wacho apinda muhondo, mudziviriri angadana zvapupu zvake amene uye zviratidziro zviripo.

Kutaura Kunopfiga

Pashure pokunge ufakazi hwose hwapinda, rutivi rumwe norumwe runopfupikisa nhau yarwo ndokukurudzira mutongi kana kuti vatongi kuita mirangariro yakanaka.

Mirayiridzo Nekushandisa Bvumbiro

Mukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, mutongi anorairidza vatongi pamutemo unonyoreswa. Iyi mirayiridzo inotsanangura mipimo yapamutemo inofanira kushandiswa namaidi. Somuenzaniso, munhau yokuregeredza, mirayiridzo icharondedzera basa retarisiro, kuputsa, kubvisa, uye kuvadziko. Varwi ipapo vanorega basa noune, kazhinji kazhinji muchivande, kutozosvikira vasvika chisarudzo chakapesana (kana kuti mumitezo mikurusa mune dzimwe migariro yevagari vemo).

Mukutonga kwebhenji, mutongi anosarudza nyaya yacho achirayirwa, oongorora uchapupu hwacho, uye anonyora chisarudzo chakanyorwa chine zvakawanwa zveidi nemhedziso dzomutemo.

4. Zvinhu Zvinokonzera Kusarudza

Kunzwisisa izvi kunobatsira kuderedza kuongorora maitiro uye kunosimbisa kuti nei matare akasiyana - siyana achigona kuwana migumisiro yakasiyana - siyana pazviitiko zvakafanana.

Mitemo Yemitemo Negadziriro Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Nzvimbo yokutanga nguva dzose mutemo wakafanira: mitemo, bumbiro remitemo, uye, apo kunoshanda, mutemo womubatanidzwa. dare rinofanira kuturikira mutauro wemitemo, kazhinji kazhinji kutarira padonzo romutemo, revo yakajeka, uye marusando okuvaka. Somuenzaniso, mutemo une mirimo yehurumende ucharondedzera kuti zvinhu zvipi zvisiri zvapamutemo, icho chinoumba &lquo; desition, ” uye zvirango zvinoshanda. dare rinoshandisa rondedzero iyoyo kumaidi.

Kutanga Kufunga Nenyaya (Stare Desis)

Dare reHurumende rinosungirwa nedzidziso ye stares decis — chiLatin nokuda kwe “ kuti imire nezvinhu zvasarudzwa. ” matare maduku anofanira kutevera zvisarudzo zvematare makuru ari mumugariro mumwe chetewo. Kunyange vatongi vanofanira kutevera muenzaniso wakagadzwa nehurumende yavo &ctrsquo; Dare Rapamusoro. Ikoku kunovimbisa tsinhirano nechakadeyama. Zvisinei, matare anogona kusiyanisa muenzaniso kana maidi akasiana mune zvokunyama, kana kuti munhau dzisati dzapfuura, muenzaniso wokuchinja kana migariro yakachinjwa nenzira yakati.

Uchapupu uye Zvapupu Zvinonyatsozivikanwa

Vatongi nematare ematare vanoona kuti uchapupu hunoratidza kuti munhu anenge aita sei, kuti angava nerusarura, uye kuti angava nemhosva.

Mutoro Woufakazi

Mupimo wechibvumikiso unoratidzira kuti muiti wechisarudzo anofanira kuva anopwiswa sei. Munhau dzoutsotsi, muchuchisi anofanira kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka “ kupfuvura ufakazi hune mufungo. ” Munhau dzavagari vemo, mutengi anofanira kubvumikisa mhaka yacho ne “preprebiance of theuchaust ” (zvingabvira zvikuru kupfuura zvisati), kana kuti muzvinoitika zvakati, &lquo; dective andclate andpy. ” iyi mipimo inotapura zvakananga kana kuti inowana.

Kuchenjera Pakutonga

Vatongi vane uchenjeri hunokosha munharaunda dzakawanda: kutonga pamusoro pezvirambidzo zvakajeka, kutungamirira miitiro yokuedza, kupa mutongo mumhaka dzoutsotsi, uye kushandisa mishonga isina kuganhurirwa. Uku kuchenjera hakuna kuganhurirwa; kunofanira kushandiswa mukati memiganhu yomutemo uye pasina kubatwa zvisina kufanira. Somuenzaniso, mutongi angarangarira nhau youtsotsi, kusuruvara, uye bviro yokuvandudza apo anoisa mutongo.

5. Kufamba Nokukwirira Kwomunguva Yakapfuura

Chisarudzo chokutonga hachiwanzova chinhu chokupedzisira. Vari kurasikirwa vangaronga zviito zvepashure pomutongo, zvakadai sokufamba nokuda kwekutonga kutsva kana kuti chiito cherutongeso pasinei zvapo nechisarudzo, vachiramba kuti chisarudzo chacho chakanga chiri mukurwisana nouremu hweufakazi kana kuti kuti zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvakaitika. Mutongi angabvumira izvi kuita chiito, asi kazhinji kazhinji anoita kudaro bedzi nokuda kwekusaruramisira kwakajeka.

Kana kudzorwa kwenhau kwapashure pedare kukakundikana, nhano inotevera kukwirira kudare rehurumende riri pakati (kana kuti zvakananga kudare rapamusorosoro rehurumende munyika duku). Zvikumbiro hazvisi “do-overs ” dare rinohwirudzura chinyorwa chokutonga nokuda kwemhosho dzapamutemo, kwete kakavadzano dzechokwadi. Ichabvisa chisarudzo bedzi kana mutongi anotonga akashatisa mutemo kana kuti kana ufakazi hwakanga husina kukwana zvokuti hapana dare rine mufungo raigona kuva rakasvika mhedziso iyoyo.

Dare repamusorosoro rehurumende, rinowanzonzi Dare Repamusorosoro, rinotaura zvokupedzisira panyaya dzomutemo wehurumende (kana pasina nhau yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende iri kubatanidzwa, iyo ipapo inogona kuenda kuDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States).

Basa raJuries vs.

Musiyano mukuru muzvisarudzo zvedare ndeuya anoita danidzo yokupedzisira: vatongi vezera ravo kana kuti mutongi ane unyanzvi.

Mitemo [ inounza mipimo yenzanga mudare. Inowanzoonekwa sehana yenzanga, zvikurukuru mumhaka dzoutsotsi umo vanogona &lquo;nulight ” mutemo kana vachidavira kuti mutemo usakarurama uri kushandiswa. Juries idi - vawani; vanosarudza chakaitika chakavakirwa paufakazi uye ipapo kushandisa mutemo sechiraidzo chomutongi.

Vatongi, kune rumwe rutivi, inyanzvi dzemitemo dzakaziva. Mukutongwa kwebhenji, vanoita mabasa ose ari maviri okuwana chokwadi nenzvero yapamutemo. Vatongi vanowanzova vakarovedzana zvikuru nenhau dzepamutemo dzakaoma, dzakadai sedzinobatanidza zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi kana kuti mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, uye vangasakanganiswa zvikuru nokukwirira kwemirangariro. Parivhi ingasarudza kutongwa kwebhenji apo vanodavira kuti nhau dzapamutemo dzinokosha zvikuru kupfuura maidi, kana kuti apo mutongi angava anosarura.

Somuenzaniso, nyaya yenyanzvi dzokurapa inobatanidza vaongorori vanonzwira tsitsi nechipatara chikuru ingava yakakodzera zviri nani vatongi, nepo kupesana kwechibvumirano pakati pemasangano maviri kungava kuri nani kumutongi.

7. Kutora Kunoshandisika Kwevagari Vomunyika

Kana ukabatanidzwa mumhaka yedare rehurumende, kuziva muitiro wokuita chisarudzo kunogona kukubatsira iwe negweta rako kugadzirira. Hedzino njere dzinoshanda:

  • [[FT:0] Chinyorwa chiri chose – ufakazi ndimambo. Chengeta maemail, marizi, mapikicha, uye zvinonyorwa. Ufakazi hwaunogona kuva nahwo, ihwo hwaune hwakawanda.
  • pasi pomutemo – shanda negweta kuzivisa mirau yakananga nemienzaniso zvinoshanda. Gweta rakanaka richabatanidza nhau yako mukati megadziriro yapamutemo yakafanira.
  • Gadzirira kunonotsa – matare ehurumende anowanzoremerwa. Mitemo yePremeshi yedare inogona kutora mwedzi. Shivirira nokugadzirira kwakakwana zvinokosha.
  • Rangarira chisarudzo chokutsiva chamagakava – matare akawanda ehurumende anoraira kupedza mhaka pamberi pokutonga. Kugadzikisa pakuvamba kunochengetedza nguva, mari, uye dzvinyiriro yemirangariro.

mhedziso

Kuita chisarudzo chedare rehurumende muitiro wakarongeka, unorongwa wakawanda unowirirana nomutemo nokusanorangarira maidi. Kubva parusando rwokutanga kupfurikidza nokufamba kwenguva dzisati dzatongwa, kutongwa, uye zvikumbiro zvinobvira, nhano imwe neimwe yakarongedzerwa kuita muuyo wakarurama. Nepo tsika yacho isina kukwana —delay, zvisarudzo zvinopesana, uye ndyiko dzakakwirira zvinetso chaizvoizvo — inheyo mumuenzaniso, kujeka, uye kuiedza kweadversari inoiparadzanisa.

Kumunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kushandisa gadziriro iyi, zivo isimba. Kunzwisisa kuti vatongi namatare amatare vanoyera sei ufakazi, kushandisa mirau, uye kuyera muenzaniso kunokupa mukana wokusvika mhaka yako nekariro dzechokwadi uye zano rakasimba. Mutemo hausi chinhu chakavanzika; imitemo inoshandiswa nenzira yakarongwa pamagakava avanhu. Uye matare ehurumende ndiwo anobatira basa racho zuva riri rose.

Nokuda kwokuravazve miitiro yedare, ungabvunza LGALL Information Institute’ kupeta-pfuurwa kwematare ehurumende kana kuti kunzvera Dare reU.S. kuenzanisa pakati pemiitiro yehurumende nehurumende. Kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pomuitiro wokukumbira, [[FLT:]] American Bar Association inogovera nhungamiro inobetsera[.