Table of Contents

Kunzwisisa ukama hwakaoma kunzwisisa pakati pemiitiro yemitemo nerusununguko rwevagari vemo kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuti nzanga dzinodzivirira sei kodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko. Gadziriro yemitemo igadziriro yemitemo yetsika dzepamutemo, masangano, uye miitiro iyo tsika idzodzo dzinoshandiswa, kazhinji kazhinji musimba rakati kana kuti nzanga. Mhiko dzavagari vemo ikodzero huru nerusununguko izvo hurumende dzinovimbisa kusaganhurira, kupfurikidza nemitemo, mutemo, kana kuti kududzira mutemo. Iyi mifungo miviri inobatana zvikuru, setsika norudzi rwetsika yemitemo inopesvedzera zvakananga kuti inozivikanwa sei, inodudzirwa sei, inoturikirwa, uye inodzorwa.

Kudzivirirwa kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo kunosiyana zvikuru mumagamuchidzanwa nemitemo zvakasiyana - siyana. Nepo dzimwe nyika dzakasimbisa gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinodudza zvakajeka kodzero dzevanhu, dzimwe dzinovimba nomubatanidzwa womutemo wemitemo, muenzaniso wokutonga, uye zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inonzvera marudzi akasiyana - siyana emitemo munyika yose, inonzvera mamiriro orudzi noukoshi hwerusununguko rwevanhu, uye inonzvera maitiro ayo rusununguko urwu runokosha runodzivirirwa nawo mumitemo yepamutemo yakasiyana - siyana.

Kunzwisisa Miitiro Yepamutemo: Murangariro Wenyika Yose

Gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinoumba nheyo apo nzanga dzinoronga mitemo yadzo, kupedza gakava, uye kuchengeta nhevedzano. Miitiro yemitemo yapanguva imwe cheteyo yenyika inowanzovakirwa paimwe yamagamuchidzanwa mana makuru apamutemo: mutemo wavagari vemo, mutemo wavose, mutemo wetsika, mutemo worudzidziso kana kuti mubatanidzwa weidzi. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzazvino uno dzinoziva kuti fundo ya 2000 yemiitiro yemitemo yenyika yenyika yakawana masangano emitemo akavhengana 92, 91 mitemo yavagari vemo, uye masangano emitemo avose 42. Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti miitiro yemibatanidzwa yemitemo yakava yakava yakakurumbira zvikuru sezvo nyika dzinochinja gadziriro dzapamutemo kuti dziwirirane nedze yakasiana, tsika, uye zvinodikanwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kurongwa kwemiitiro yemitemo kunoshanda zvinangwa zvinokosha kupfuura fariro yedzidzo. Kunzwisisa gadziriro yemitemo yenyika kunokosha nokuda kwebhizimisi remarudzi ose, shanduro yapamutemo, zvidzidzo zvemitemo, uye kodzero dzavanhu. Kurongwa kwemiitiro yemitemo kunokoshawo zvikuru mukushandurwa kwapamutemo nemhaka yokuti kunodzora chinetso chebasa romushanduri: gadziriro mbiri dzapamutemo dzinosanowirirana zvikuru ndedzo, mutoo wakananga zvikuru weshanduro ndiwo.

Mitemo Yavose

Gadziriro yemitemo yavose chose chose inoumbwa nemitemo inoumbwa nedare, sezvo mutemo uchibva mumhaka, panzvimbo pomutemo. Dzidziso yokutarisisa, inozivikanwawo somutemo wenhau kana kuti muenzaniso nematare, musiano mukuru kumitemo yapamutemo yavagari vemo inosimbiswa. Mumitemowo zvayo, vatongi vanoita basa guru mukukudziridza mutemo kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvavo muzvinoitika zvakati, izvo ipapo zvino zvino zvino zvinobatira somuenzaniso unobatira sechisano chapamutemo nokuda kwenhau dzakafanana dzenguva yemberi dzinobatanidza mibvunzo yapamutemo.

Mutemo wavose unoshandiswa muCanada (kubvisa Quebec), Australia, New Zealand, zhinjisa dzeUnited Kingdom (England, Wales, uye Northern Ireland), South Africa, Ireland, India (kubvisa Goa nePuucherry), Pakistan, Hong Kong, United States (panzvimbo nemwero yenzvimbo dzinobvisa Louisiana nePuerto Rico), Bangladesh, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda. Tsika yavose yakavamba muEngland ndokupararira muUmambo hweBritain, ichiiita imwe yamagamuchidzanwa akapararira zvikurusa apamutemo munyika yose.

Dare remitemo rinozivikanwa navose inhau dzinotsiva; ndiko kuti, kune mukundi anokurira chimiro chendangariro mudare. Mugadziriro yemitemo yavagari vemo, rutivi rumwe norumwe runosarudza nhau nemibvunzo yarunoda kuti dare ripedze, rizvinzvere, uye rigadzirire ndokupa ufakazi hwaro rimene. Uku kurangarira kwokuzvitonga kunopesana zvikuru nemitoo yebvunzurudzo inoshandiswa mumasangano emitemo yavagari vemo, umo vatongi vanoita basa guru mukunzvera maidi.

Rimwe remagwaro anokosha zvikurusa okuumba mutemo wavose iMagna Carta yechiNgezi, iro rakaisa ganhuriro pasimba raMadzimambo eEngland. Irori renhau, rakabvumirana muna 1215, rakasimbisa nheyo yokuti kunyange madzimambo akanga ari pasi pokutonga kwomutemo ndokuisa hwaro nokuda kwedziviriro dzakawanda dzerusununguko rwevagari vemo idzo gare gare dzaizotanga muhurumende dzavanhuwo zvavo.

Miitiro Yomutemo Wavagari Vemo

Mitemo yevagari vemo yakatanga mutsika dzeRoma.Mutemo wevagari vemo - Rudzi rwakapararira zvikurusa rwegadziriro yemitemo munyika, unoshandiswa muzvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana munyika dzinenge 150.Izvozvi zvinoita kuti mutemo wehurumende uve muitiro wepamutemo wakapararira zvikurusa munyika yose, uchipesvedzera kufambira mberi kwepamutemo muEurope yose, Latin America, mativi eAsia, uye Africa.

Nyika dzine gadziriro dzemitemo yevagari vemo dzine mitemo yemitemo inobatanidza zvose, inopfuurira kugadziridzwa inoratidzira nhau dzose dzinokwanisa kuunzwa pamberi pedare, muitiro unoshanda, uye chirango chakakodzera nokuda kwemhosva imwe neimwe. Kusafanana namasangano emitemo anozivikanwa navose umo muenzaniso wedare unoita basa guru, kana mutemo uri weimwe mavambo muidzi mirau. Simbiso iri pamirau inogadzwa nemitemo inogadzwa nedzinogarwa panzvimbo pomutemo wakaitwa nedare.

Mugadziriro yemitemo yehurumende, mutongi anoita basa guru mukunzvera. Uku kubvunzurudza kunoreva kuti vatongi havasati vari bedzi vapikisi vasingatori rutivi pakati pamapoka anopikisana asi vanotora rutivi nokushingaira mukuunganidza ufakazi nokutanga maidi. Mienzaniso yenyika dzehurumende inobatanidza France, Germany, uye Brazil. Kuwedzera, Belgium, Netherlands, Mauritius, Italy, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Sub-Saharan Africa, Spain neLatin America zvose zvinoshandisa chimiro chakati chomutemo wevagari vemo.

Mitemo Yorudzidziso

Mugadziriro yomutemo worudzidziso, mutemo unotsamira pamagwaro orudzidziso sehwaro hwawo hukuru, uye matare anodudzira maidi namirairo zvazvino mukuwirirana namagwaro iwayo orudzidziso. Marudzidziso ose makuru enyika ʽJudaism, chiKristu, chiIslam, chiBuddha nechiHindu ane gadziriro yapamutemo yorudzidziso. Zvisinei, kukura uko mutemo worudzidziso unodzora nhau dzavagari vemo nedzoutsotsi kunosiana zvikuru mumativi ose.

Gadziriro yemitemo yechiIslam, inobatanidza sharia (mutemo weIslam) nefiqh (Istraminic jurisprade), ndiyo gadziriro yemitemo yorudzidziso inoshandiswa zvikurusa, uye imwe yemiitiro mitatu yavose zvikurusa munyika murutivi rwomutemo wavose nomutemo wehurumende. Yakavakirwa pamitemo yose iri miviri youmwari, yakabva muhuvato hweQuarn ne Sunnah, uye mitemo yeurema (vazivi), iyo inoshandisa mitoo yeijma (consus), qiyas (chitsaruso), chiIjtihad (sease), uye urf (arch), kukwanisa kuwana mafuta (magalgle mirangariro).

Marudzi mazhinjisa ane miitiro yapamutemo yorudzidziso anoshandisa iwo kuwedzera gadziriro yawo yenyika. Saudi Arabia bedzi (Islam) neVatican (chiKristu) ndezvoubati ushe hwaMwari zvakachena izvo zvine gadziriro bedzi yorudzidziso yorudzidziso mumarudzi azvo. Somuenzaniso, matare orudzidziso muIsraeri anobatanidza matare avanarabhi vechiJudha, matare echiIslam, matare orudzidziso, uye matare echechi enzanga 10 dzinozivikanwa. MuIsraeri, aya matare anoganhurirwa kunhau dzakati dzomutemo wemhuri.

Mitemo Yetsika

Gadziriro yemitemo yetsika yakavakirwa pamagamuchidzanwa akare akasimwa munzanga yakati. Magamuchidzanwa azova akadzika midzi kwazvo munzanga zvokuti matare anoaziva semitemo inomanikidzirwa. Mitemo yetsika yakavakirwa pamiitiro yetsika yetsika yakasvika pakugamuchirwa sezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo kana kuti mitemo yomufambiro mukati menyika yakati. Mitemo yetsika dzapamutemo inowanzosanyorwa uye inogoverwa navakuru, inopfuudzwa kusvikira kuzvizvarwa.

Gadziriro dzemitemo dzetsika dziri kuva dzinozivikanwa zvikuru. Tsika yetsika inoshandiswa nehurumende uye inopa masimba emitemo chaiwo kumadzimambo, vahosi, vatongi kana kuti vatungamiriri vendudzi semisoro yehurumende. Zvisinei, hakuwanzova kuturikirwa nokumanikidzirwa nehurumende. Panzvimbo pezvo, sarudza vatungamiriri veboka racho vanowanzoshandisa mitemo yetsika.

Nhasi, mutemo wetsika hauwanzovapo uri woga. Kazhinji kazhinji, miitiro yetsika yemitemo inogona kuwanwa mumiganhu yemitemo yakavhengana, umo yakabatanidza nomutemo wehurumende kana kuti wetsika. Uku kubatana kunobvumira nzanga dzemo nedzegamuchidzanwa kuchengeta miitiro yadzo yapamutemo apo inoshanda mukati megadziriro huru dzemitemo yorudzi.

Mitemo Yemitemo Yakavhengana Neyakasanganiswa

Gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakavhengana negadziriro mbiri kana kuti dzakawanda dzemitemo mukati morudzi. Kunewo kuwirirana kukuru pakati peidzi mapoka mana, sezvo mativi mazhinji anoshandisa "wrid" gadziriro dzapamutemo idzo dzinoratidzira mativi emiitiro yemitemo miviri kana kuti yakawanda. Kupararira kwemiitiro yakavhengana kunoratidzira pesvedzero dzenhau dzakaoma kunzwisisa, dzehurumende, uye dzetsika idzo dzakaumba fambiro mberi yapamutemo munyika dzakawanda.

Seyaichimbova nyika yeBritain, India ine gadziriro yapamutemo yavose, iyo inobvuma simba reDare Rapamusorosoro neDare Rapamusoro kuita zvisarudzo zvinosunga pamutemo sechimiro chemuenzaniso. Zvisinei, mizhinjisa yemitemo yayo inobatanidza zvinowanikwa mugadziriro yemitemo yeNapoleon. Mukuwedzera, India ine mitemo yomunhu oga inoshanda kuvaMuslim, vaKristu, uye vaHindu. Somuuyo, India ine tsika yewirirani inoumbwa nomutemo wavose, mutemo wavagari vemo, uye miitiro yemitemo yorudzidziso.

Somuenzaniso, nyika yeUS yeLouisiana ine tsika yakavhengana. Louisiana inoshandisa mutemo wakafanana, asi inoshandisawo gadziriro yemitemo yehurumende nokuda kweyakawanda yemitemo yenyika uye miitiro nemhaka yemavambo ayo sendima yechiFrench. Nenzira yakafanana, Quebec, iyo inoshandisa mutemo wehurumende pamwero wamarudzi ose, asi inodzorwa negadziriro yemitemo yavose yehurumende.

Zvakasikwa uye Ukuru Hwokusunungurwa Kwevanhu Vose

Kunyange zvazvo rusununguko rwevagari vemo rwakasiyana pakati penyika, dzinowanzobatanidza rusununguko rwehana, rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau, rusununguko rwechitendero, rusununguko rwokuungana, kuchengeteka, rusununguko rwokutaura, rusununguko rwokuva woga, kodzero yokuva woga, kuenzana pamberi pomutemo, kodzero yokutongwa zvakanaka, uye kodzero youpenyu. Dzimwe rusununguko rwevagari vemo runosanganisira kodzero yokuva nezvinhu zvako, kodzero yokuzvidzivirira, uye kodzero yokutendeka mumuviri.

Rusununguko rwavagari vemo idziviriro pazviito zvehurumende. Ikoku kunovasiyanisa nekodzero dzevanhu, uko kunonongedzera kuzviito zvakanaka zvehurumende zvinofanira kuva nemigariro yakaenzana nokuda kwevagari vose veAmerica. Kunzwisisa uyu musiano kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti dziviriro dzakasiana dzapamutemo dzinoshanda sei mukati menzanga inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kusiyanisa Kusunungurwa Kwehurumende Nekodzero Dzevagari Vomunyika

Rusununguko rwavagari vemo runorangarirwa sezvipikirwa zvakaipa ne (kana kuti mirairo yakaipa ku) hurumende kusaita zvinhu zvakati. Rusununguko rwevagari vemo runoitira hanya maruramiro makuru nerusununguko izvo zvinovimbiswa zvakajeka neBill of Rights neBumbiro reMitemo reU. kana kuti zvakadudzirwa ndokupiwa nemitemo yehurumende kana kuti matare. Zvinopa dziviriro pachiito chehurumende kana kuti chehurumende.

Kusiyana neizvi, kodzero dzevanhu dzinonyanya kuitirwa hanya nokupiwa kodzero kwevanhu vose kuti vabatwe zvakaenzana uye zvakanaka munzanga. Vanokurukura kusasarura, rusaruro, uye kubviswa kwezvinodzivisa zvingatadzisa vanhu kutora rutivi zvakazara munzanga. Shoko rakafanana, kodzero dzevanhu, rinonongedzera kukubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo uye kusasarura. Kana hurumende ichiputsa rusununguko rwevanhu rwemapoka akati bedzi evanhu, izvi zvinova kupesana kwekodzero dzavo.

Nenzira yomuzvarirwo, rusununguko rwavagari vemo nekodzero dzavagari vemo zvinobatanidzawo: Chipikirwa chakaipa chokuti hurumende haisati ichizodzongonyedza kutaura kwakasununguka chinoreva chipikirwa chokubvuma chokuti ichadzivirira vanhu vanoratidzira mirangariro yavo, kunyange mukutarisana nezvitendero zvikuru zvinoda kuvanyaradza.Uku kubatanidzwa kunoratidzira kuti nepo mirangariro yacho yakasiana, vanoshanda pamwe chete kuti vaite dziviriro huru nokuda kworusununguko rwomunhu oga.

Kusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete

Rusununguko Rwokutaura Nokutaura

Rumwe rusununguko runodiwa zvikurusa rwevagari vemo rusununguko rwokutaura, urwo runopa vanhu kodzero yokutaura mifungo yavo, mirangariro, uye pfungwa vasingatyi kuongororwa kana kuti kutambudzwa.

Rusununguko rwokutaura harusati rwuri chose chose musimba ripi neripi uye runofanira kudzikamiswa mukurwisana nedzimwe fariro dzinokosha dzakadai sechengeteko yorudzi, chengeteko yavose, uye maruramiro avamwe.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso

Rumwe rusununguko rwavagari vemo runotsoropodza rusununguko rworudzidziso, urwo runovimbisa kuti vanhu vane maruramiro okushandisa kutenda kwavo kana kuti chitendero pasina vhiringidzo inobva kuhurumende. urwu rusununguko runobatanidza zvikurukuru zvose zviri zviviri maruramiro okuchengeta zvitendero zvorudzidziso nekodzero yokuratidzira zvitendero izvozvo kupfurikidza nokunamata, muitiro, kudzidzisa, uye kuchengeta.

Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa nevanhu, urongwa hwebumbiro remitemo hunoita kuti vanhu vasununguke chitendero uye vasapinda chitendero, huchitadzisa hurumende kuisa chitendero chepamutemo.

Kuwana Nguva Yokuva Woga

Kodzero yokuva woga, yakatangwa neDare rapamusoro rakavakirwa padanho rechishanu, rechi 9, uye rechi14 rokugadziridza, iri pakati penhau dzinoverengeka dzazvino uno. Kuunganidzwa kwamasangano kwezvitsama zvakawanda zvemashoko pamusoro pevarevereri vezvakavanzika, zvikurukuru apo iyi mashoko anochinjirwa kukuchengetwa kwomutemo. Kodzero dzakavanzika dzazova dzinokosha zvikuru muzera remichina yemagetsi, sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoita kuti kunzvera kusina muenzaniso uye miunganidzwa yemashoko zvive.

Gadziriro Yakafanira Namaruramiro Okutonga Akarurama

Hurumende yeT. 6 Amendment inodzivirira kodzero yokutongwa nokukurumidza uye kwavose kupfurikidza nedare rinobetsera vatongi risingasaruri munhau dzoutsotsi. Inovimbisa kodzero yomunhu anopomerwa yokunzwa pomero dzayo. Kudzivirira kwakafanira kunovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kutorera vanhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti pfuma pasina kutevera miitiro yapamutemo yakagadzwa uye kugovera ziviso nemukana wokunzwa.

Kudzivirira kwetsika uku kunokosha kumutemo uye kuripo muzvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana mugadziriro dzemitemo dzakasiyana - siyana.

Kukura Kwenhau Yokusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete

Pfungwa yakarongwa yerusununguko rwevagari vemo inowanzova yakanyorwa naMagna Carta, dhipatimendi repamutemo reChirungu rakabvumirana muna 1215 irowo rakanga rakavakirwa pamagwaro aimbovapo, aiti Charter of Liberes. Chinyorwa ichi chenhau chakaumba nheyo yokuti simba rehurumende rinofanira kuganhurirwa uye kuti vanhu vane kodzero dzakati idzo zviremera zvinofanira kuremekedza.

Vazivi ava vakadzidzawo kuvazivi veNzwisiso vezana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi18, kubatanidza Montesquieu, John Locke, William Blackstone, uye Jean Jacques Rousseau. Ava vazivi vakakurukura maruramiro makuru, kubatanidza Locke yepesvedzero ye "kodzero kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye pfuma". Vakasimbisa ukoshi hwokuganhurira simba rehurumende kuti varege kuputsa idzi rusununguko rukuru.

Chiziviso cheFrance cha 1789 chekodzero dzomunhu nechomugari wemo chakaronga rusununguko rwakawanda rwevagari vemo uye nderwesimba rebumbiro remitemo. Chinyorwa ichi chokuchinja chakapesvedzera kukura kwebumbiro remitemo muEurope yose uye kudarika, chinosimbisa nheyo dzorusununguko rwomunhu oga, kuenzana, uye uchangamire hwakakurumbira hunopfuurira kuumba mutemo wamaruramiro avanhu wazvino uno.

Bhuku reAmerica Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Bill of Rights ndiyo gadziridzo gumi yokutanga kuBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., yakatenderwa muna 1791, yakagadzirirwa kuganhura simba rehurumende nokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe. James Madison, anowanzonzi Baba veBumbiro reMitemo, akanyoresa Bill of Rights uye akasuma kugadziriswa kweConfession muna 1789 kuti ataure pamusoro penhau dzehurumende yehurumende pamusoro pekunyengera. Dzikanyo yakakomba pakati pehurumende nekodzero dzomunhu oga inopfuurira kuumba mavambo erusununguko rwevagari veAmerica nhasi. Madison aidavira kuti pasina dziviriro dzakatangwa zvakajeka, hurumende yehurumende itsva yaigona kuva inodzvinyirira sehurumende dzakarwiswa kuti dzipukunde. Kuzvitsaurira kwake kuratidzira kunzwisiswa kwakajeka kwekodzero dzehurumende. Kunzwisisa kwake kudikanwa kwehurumende yehurumende inorwisana nehurumende, nheyo inoramba kuva inonetsa mugadziriro yepamutemo yemitemo yemitemo yapamutemo nhasi.

Ruzhinji rukuru rwezvisarudzo zvedare zvinorondedzera rusununguko rwevagari veAmerica zvakavakirwa paBill of Rights, kugadziriswa kwegumi kwokutanga kwakawedzerwa kuBumbiro reMitemo muna 1791. Mvumo dzavagari vemo dzinodzivirirwa muChiviko Chekodzero Dzevanhu dzingakamurwa kuva nharaunda mbiri dzakafara: rusununguko nekodzero zvinovimbiswa muFirst Amendment (rudzidziso, kutaura, mapepanhau, gungano, uye zvikumbiro) uye rusununguko nekodzero zvine chokuita noutsotsi uye muitiro wakafanira.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Negumi Negumi Nokusawirirana

Kupfuura kweKineth Amendment kwakadzivirirazve rusununguko rwevagari vemo kupfurikidza nokupinza Maropafadzo avanhu kana kuti maImmunion Claus, Adment Procesme, uye Aclimate Protection Clause. Iyi bvumirano, yakasimbiswa muna 1868 pashure peHondo yavagari vemo, yakashandura zvikurukuru ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, hurumende, uye maruramiro avanhu.

MuBarron v. Baltimore (1833), Dare Rapamusorosa rakatonga kuti Bill of Rights yakaganhurirwa bedzi hurumende yenyika uye kwete nyika nemaguta. Dare harina kutsamira paPramende yechi 14 kuti riwane kuti hurumende inofanira kuremekedza kodzero dze1st Amendment (Gittow v. New York). MuGitlow, Dare rakazivisa kuti rusununguko rwokutaura uye kutsikirira "zvakanga zviri kodzero dzomunhu oga dzinokosha uye rusununguko rwakadzivirirwa nomutemo wakakodzera weGart Amendmenterment kubva kukuvadziko dzakabva kuhurumende."

Dare Rapamusoro rakaita basa rinokosha mukududzira rusununguko rwavagari vemo, kushandisa dzidziso yokubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa kushandisa mativi eBill of Rights kunyika, zvikurukuru kutanga muma 1920. Nhau dzechikwata chenyika, dzakadai seGitlow v. New York neMcDonald neGuta reChicago, dzinoenzanisira kukura zvishoma nezvishoma kwedziviriro dzerusununguko rwevagari vemo.

Kudzivirirwa Nebumbiro Remitemo Kwakasiyana - siyana

Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzine zvikwereti zvakawanda zvekodzero dzinorongwa zvakajeka mubumbiro radzo remitemo, dzimwe dzinovimba nomubatanidzwa wemitemo yepamutemo, kudzivirira kwemitemo, uye kududzira matare.

Kusunungurwa Kwomutemo Munyika Dzinozivikanwa Navose

Mumitemo yakarovedzeka, dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo dzinowanzotanga kupfurikidza nomubatanidzwa wegadziriro dzakanyorwa dzebumbiro remitemo nedudziro yomutemo. United States Constitution, zvikurukuru Bill of Rights yayo, inodzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo.

Chifo cha 1947, Japan, nyika ine chigaro chebumbiro remitemo uye inozivikanwa nokuda kwenzanga yayo yenzanga yenzanga "Ikodzero dzechinjo umo chinjo iri zvishoma nezvishoma," ine bumbiro remitemo rinoratidzika kuva rakasimba rekodzero painenge iri pakati paro (Chapter III. Kodzero neMitemo yavanhu). Munzira dzakawanda, inofanana neConstitution yapaU. Constitution pamberi pechibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheNational Rights cha1949, uye imhaka yokuti chakava noupenyu mukati mebasa reAssociate of Japan. Iri gwaro ringanzwa sechinhu chokumwe kudzorwa kwevatongi, asi kwete kuvanhuwo zvavo "vasina kutenda muvatungamiriri vavo vakashorwa uye vakatsigira chinjo ine rerevo." Mune pfungwa dzisingazivikanwi nechinhu, mitemo dzinoedza kuchengetedza rusununguko rwapakuvamba uye kodzero dzevanhu vomunhu mumwe nomumwe nomumwe nomumwe nomumwe, izvo zvakafukidza nyaya 10 mugumi.

Kusunungurwa Mumutemo Munyika Dzomunyika

Nyika dzemitemo yavagari vemo dzinodzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nezvinyorwa zvebumbiro remitemo zvinodudza zvakajeka maruramiro makuru. Bumbiro remitemo reGermany, "Grundesetz" (ririnopa. "Mutemo weBasa"), rinovamba nendaza yakaisvonaka yerusununguko rwevagari vemo nehurumende musec. 1 "Chiremerera chomunhu hachidzivisiki. Kuremekedza nokudzivirira kuchava basa rechiremera chose chavose. Kutevera "Adten System", vanhu vane maruramiro okukwirira kuFederal Constigational Court of Germany ("Boundsengsedgesricht") kana vachinzwa kodzero dzavo dzavagari vemo vachitaputswa.

Pashure peChinjo yeVelvet, mutevedzeri webumbiro remitemo wakaita muCzechoslovakia. Muna 1991, Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms yakagamuchirwa, ichiva nechimiro chimwe chetecho chapamutemo seBumbiro reMitemo. Czech Republic yakachengeta Charter yose yakakwana pashure pokuparadzwa kweCzechoslovakia seChitekokorowa Nhamba 2 / 1993 Col.

Kusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika Munyika Dzine Masangano Akavhengana

Genestigal Rights – yakaiswa muParticle III yebumbiro remitemo – inovimbisa rusununguko rwakadaro zvokuti maIndia ose anogona kutungamirira upenyu hwawo murugare savagari veIndia. Gadziriro yemitemo yeIndia yakavhengana, inobatanidza mutemo wevose, mutemo wehurumende, uye mativi orudzidziso, inogovera dziviriro dzamabumbiro emitemo nokuda kwamaruramiro makuru nepo ichigamuchirawo mitemo yomunhu oga nokuda kwenzanga dzorudzidziso dzakasiana.

Constitution yeRepublic of the People’s Republic of China (inoshanda bedzi kunyika yeChina, kwete kuHong Kong, Macau, uye Taiwan) zvikurukuru kodzero dzayo dzinokosha neDuustial of Citizences, inotaura kudzivirira rusununguko rwavagari vemo. Kunyange zvazvo bumbiro remitemo ra1988 richivimbisa rusununguko rwavagari vemo, hurumende yeChina inowanzoshandisa "kuchinja simba rehurumende" uye "kudzivirira zvakavanzika zvehurumende" zvisaririra mutsika dzayo dzomutemo zvokupfigira avo vanotsoropodza chiKomonisiti yechiChina (CPCP) navatungamiriri venyika. Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti dziviriro kwemitemo yemitemo yemitemo haisitongoshanduri kudzivirira kunobudirira rusununguko rwavagari vemo mumabasa.

Michina Yokudzivirira Kusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika

Kudzivirirwa kwerusununguko rwevanhu kunobatsira kupfuura kungozivisa mitemo yepamutemo chete.

Gadziriro Dzemitemo Nemapepa Ekodzero

Zvipikirwa zvebumbiro remitemo zvakanyorwa zvinoumba hwaro hwedziviriro yerusununguko rwevagari vemo muhurumende dzazvino uno dzakawanda.Idzi gadziriro dzinotanga kodzero dzinokosha idzo hurumende inofanira kuremekedza ndokugovera hwaro hwapamutemo hwezviito zvehurumende zvinodenha izvo zvinopunza rusununguko rwakadzivirirwa. Dziviriro dzeBumbiro remitemo dzinofarikanya chaizvoizvo nzvimbo chaiyo, dzinoda tsigiro hurusa kana kuti miitiro chaiyo kubetsera kusimbisa kugadzikana kwadzo munguva.

Rusununguko rwevagari vomunyika muUnited States runodzivirirwa zvikurukuru nokugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo, uko kunogadza nheyo yapamutemo yakasimba yekodzero dzevanhu. Chibvumirano chekodzero dzavanhu, sezvambotaurwa, chinobatanidza kugadziriswa kunodzivirira zvakajeka rusununguko rukuru rwevagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, First Amendment inodzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, uye mapepanhau, nepo Remendment yeChina ichidzivirira pakunzvera kusina mufungo uye kubatwa nehosha. Uku kuchinja kunoita secherekedzo inokosha pasimba rehurumende, kuvimbisa kuti rusununguko runokosha rwevagari vemo haruputsirwi.

Kuongorora Kwezvitendero uye Kwokutonga

Kunyange zvazvo matare ehurumende ari bazu rehurumende risinganyanyi kudzorwa nomutemo mukuru, matare anowedzera hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu nokudzivirira rusununguko nokuenzana kubva pakunyanyisa kwomutemo mukuru.

Nhau dzeDare Repamusorosoro dzinowanzojekesa, kuwedzera, kana kuti kuganhurira kodzero dzevanhu.

Kupesana kukuru kwerusununguko rwevagari veAmerica kunosimbiswa muBill of Rights, matare anosarudza chinoreva Bumbiro remitemo chaizvoizvo kupfurikidza nenhau dzavanosarudza. Kupesana pamusoro perusununguko rwavagari vemo kunowanzoitika nemhaka yokuti nhau dzinobatanidzwa dzinooma uye dzinoparadzanisa. Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika akawana kuti vanhu vanotsigira kodzero murondedzero, asi tsigiro yavo inoderera apo nguva inosvika yokushandisa kodzero idzodzo. Magariro anova akaoma zvikuru apo rusununguko runenge rwuri murwisano.

Kubata Nekodzero Dzevanhu Munyika Yose

Mitemo yekodzero dzevanhu yenyika yose inodzivirira rusununguko rwevanhu kupfuura mitemo yomunyika.Bvunzurudzo nekokorodzano dzinotanga mipimo yenyika yose nokuda kwokudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu uye dzinoita kuti pave nematangiro okuongorora kuzviisa pasi uye kutaura nezvokuputswa kwemabumbiro. Nyika dzinoshandisa zvishandiso izvi dzinoita kuti dzitsigire mipimo miduku yokudzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo.

Zvishandiso zvikuru zvekodzero dzevanhu zvamarudzi ose zvinosanganisira Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, European Convention on Human Rights, American Convention on Human Rights, uye African Charter on Human and Peoples. Zvishandiso izvi zvinogadza mipimo yavose nepo zvichibvumira mhatsa yakavakirwa pamagamuchidzanwa nemitemo.

Uyewo, pashure peHondo yeNyika II, Chibatanwa chitsva chaMarudzi chakaita maruramiro avanhu rutivi runokosha rwezvirongwa zvacho, uye Japan neWest Germany, muchiremera chesimba rinodzora, chakagamuchira mabumbiro emitemo ayo anodzivirira rusununguko rukuru rwavagari vemo nekodzero. Nguva yapashure peHondo yeNyika II yakaratidzira kukura kunokosha kwomutemo wamarudzi ose wekodzero dzavanhu nokuzivikanwa kwokuti dziviriro yerusununguko rukuru inhau yeitiro hanya yenyika yose, kwete hayo muitiro wemhuriwo zvayo.

Kudzivirira Kwomutemo Namaruramiro Okugumisa Mitemo

Kodzero dzavagari vemo, kune rumwe rutivi, dzinomanikidzirwa kupfurikidza nemhatsa yemiitiro yapamutemo, kubatanidza mitemo inorwisana nekusasarurana uye kugona kugadzirisa chiito. Mitemo inorwisana nekusawirirana, yakadai seCivil Rights Act ya1946 uye vaAmerica vane Act yeUlgate (ADA), inogadza dziviriro dzapamutemo dzakajeka mukurwisana norusaruro mumativi akasiyana - siyana oupenyu hwavanhu vose.

Mitemo inogona kugadza mitemo inopa revo chaiyo kunheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, kutanga masangano okutarisira, uye kuita kuti masangano okutarisira atarisire kudzivirira rusununguko rwevanhu mune zvimwe zvinhu.

Nzanga Yavagari Vemo Nemasangano Okuva Mudzori

Masangano asiri ehurumende, mubatanidzwa werusununguko rwevagari vemo, mapoka ekodzero dzevanhu, uye masangano okudzora kodzero dzevanhu anoita mabasa anokosha mukudzivirira rusununguko rukuru. Masangano aya anotarisira zviito zvehurumende, anogovera kumiririra kwepamutemo kuvanhu vane kodzero dzakapunzwa, vanopinda mudzidzo yavose, uye vatsigiri vedziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru.

Masangano enzanga avagari vemo anobatira semakambani anongwarira, achipa ngwariro kukuputswa kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo uye achizvidavirira kuhurumende.Anowanzotanga kutsanangura kuti zvii zvinokosha kugadza mienzaniso, kunzvera uye zvinyorwa zvokuputswa kwekodzero, uye kusimudzira murangariro wavose mukutsigira dziviriro dzerusununguko rwevagari vemo.

Zvinetso Kukusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete Munguva Yazvino Uno

Kunzwisisa zvinetso izvi zvemazuva ano kunokosha pakugadzira nzira dzinobudirira dzokudzivirira rusununguko rwokudzivirira rusununguko rwevanhu kuti vadzivirire rusununguko runokosha muzana remakore rechi21.

Chengeteko Yorudzi uye Ugandanga Hwokurwisa

Chibvumirano cheUSA PARITIOTT (chakabvumirwa neCongress muna 2006 nokuchinja kushoma), Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act ya2008, uye zviito zvakaitwa neNational Security Agency naGeorge W. Vatungamiriri veBush vakamutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pezvaiwiriranwa nechengeteko yenyika uye rusununguko rwevagari vemo. Zvii zviri kufungwa nezvazvo uye nhau dzerusununguko rwevagari vemo?

Hurumende munyika yose dzakawedzera mano okunzvera namasimba omutemo mukupindura tyisidziro dzougandanga.Idzi nhano dzinowanzobatanidza kusawirirana pakati pefariro dzechengeteko nedziviriro dzerusununguko rwavagari vemo, zvikurukuru pamusoro pekodzero dzakavanzika, muitiro wakafanira, uye rusununguko pakusungwa kwokusasarura. Kupinza dzikamo yakafanira pakati pechengeteko norusununguko kunoramba kuri imwe yenhau dzorusununguko rwavanhu dzinorwisana zvikurusa dzapanguva ino muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu.

Kuzvidzivirira Pakuva Wega Nemashoko

Zvirongwa zvehurumende zvokuongorora zvinhu zvepachivande, kuunganidzwa kwemashoko emakambani, ruzivo rwokuziva zviso, uye ungwaru hwokugadzira zvinhu zvinomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pekudzivirirwa kwezvinhu zvepachivande munyika yazvino uno.

Masangano akawanda akagadza mitemo mitsva yokudzivirira mashoko kuti agadzirise zvinetso izvi, kuronga kodzero dzokuwana, kururamisa, uye kubvisa mashoko emunhu oga, uye misengwa mikuru pamasangano anounganidza nokuronga mashoko evanhu.

Rusununguko Rwokuratidzira Munzvimbo Yavose Yamadhigita

Ko makambani makuru enzanga, semabhizimisi evoruzhinji, angakwanisa kuongorora kutaura kwakadzivirirwa kana kuti kuongorora vanhu vasingatevedzeri mimwe mitemo here?

Nhau dzinobatanidza kuva nomwero pane zvinhu zviri panzvimbo yazvo, kuparadzirwa kwemashoko asina kururama uye kuparadzirwa kwemashoko enhema, kunetswa paIndaneti, uye basa rehurumende pakutungamirira kutaura paIndaneti.

Kodzero Dzepfuti Nokuchengeteka Kwevanhu

Kukakavadzana pamusoro pekodzero dzepfuti kunoratidza zvinetso zvokudzikanisa rusununguko rwemunhu nezvinotyiwa nevanhu uye kunoratidza kuti kunetsana kwerusununguko rwevanhu kunowanzobatanidza kodzero uye tsika dzinokwikwidzana.

Basa Remasangano Epamutemo Pakubvisa Kusunungurwa Kwevanhu Muhurumende

Gadziriro norudzi zvetsika dzemitemo zvenyika zvinopesvedzera zvikuru kuti rusununguko rwevagari vemo runodzivirirwa nokumanikidzirwa sei. Magamuchidzanwa akasiana- siyana emitemo anosvika dziviriro yamaruramiro munzira dzakajeka, achiratidzira nheyo dzouzivi dzakasiana, gadziriro dzegadziriro, uye mipimo yetsika.

Mutemo Wavose Unosvika Kudziviriro Yamaruramiro

Mitemo inozivikanwa navose inodzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vomunyika zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nomubatanidzwa wegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo nemuenzaniso wokutonga. Kupesana kwomutemo wavose nedzidziso yokutarisisa zvinoreva kuti dziviriro dzamaruramiro dzinotanga kupfurikidza nenhau dzakati. Uku kuita kunobvumira kuchinjika nokuchinjika sezvo matare anoshandisa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo kumigariro mitsva, asi kunogonawo kuguma nokuchinja uye kusagadzikana.

Kusimbiswa kwemiitiro yemitemo yavose kunoreva kuti nhau dzinokosha dzinosimbisa nheyo dzinokosha dzerusununguko rwevagari vemo dzine revo inogara kwenguva refu.

Mutemo Wehurumende Unosvika Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

Mitemo yemitemo yavagari vemo zvikurukuru inotsamira zvikuru pamagwaro ebumbiro remitemo anonzwisisa zvikuru nemitemo kuti idzivirire rusununguko rwavagari vemo. Matare eBumbiro remitemo munyika dzevagari vemo kazhinji kazhinji ane chiremera chaicho pamibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo uye angahwirudzura mutemo uri muzvinhu zvisinganzwisisiki, usati washandiswa kunhau dzakati. Uku kuita kunogona kugovera kujeka kukuru zvikuru uye kufanodeya kutaura pamusoro pekodzero dzakadzivirirwa.

Kusimbiswa kwokubatana kwemitemo yevagari vomunyika kunoreva kuti kodzero dzokudzivirira dzinowanzorongwa zvakajeka muzvinyorwa zvebumbiro remitemo uye mumutemo.

Kukanganisa Kunoita Masangano Ane Mibatanidzwa

Nyika dzine mibatanidzwa yemitemo inowanzoshandisa tsika dzakawanda mukudzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo. Izvi zvinogona kuita kuti pave nemikana nedenho. Kune rumwe rutivi, gadziriro dzakavhengana dzinogona kubatanidza simba remitoo yakasiyana, zvakadai sokuchinjika kwomutemo wavose nokubatana kwemitemo yehurumende. Ukuwo, kupindirana kwetsika dzemitemo yakasiyana - siyana kunogona kuparira kuoma uye kurwisana kungabvira.

Kubudirira kwekudzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo mugadziriro dzakasiyana - siyana kunoenderana nokuti tsika dzemitemo dzakasiyana - siyana dzakabatanidzwa sei uye kana gadziriro dzehurumende dzichibatsira kugadzirisa kurwisana kwemarudzi akasiyana - siyana.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa Parusununguko Rwevagari Vemo Chairwo

Kunyange zvazvo hurumende dzakawanda dzinotonga dzemazuva ano dzichibvuma kuti kodzero dzadzo dzinokosha ndedzevanhu, kodzero idzi dzinosiyana - siyana uye dzinoshandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana - siyana.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso Munzira Dzomutemo

Kudzivirirwa kwerusununguko rwechitendero kunosiyana chaizvo mumitemo netsika.Dhiyamori dzinotonga dzinoita kuti vanhu vasununguke kushandisa chitendero uye kusununguka kubva kuzvitendero, dzichirambidza hurumende kuti irambe ichitsigira chitendero chipi nechipi.

Munyika dzine gadziriro dzemitemo yorudzidziso, mwero worusununguko rworudzidziso unotsamira paukama huri pakati pomutemo worudzidziso nowokunyika.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura uye Rusununguko Rwokutsika

Nepo hurumende dzakawanda dzinotonga dzinoziva rusununguko rwokutaura sekodzero huru, ukuru hwedziviriro hunosiyana zvikuru. Mamwe masangano, zvikurukuru ayo anotevera gamuchidzanwa reAmerica, anogovera dziviriro yakafara zvikuru nokuda kwokutaura, kubatanidza kutaura kunogumbura uye kunomutsa nharo.

Dzimwe nyika dzinodzivirira zvakasimba zvirongwa zvemagazini uye dzinorambidza kurambidzwa kubudiswa kwemitemo, nepo dzimwe dzichibvumira mitemo mikuru yehurumende yezvinobudisa nhau uye dzichiisa mitemo pakushuma nyaya dzinoda kuteererwa nehurumende dzakadai senyaya dzinoda kuteererwa kana kuti kutongwa.

Kodzero Dzokuva Woga Nedziviriro Yemashoko

Kudzivirira munhu ari oga kwakachinja zvakasiyana - siyana mumitemo. Mamwe masangano anobvuma kuva oga sekodzero inokosha yebumbiro remitemo, nepo mamwe achidzivirira kuva oga zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nemitemo yemitemo. European Union yakatanga mitemo yezvokudzivirira mashoko yakakwana inogadza kodzero nemisengwa ine udzame pamusoro pemashoko omunhu oga, nepo mamwe masimba anoshandisa nzira dzakaganhurirwa zvikuru.

Kukura kwedziviriro dzepachivande kunosiyanawo pamusoro pokuongorora kwehurumende, nemimwe mitongo ichiita miganhu yorumano pamabasa okuongorora uye inoda mvumo yokutonga, nepo mimwe ichipa kuchenjera kukuru kumitemo nemasangano ane uchenjeri.

Nguva Yemberi Yedziviriro Yavagari Vemo

Sezvo nzanga dzinopfuurira kuchinja uye kutarisana nezvinetso zvitsva, dziviriro yerusununguko rwevagari vemo inofanira kuchinjira kumigariro inochinja ichichengeta nheyo dzapamutemo.

Kuchinja Kwezvigadzirwa Nekodzero Dzevanhu

Unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu hunosanganisira ungwaru hwokugadzira zvinhu, kuzivikanwa kwezvigadzirwa zvipenyu, kufungidzira kuti zvichavapo, uye mano okuongorora akapararira zvicharamba zvichidenha masangano erusununguko rwevanhu.

Ikoku kuchada kuvandudza rondedzero dzebumbiro remitemo, kugadza mutemo mutsva, uye kuvandudza mipimo yamarudzi ose iyo inobata nedenho dzechienzi dzinoparirwa neruzivo rutsva. Dare richada kushandisa nheyo dzerusununguko rwegamuchidzanwa kumigariro yavanhu yamanomano, nepo masangano okugadza mitemo anofanira kudzivirira maruramiro ehurumende pasina kuvandudzwa kunodzvinyirira.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Yose uye Kuwiriraniswa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

Kubatanidza nyika yose kuri kuwedzera kukonzera kumanikidzwa kutsinhiranisa mipimo yerusununguko rwevagari vemo mugadziriro dzemitemo dzakasiyana - siyana.

Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nheyo dzerusununguko rwevagari vemo dzichigona kuva munzvimbo yose, kushandiswa kwadzo chaiko nokuitwa kunogona kusiyana zviri pamutemo munzanga dzakasiyana - siyana negadziriro dzemitemo.

Kudzikamisa Kuchengeteka Norusununguko

Sezvo tyisidziro itsva dzechengeteko dzinomuka uye ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoita kuti zvimiro zvitsva zvokuongorora nokudzora zvivepo, gadziriro dzemitemo dzinofanira kutanga gadziriro dzinodzivirira zvose zviri zviviri chengeteko norusununguko rukuru.

Izvi zvinoda kuti pave nemashandiro akasimba okutarisira, maitiro anooneka, uye kuongorora kuchengeteka kune revo kunoitwa nevanhu kuti vasununguke.

mhedziso

Ukama hwemitemo nerusununguko rwevanhu hwakaoma kunzwisisa uye hwakasiyana - siyana.

Kunyange zvazvo nzira dzakananga dzokuita zvinhu dzichisiyana mugadziriro dzemitemo, dzimwe nheyo dzinozivikanwa navose dzinomuka. Kudzivirirwa kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo kunobudirira kunoda kuzivikanwa kwebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kwepamutemo kwekodzero dzinokosha, masangano akazvimirira anokwanisa kusimbisa kodzero idzodzo, mishonga ine revo yokuputsa, uye tsika dzezvematongerwe enyika dzinokoshesa rusununguko rwomunhu oga.

Sezvo nzanga dzinotarisana nedenho itsva kubva mukuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, tyisidziro dzechengeteko, uye chinjo yenzanga, kudzivirirwa kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo kunofanira kupfuurira kushanduka. Gadziriro dzemitemo dzinofanira kuchinjira kumipimo yegamuchidzanwa kumigariro mitsva apo dzichichengeta misengwa mikuru kurusununguko rwomunhu nechiremera chomunhu. Ikoku kunoda kurukurirano inopfuurira, kuvandudzika, uye kungwarira tyisidziro kurusununguko rukuru.

Kuvanhu vamwe navamwe, kunzwisisa ukama huri pakati pegadziriro dzemitemo nerusununguko rwevagari vemo kunokosha nokuda kwokuziva nokushandisa maruramiro avo.

Kudzivirirwa kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo kunoramba kuri basa rinopfuurira, rinoda ngwariro yenguva dzose nokuchinjika. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa kuti gadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzemitemo dzinosvika sei paiyi denho, tinogona kudzidza muzvinoitika zvakasiyana - siyana ndokutanga gadziriro dzinobudirira zvikuru dzokudzivirira rusununguko runokosha munyika inongoramba ichichinja. Kungave kupfurikidza nomuenzaniso womutemo mumwe chete, kubatanidzwa kwomutemo, vimbiso dzebumbiro remitemo, kana kuti zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose, nharidzano yacho inoramba iri imwe cheteyo: kuvimbisa kuti vanhu vanofarikanya dziviriro ine revo nokuda kwekodzero dzavo huru nerusununguko mukurwisana nokunyengera kwehurumende uye kushandiswa zvisina kufanira simba.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamasangano emitemo nokubudirira kwawo, shanyira [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legal Information Institute. Kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pedziviriro dzekodzero dzavagari vemo muUnited States, kunzvera zviwanikwa pa Nhevedzo. . Nokuda kwemifungo yamarudzi ose pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu nekodzero dzevanhu, bvunza [[[FLT:]] United Nations Declaracture of Human Rights . Avo vanofarira mutemo wemitemo inopesana vanogona kuwana mashoko anokosha kupfurikidza Mutemo weBES, , , pakupedzisira, nokuda kwezvirongwa zvemitemo yavagari vemo, uye masangano echitema ruzhinji eAmerica, mapoka echitema chenyika yose.