Nheyo dzengozi nemhesano dzinopetwa kaviri dzinoumba jira remitemo mugadziriro dzakawanda dzemitemo, zvikurukuru muUnited States. Nepo dzidziso dzose dziri mbiri dzichidzivirira vanhu pakutaura kwechienzi uye kungwarira kwehurumende, dzinoshanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana- siyana(wrimrial neornetic) uye dzinobatira mhedziso dzakasiana. Ngozi mbiri, dzakadzikirwa muReformation yeFiversement, dzinodzika muganhu wokudzivisa kubvunzurudza munhu kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe. Collal estomple, dzidziso yenhau yavose yenhau yepreclusion, inodzivisa mapatsina panhau inopfuudzira nhau idzo dzakatokwa. Pamwe chete, zvinosimudzira kuva norumano, uye kutevedzana kweruramisiro mururamisiro. Iyi nyaya ino inonzvera kunzvera nhau, kunzvera, nokupesana kwenhau, uye kupesana pakati pedzidziso dzavagari vemo dzemitemo pakati pemhosva nedzidziso dzavo dzeutsotsi nedzero.

Kunzwisisa Ngozi Huviri

Ngozi mbiri idziviriro yebumbiro remitemo yakazivikanwa kwamazana amakore. Mavambo ayo anodzokera shure kumutemo wechiGiriki chekare neRoma, uye akasimbiswa zvakasimba mumutemo weChirungu panguva yokutangwa kweAmerica. Findfterment kuUnited States Constitution inobatanidza dziviriro, ichiti: "Hapana munhu achazviisa pasi nokuda kwechakaipa chimwe chetecho kuti aitwe kaviri." Chikamu ichi chinoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende uye, kupfurikidza neGamende reDelday, kuhurumende.

Dziviriro Dzemaruva

Mashoko engozi mbiri anogovera dziviriro nhatu dzakajeka: (1) Inorambidza kupiwa mhaka yechipiri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo pashure pokurevererwa; (2) inorambidza kupiwa mhaka yechipiri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo pashure pokupwiswa; uye (3) inorambidza zvirango zvakawanda nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Iyi dziviriro yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa hurumende kuedza waedzazve kusimbisa munhu, nokudaro ichidzivisa kunetswa nokudzivirira mugumo wemitongo.

Kuregeredza imhaka ine simba zvikurusa. Kunyange kana ufakazi hutsva hukamuka, hurumende haigoni kuidza mukwidziridzwa akambova mutongi (kana kuti mutongi mukutonga kwebhenji) inoshandura chisarudzo kwete chegweta. Iyi nheyo yakasimbiswa mu [ Fong Foo v. United States[FLT] [1962]), apo Dare rapamusoro rakavanza kuti muhesvuri wakavakirwa pachisarudzo chakarongwa (na kana kuti mutongo wakarongwa). Nenzira yakafanana, mu [[FLT:]BURK] brs v. United States[FLT:] [FT]] [6] [7]] [7]), Dare rakatonga kuti kana dare raidzosaidzosa ufakazi nemhaka yokuti ufakazi hwakanga hwakakwana, muvakidhedhea

Kuedza Kunoita Ruramisiro

Mubvunzo wakakomba mukunzvera kwakapetwa kaviri ndiwo unoita "mhosva imwe cheteyo. Dare Rapamusoro rakakurukura iyoyi mu tamburger v. United States [1932], kusimbisa "mapfundo", kuvamba matare maviri haasati ari mamwe kana rimwe nerimwe richida chibvumikiso chechinhu icho rimwe risati raita. Zvisinei, nhau dzinotevera dzakajekesa. Mu [[FLT:] Grady v. Corbin[[FL:3] [1990]), Dare rakawedzerazve "kuedza kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe", asi chakatongwa mu [FLT:] United States.[FLD [FF] [FLD] [5] [1993], iro rakasimbisazve mutemo wekuedza zvinangwa zvakapetwa.

Iyi mupimo unogona kuva wakaoma apo mufambiro unoputsa mitemo mizhinji. Somuenzaniso, kutengeserana zvinodhaka kumwe kungaparira pomero dzokuva kwako, kuva nevavariro yokuparadzira, uye dare (jee) rimwe nerimwe rine zvinhu zvakasiyana.

Uchangamire Hwakafanana

Kusiiwa kumwe kumativi maviri kudzidziso youchangamire. Pasi peiyi nheyo, zviremera zvakaparadzana sehurumende nehurumende yehurumende(*kuzotonga mufambiro mumwe chetewo pasina kuputsa ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri. Izvozvi zvakaitwa mu United States v. Lanza [1922]) uye zvinosimbiswazve mu [ Heath v. Alabama [1985]. Chibvumikiso ndechokuti chigaro chimwe nechimwe chine fariro yacho chacho chazvimirira mukurevesa mitemo yacho. Nokudaro, muparadziri woupondi mudare redare rehurumende anogona kutongerwa mudare nokuda kwokuputsa kodzero dzavagari vemo mukuuraya vamwe.

Vatsoropodzi vanoti uchangamire huviri hunokanganisa pfungwa yokupinda mungozi kaviri, asi Dare Repamusorosoro rakaramba richitsigira dzidziso yacho, kunyanya pamhosva dzinobatanidza kusazvibata kwemapurisa kana kuti mitemo yehurumende uye yehurumende yemhosva.

Apo Kuora Mwoyo Kunoisa Pamberi

Kudzivirira kwengozi kuviri hakutangi panguva yokusungwa. Panzvimbo pezvo, kunobatanidza panhambo chaiyo mukuita. Mukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, njodzi dzinobatanidzwa apo vatongi vanoiswa panzvimbo yedare uye vanopika. Mukutongwa kwebhenji, kunobatana apo chapupu chokutanga chinopikirwa. Kana dare rikasakarurama rinoziviswa pamberi pebatano (pamwero, mukati mokuvadziko), mukwirirwi anogona kudzorwa pasina ngozi. Pashure pekubatanidza, zvisinei, dare rinofanira kurangarira nokungwarira kana mukwirirwi achibvuma kukanganisa kana kuti kana kuchiratidzirwa chiripo nokuda kwokuzivisa kwacho.

Chinoitika chechiratidzo United States v. Perez (11824) akatanga mupimo "kudikanwa kukuru", achida mutongi wokutonga kuva nemwero wakakwirira wenhamo pamberi pokuzivisa dare rakashata pamusoro perambidzo yomukwiridziri. Mienzaniso yokuratidzira inobatanidza dare rinouraya ramatare kana kuti chirwere chakamwe kamwe chemukwirirwi. Pasina kudikanwa kwakadaro, kutongwa kwechipiri kunorambidzwa.

Pfungwa yeCollateral Estopel

Colleteral estopel, inozivikanwawo senhau, idzidziso inozivikanwa navose yemitemo inodzivisa pabato kurongazve nhau yakatosarudzwa munhambo isati yatanga. Yakasiana nengozi yakapetwa kaviri, iyo iri maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo, kuyera kumira kwemitemo itongerwe retsika rinotsamira muzvose zviri zviviri zviitiko zvevagari vemo neutsotsi, kunyange zvazvo ine zvinodikanwa nemiuyo yakasiana.

Zvinhu zveCollateral Estopel

Kuti kuongorora estopel kuvhara kugadziridzwa kwenhau, zvinhu zvina zvinofanira kugarogutswa:

  • Nhau iri kukurukurwa inofanira kuva yakafanana kunhau yakasarudzwa pamberi pekuitika.
  • Nhau yacho inofanira kuva yakatapurwa chaizvoizvo muChiitiko chisati chatanga. Nhau dzinopedzwa nerutongeso rwapanguva dzose kana kuti chirevo chokubvuma kazhinji kazhinji hadzikwanirisi.
  • Nhau yacho inofanira kuva yakatemwa zvomenemene uye hayo yakasarudzwa norutongeso rwapamberi. ndiko kuti, chisarudzo chenhau yacho chakanga chiri madikanwa kumuuyo wokupedzisira.
  • Mubato unorwisana naiye anosimbiswa estopel unofanira kuva nebanza rakazara nerakarurama [ rokurondedzera nhau yacho pamberi pekupfuurira. Ikoku kunobatanidza kuva neziviso nebanza rakakwana rokupa ufakazi nechibvumikiso.

Zvinhu izvi zvinovimbisa kuti estopel haishandiswi zvisina kururama. Somuenzaniso, kana mhaka yatangira ikadzingwa pazvikonzero zvemipimo panzvimbo pezvinodikanwa, kuongorora estopel hakunamatidzi nemhaka yokuti nhau yacho haina kusarudzwa zvomenemene.

Kuva Nohumwe Nokusawirirana Kwahwo

Mutsika, janisical estoperal yaida kuwirirana: vanhu bedzi avo vose vari vaviri vakanga vari musutu yokutanga vaigona kushandisa Emisano nomumwe nomumwe musutu yechipiri. Uyu murau waiwanzotungamirira kukuparadzazve kwenhau imwe cheteyo nevavengi vakasiana. Nokufamba kwenguva, mativi mazhinji akarega chinodikanwa chokubatana, achibvumira kumisa kurwisana kwenhando nedziviriro.

Kusaparadza kunoitika apo murwi anoreverera mutongo usati wavapo paunomushushanisa uyo akarasikirwa nesutu iyoyo. Somuenzaniso, kana mutyairi akawanikwa achiregeredza muchinoitika chimwe chetsaona yemotokari, muchairi akasiana kubva pane imwe tsaona yaparirwa nomutyairi mumwe cheteyo angagona kushandisa. Kudzivisa kuvhara kusingawirirani kunoitika apo mukwirirwi anoshandisa rutongeso rwokutanga pamunhu akarasikirwa nesututi. Dare guru rinorumbidza kudzivirira kusarega kumira mu [[FLT: 0] Blonder-To Gameator:, Inc. v. University of Illigation[FFFLD:1] [12]

Colterateral Estonk Mumhaka Dzoutsotsi

Kunyange zvazvo njodzi dzakapetwa kaviri dzichigovera dziviriro yakasimba mumhaka dzoutsotsi, bhanya respectel rinogonawo kuita basa. Pasi pa Ashe v. SUNYson (1970), Dare Gurusaidzo yaibatanidza kuvimbwa kwekuvimbwa kwengozi yeFith Amendment. Ashe[FLT]], mukwiridziridzi akasunungurwa wokuba munyajambwa mumwe asi gare gare gare akaedzwa nokuda kwokubira nyajambwa wakasiana muchinoitika chimwe chetecho. Dare rairangarira kuti nhau yeChiziviso cheFind ReconfF [FLT] seyakanga] akanga asarudzwa chaizvoizvo mumutsa wake wokutanga, uye mugariro wacho waisagona kuudzoserazve.

Uku kushandiswa kwokuisa dare retsotsi mukati momutemo woutsotsi pane dzimwe nguva kunonzi "kurovha mumhaka dzoutsotsi" kunodzivisa kupomera mhaka yakasarudzwa kare zvakanaka kumukwirirwi, kunyange kana kutonga kwechipiri kunobatanidza mhaka yakasiana. Zvisinei, dzidziso yacho yakaganhurirwa: haidzivisi kupiwa mhaka yapashure yakaparadzana chose chose isingatsamiri panhau dzechokwadi dzimwe chetedzo.

Colteral Estopel Mumhaka Dzavagari Vemo

Mukukwidziridza kwavagari vemo, conteration estoppel inowanzokumbirwa kusimudzira budiriro. Somuenzaniso, kana dare rakasarudza kuti chinhu chakagadzirwa nenzira isina kusimba, kuti kuwana kunogona kushandiswa kurwisana nomugadziri mumwe cheteyo mumatare anotevera netsoropodzi dzakasiana - siana (kusasarura) kana kuti nomugadziri kudzivirira mutengi uyo akatorasikirwa nenhau iyoyo isingadzorwi nechero). Zvisinei, matare anochengeta maruramiro okuramba kumisa kushatiswa kana kwaizova kwakaipa, somuenzaniso, kana mukwiriri akanga akaganhurirwa kudzivirira zvakasimba muchinoitika chokutanga.

Dzidziso yacho inoshanda zvakaenzana kumatare omubatanidzwa neehurumende, asi mutemo wehurumende unodzora muuyo unobatanidza wekutonga kwedare rehurumende mumatare ehurumende, uye mutemo womubatanidzwa unodzora muuyo wamarutongeso ehurumende.Ikoku kunoomesa murairo unobatanidza miganhu mizhinji, asi nheyo dzapakuvamba dzinoramba dziri dzechokwadi.

Misiyano Mikuru Pakati Pengozi Huviri neColteral Estopel

Kunyange zvazvo dzidziso dzose dziri mbiri dzichibatira kudzivisa kudzokorora kudzokorora, dzinosiana mumativi makuru anoverengeka:

  • Kuratidza Kushanda kweKwadi: Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri inoshanda chose chose kumatare outsotsi. Colteral estopel inoshanda muzvose zviri zviviri mhaka dzavagari vemo nedzoutsotsi, kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwadzo kwoutsotsi kwakaganhurirwa nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo.
  • Manyuko oMutemo: Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri imaruramiro ebumbiro remitemo (FFT Amendment). Colteral estoppel idzidziso inozivikanwa navose yemitemo, kunyange zvazvo yakabatanidzwa muChikamu zviviri che Jeopardy Claus nokuda kwemhosva dzeutsotsi kupfurikidza ne Ashe v. SWENson.
  • Rudzi rweProbition: Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri inodzivisa kurovererwa kwakawanda kana kuti zvirango nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Colteral estopel inorambidza kuziviswa kwenhau dzakati dzakatosarudzwa.
  • Chinonyandura:[[FT:1] Ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri pakuregeredzwa, kupwiswa, kana kuti zvirango zvakawanda. Colteral estopel inoda rutongeso rwokupedzisira pamipimo iyo iri hayo yokupedza nhau yacho.
  • Partition: Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri inodzivirira bedzi mukwirirwi mumwe nomumwe muchiito chehurumende. Colteral estopel inogona kushandiswa nebato ripi neripi kana kuti kurwisana nepati ipi neipi iyo yaiva nebanza rakazara nerakanaka rokuisa, kubatanidza mapato omunhu oga musutu dzehurumende.
  • [[FFL:0] Mafungiro:[[FT:1] Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri ine mhatsa yakafanana noumambo huviri uye inoratidzira kudikanwa nokuda kwenhau dzisina kururama. Colteral estopel yakapfuudzira pahwaro hwakarurama, kushaikwa kwomukana wakazara, kana kuti chinjo mumutemo.

Iyi misiyano inokosha nokuda kwavarapi. Gweta rinodzivirira rinofanira kunzwisisa apo njodzi dzinopetwa kaviri dzinodzivisa dare, nepo mutongi wehurumende anofanira kunzvera kana chisarudzo chapakuvamba chichidzivisa kudzokororwa kwenhau yakati. Muzvimwe zviitiko, dzidziso dzose dziri mbiri dzingashanda / somuenzaniso, kana muparadzi asingadi mhosva achisarudza nhau inomuka nekodzero yevagari vemo. Zvisinei, sutu yevagari vemo haidzivisirwi nengozi yakapetwa kaviri (nemhaka yokuti ihurumende yakasiana kana kuti inogara yavagari vemo), asi kudzivirira kudzorwa kwenhau kungashanda kudzivisa kudzorwa kwenhau yacho.

Kunetsa Muitiro Wapamutemo

Maattorney anofanira kusanoyera miuyo inobvira yechisarudzo chapamberi pakutanga gadziriro yenhau. Hezvino mirangariro mikuru mumashoko akapoteredza akasiyana- siyana:

Kuzvidzivirira Pamatsotsi

Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri chinhu chine simba. Pamusana pokurevererwa, zano rokuzvidzivirira rinofanira kukurumidza kuendesa kumatare api neapi nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo, kunyange kana hurumende ikaedza kuunza pomero yakasiyana inobatanidza mufambiro mumwe chetewo. Kunzvera kweBlockburger ne "projects" zvinokosha. Kuwedzera, kana kutongwa kwepamberi pemhosva kwakaguma nokuregwa kwapamberi kwakaguma nokupedza nhau yechokwadi yakaitwa chaizvoizvo sechizivikanwo kana kuti vavariro.[1] Kuzvidzivirira kungakumbira kutsiva kutsiva estop estong pasi pe As he kubvisa hurumende panhau iyoyo mukwidzo.

Zvisinei, zano rokuzvidzivirira rinofanirawo kuziva nezvenyaya yehumbi mbiri dzinoratidza kuti munhu ari kutongerwa mhosva mudare rehurumende angangopomerwa mhosva nedare.

Kupomerwa Kwehurumende

Muzvinoitika zvevagari vemo, kuongorora estoperal kunogona kuva zvose zviri zviviri bakatwa nenhoo. Vapomeri vangashandisa kumira kunogumbura kudzongonyedza mhaka kana mukwirirwi akatorasikirwa panhau imwe cheteyo mune chimwe chiito. Nenzira yakapesana, vakwiridziri vangashandisa dziviriro kuti vadzivise kudzivirira mutendi uyo akatorasikirwa nokukwidzazve pakutaura kumwe cheteko. Chinokosha ndechokuvimbisa kuti pamberi pokutanga agovera banza rakazara nerakarurama rokuripira. Kurongeka, dare redare, uye mabako enhau rokutanga zvose zvinova zvinhu zvinokosha.

Zano rinofanirawo kurangarira tsinhirano pakati pemiuyo yehurumende neyoutsotsi. Somuenzaniso, kana mukwirirwi akawanirwa mhaka mumhaka youtsotsi, maidi ari madikanwa nokuda kwokupwiswa ikoko anogona kazhinji kazhinji kushandiswa musuo yavagari vemo yakatevera mudzidziso yedare rokuengana mhaka, chero bedzi kutenderwa kwemhaka kwakanga kuri mutongo wokupedzisira pakodzero.

Kushandiswa Kwakanaka Kwematare uye Kwekufadza

Kunzwisisa apo njodzi dzinobatanidza kunokosha nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvamanomano pamusoro penhau dzisina kururama. Mukwirirwi anoona kupwiswa kunoswedera kungada kukwidza nokuda kwechikanganiso pamberi porutongeso, asi kana njodzi yabatanidzwa, dare rinofanira kuwana kudikanwa kwapachena kwokuzivisa mhaka pasina kubvumirana kwomukwiridzirwi. Kana zvibvumiro, kutongwazve kunowanzobvumirwa. Nenzira yakafanana, kurangarira kunofanira kuparira ngozi yakapetwa kaviri: kana kutenderwa kuchinjwa nokuda kwoufakazi husina kukwana, mukwirirwi haagoni kudzorwazve, asi kana kuchinjwa nokuda kwechikanganiso chokutonga, kudzoserwa kunobvumirwa.

Nhau dzeCollateral estopal dzinowanzomuka pakukwirira apo mapati anodenha muuyo unozivikanwa navose wechisarudzo chisati chaitwa. Mupimo wehwirudzuro kazhinji kazhinji unoregeredza nokuda kwenhau dzapamutemo asi unowirirana nezviwanwa zvechokwadi. VaAttatorney vanofanira kuchengeta nharo pamusoro pokusawirirana mudare rokutonga kudzivisa kupotsa kupotsa.

Zvirongwa zveProgramu zvazvino uno neMakoronisi

Dzidziso dzokupinda mungozi nedzokuongorora kumira kuviri dzinoramba dzichichinja - chinja dzichipindura zvinetso zvitsva zvemitemo.Nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzinoratidza kuti zvinoshanda:

Njodzi Dzinogara Munyika Yose uye Ngozi Dziviri

Munhau, kurasikirwa navanhu kwaisarangarirwa sechirango nokuda kwamadonzo ane ngozi mbiri. Zvisinei, mu United States v. Halper (1999), Dare Gurusa rairangarira kuti chirango chavagari vemo chingagona kuva chakasarira zvikuru kwazvo sechinoumba chirango chechipiri. Dare gare gare gare rakashandura mitemo, uye nhau yacho inoramba ichikakavadzana. [[FLT:]] Hudson v. United States (1997), Dare rakabva [[FLT:]] , richiita kuti zvirango zvavagari vemo zvisaririra zvive zvakanyanyisa kubatira sechiteshi. Idziro chinongoramba chakaoma zvikuru, zvikurukuru chikamuka nezvirongwa.

Kubvisa Kubatana Nokunyepera

Chinodzivisa kuvhara mhaka yazova chishandiso chine simba mukutora mari yakawanda, kuchibvumira vapanguru kuti vakwerete zviwanwa zvemhosva mumitongo yapakuvamba. Zvisinei, matare anongwarira: kana kutonga kwokutanga kwakanga kusiri kumirira, kana kuti kana mukwiridzwi akanga ane kurudziro isina kukwana yokudzivirira, estop ingarambwa. Parkete Hosiery zvinhu zvinotungamirira matare edare rokutonga mukushandisa uchenjeri. Vamwe vanotaura kuti vakaramba vasiri vakwikwidziridziridziridzo chose chose chose chose kana kuti kuraira kuva vakabatana, kuparira mabanza okushandira.

Zvirongwa zvenyika dzakawanda uye

Ngozi mbiri dzinozivikanwa mugadziriro dzapamutemo dzakawanda, asi kushandiswa kwadzo kwomuraudzo kwakaganhurirwa. Zvibvumirano zvokuwedzera zvamarudzi ose kazhinji kazhinji zvinobatanidza gadziriro pamusoro pengozi dzakapetwa kaviri, asi dzidziso youchangamire huviri inoreva kuti munhu akasunungurwa mune imwe nyika anogona kutongerwa mufambiro mumwe chetewo muUnited States kana zviremera zvose zviri zviviri zvine chiremera. U.S. hazvina kusaina Signate yeRome yeDare reCriminal nemhaka yengozi dzakapetwa kaviri. Idzi nhau dzinomuka muutsotsi hwemibatanidzwa yemitezo, kudenha kwapamburirano, uye nhau dzouganda.

Colleteral estopel inorondedzerwa zvishoma mumutemo wamarudzi ose, asi mamwe matare amarudzi ose anoshandisa nhau dzokuzvibatanidza mumiitiro yakavhengana. Vabati vemhindu vanobata nharo dzakawanda dzokushurikidza vanofanira kuyera muuyo unozivikanwa werutongeso rwokumwe mumitemo yomunzvimbomo nezvibvumirano.

Kuora Mwoyo Kuviri Nokukura Kwezvikamu Zvokuperera Zvinotendiswa

Mapoka eperero anotendiswa muhofisi dzavachuchisi pane dzimwe nguva anofumura zvitendero zvisina kururama ndokutsvaka kuzviramba. Kana kupwiswa kuchipesana nemhaka yechikanganiso chebumbiro-mitemo, mukwirirwi angapinzwazve. Asi kana zororo racho rakavakirwa paufakazi husina kukwana kana kuti kuwana kuva asina mhaka, njodzi mbiri dzingava pamutemo. Uku kupesana pakati pokupedzisira neruramisiro kunopfuurira kuparira kupesana nenharo dzemitemo.

mhedziso

Ngozi mbiri netsiye nyoro dzinogara sembiru dzetsika dzakarurama. Ngozi mbiri dzinogovera nhovo yebumbiro-mitemo pamhosva dzinodzokororwa, nepo kuisa kumira kunotsigira upfumi hwedare kuchisimudzira kudzorwa kwenhau dzakagadziriswa muzvose zviri zviviri mamiriro ezvinhu evagari vemo nevoutsotsi. Kunyange zvazvo zvakajeka, zvinogoverana chinangwa chimwe: kuva nechokwadi chokuti kukwirira kunoguma, kunoshanda, uye kururamisira. Vateveri vanoziva dzidziso idzi vanogona kudzivirira zviri nani kodzero dzavatengi vavo, kudzivisa kuradziridza tsvina, uye mazano ebasa rebasa muruwa rwakaoma.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, Cornell Information Institute inopa kupetwa kwakakwana kwe [[FLT: 0] ngozi yakapetwa kaviri , uye chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosarudzo mu United States v. Dixon[[[FLT:] inogovera mirau yazvino inovavarirwa. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] .v.Shore[FLT:] [5] mhaka inoramba iri yepamutemo patsororo yetsoro inopesana.] Hurumende inogona kuwanikwa kupfurikidza nezviwanikwa muzvinhu zvakafanana [FLT:] .[FT] .[5]