Sumo

Ukama pakati pemipimo yamarudzi ose yekodzero dzavanhu nerusununguko rwevagari vemo rweUnited States hahuna kujeka. Nepo United States yakazvibatanidza imene munhau semutsigiri wenyika yose worusununguko, kushandiswa kwemipimo yekodzero dzevanhu yamarudzi ose kunoramba kuri kukwikwikwidzana uye kusingachinji. Kusafanana nemimwe mipimo mizhinji yehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, U.S. inoronga mibatanidzwa mishomanene yekodzero dzavanhu dzamarudzi ose, uye iyo inokumbanira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoitwa nepanikiro, nzwisiso, uye zvirevo zvinobatanidzwa mutsika dzapamutemo, uye zvirevo zvinodzivisa zvose zviri mutsika dzamarudzi ose. Kunyange zvakadaro, iyi mipimo yenyika yose inoshandisa dzvinyiriro yakanyarara asi inopfuurira pamutemo weAmerica, muitiro, uye kurangarira kubetsera kwemitemo yehurumende. Kunzwisisa uku kunokosha nokuda kwevadzidzi, uye kubetsera vagarisana kwemitemo, uye kurangarira mipimo yemitemo yepasi pose.

Nhoroondo Yemitemo Yekodzero Dzevanhu

Gadziriro yazvino uno yekodzero dzavanhu yakabuda zvakananga mumadota eHondo yeNyika II. Utsinye hweKuparadza kukuru, unyadzi hwehondo, uye kurambwa kwakarongwa kwerusununguko rukuru zvakagombedzera nzanga yamarudzi ose kusimbisa mupimo wapose pose wechiremera chavanhu. Muna 1945, Mutengi weSangano reSangano reSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose wakasimbisa kuti "Kutenda mukodzero dzavanhu dzinokosha," uye makore matatu gare gare gare gare Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) yakagamuchirwa neUN General Assembly. Nepo UDHR isiri chibvumirano chinodzika mipimo inowirirana, chakavanza nheyo yomutemo wose wavanhu wavanhu unotevera. Nhevero yekodzero yeUD.

UDHR yakateverwa neInternational Bill of Human Rights (ICCPR) neInternational Common Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), zvose zviri zviviri zvakagamuchirwa muna 1966 nokushanda muna 1976. Pamwe chete neUDHR, aya magwaro matatu anozivikanwa seInternational Bill of Human Rights. ICPR, zvikurukuru, anotaura nezvekodzero dzimwe chetedzo dzakawanikwa muU.S. Bill of Rights (rusununguko rwekutaura, gungano, rudzidziso, uye muitiro wakafanira) unozivikanwa senongedzero yomuzvarirwo. United States yakasaina RAPR muna 1977 asi haina kuitendera kutozosvikira 1992, uye ipapo kunyange nenhevedzano yezvikamu zvamashoko ayo akazivisa zvisina kudzorwa, izvo zvinoreva zvakananga. Haigoni kuzivisa matare edare.

Pasinei zvapo nouyu mutoo wokungwarira, nhambo yapashure pehondo yakaona kukura kwezvimwe zvibvumirano zvamaruramiro avanhu zvakawanda izvo zvaizopesvedzera pakupedzisira rusununguko rwavagari vemo rweU.S.. Izvozvi zvinobatanidza Chibvumirano pamusoro pokubviswa Kwamarudzi Ose Orudzi Rwokusarurana (CERD, chakatenderwa neU.S. Convention Against Torture (CAT, yakasimbiswa muna 1994),. Zvisinei, zvimwe zvibvumirano zvikuru, zvakadai seConvention on the Convention of All Escrimitution of Arectal of At Women (CEDAW) neConvention on Rights of the Child (CRC), zvinosairgionts, zvinoramba zvisingatenderwiswi neUPromedzo yezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pohumbidzo neitiro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Ikoku kuumba magariro akasiana namarudzi ose avanhu:

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvinoshandiswa Nekodzero Dzevanhu Munyika Yose

Kuti unzwisise kuti tsika dzenyika dzakawanda dzinoita kuti vanhu veUnited States vasununguke sei, zvinokosha kuziva zviridzwa zvinokosha zvikuru uye nzvimbo yazvo mudare reUnited States.

  • Declaration of Human Rights (1948) – Kwete chibvumirano, asi chinorangarirwa somutemo wetsika wamarudzi ose. Kazhinji kazhinji unodudzwa nematare eU.S. uye vatsigiri sechiremera chinonyengetedza.
  • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) - Kupanikirwa neU.S. kwakadai seChikamu 6 (chakarurama kuupenyu) uye Chikamu 7 (kuparadzwa kwokutambudzwa) chine kurukurirano dzokuziva pamusoro pechirango chorufu nokusungwa.
  • [[FOLT:0] Convention Against Torture (1984) – Ratifitisity muna 1994. Tsigiro dzeU.S. pamusoro pokubvunzurudzwa nokubatwa kwavatapi, zvikurukuru pashure pe9/11.
  • International Convention on the Exploretion of All Mafomu of Ractic Discide (1965) – Ratived muna 1994. Yakashandiswa mukupesana pamusoro pekodzero dzedzinza nokuvhota.
  • American Declaration of the Rights and Inconations of Man (1948) – Chishandiso choruwa icho chinotangira UDHR. Chinoumbwa neInter-American Court of Human Rights uye pane dzimwe nguva chinonongedzerwa mukodzero dzavanhu muU.S.
  • Chibvumirano paMaruramiro aVanhu vane urema (2006-] – chakasainwa neU.S. muna 2009 asi chisina kutendera. Kunyange zvakadaro, nheyo dzaro dzakaratidzirwa muAmerica neMitemo yourema (ADA).

Zvishandiso izvi hazvingoerekani zvakunda mutemo weU.S. mudzidziso yebumbiro remitemo reU.S., zvibvumirano zvinobatwa se "Mutemo mukurusa weNyika" (Article VI, Claus 2), asi Dare Gurusa ragara richidavira kuti zvibvumirano zvisiri zvazvo zvinoda kushandisa mutemo wokuita kodzero dzakavanzika dzechiito. Somugumisiro, mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu wamarudzi ose unowanzoshanda senhungamiro ye [ inodzongova pamutemo. Zvinoumba mirariro yavose, zvinopesvedzera pfungwa dzavose, uye zvinogovera mashoko ezvirongwa zvenzanga zvinosimudzira rusununguko rwevagari vemo.

Kushandisa Simba

Kunzwisisa nzira idzi dzinoshandiswa pakuchengetedza kodzero dzevanhu munyika yose kunobatsira kunzwisisa kuti nei tsika dzepasi pose dzichibatsira kunyange munyika inowanzoramba chiremera chenyika yose.

Kududzira Kutonga

U.S. matare panhambo nenhambo anonongedzera kukodzero dzavanhu vamarudzi ose pakududzira Bumbiro remitemo nemirairo yehurumende. Nepo Dare rapamusoro rakaita mamiriro ezvinhu akavhengana, dzimwe nhau dzechiratidzo dzinoratidzira simba rinonyengetedza romutemo wamarudzi ose. Somuenzaniso, mu Rhoper v. Simmons[, Dare rakadudza Dare ramaICPR neConvention paMagamendial ekodzero dzeChild kutsigira kutonga kwaro iro rinoputsa chirambidzo cheSereh Amend pamusoro pechirango nechienzi. Mutongi Anthonys Kennedy akacherekedza kuti "United States zvino inomira munyika iyo yakarambidza rutongeso rwavechiduku," pakutsamira pahuro yorudzidziso rwamarudzi ose. Njongoni dzinodzokawo. [FFogrome] muse]

Kudzidzisa Kutonga

Zvikarakadzo zveCongress zvinowanzokumbira mutauro kuzvishandiso zvekodzero dzavanhu. Somuenzaniso, Violence Against Women Act (1994) zvakaziviswa murutivi naCEDAW, kunyange zvazvo U.S. isina kutongotendera chibvumirano ichocho. Masangano ekodzero dzavanhu anogona kuisa nguva dzose mishumo yemishumo yemishumo yemibatanidzwa yesungano yeUN, iyo ipapo inorumbidza kuti mapoka ekodzero dzechibharo anoshandisa kudzvinyirira vagadziri vemitemo. Apo Dare rekodzero dzavanhu rinoshurikidza U.S. Miitiro yakadai sekupfigwa kwapachivande kana kuti kuparadza kwedzinza muProctomu, aya macritiques anogona kuparira kukwirira nokunyandura kubvunza kushambadza kwapamutemo kutsva.

Murairo Wavakuru vebazu

Bazu guru rinogona kubatanidza mipimo yamaruramiro avanhu kupfurikidza nemirairo yavakuru vakuru, nhungamiro yamasangano, uye miraudzo yemimwe mitoo. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Barack Obama Ordertion Edepatity 13631 akatanga boka rebasa kuhwirudzura miitiro yamapurisa mukucherekedza Ferguson, Missouri, uye yakanongedzera zvakajeka misengwa yeU.S. pasi peCERD neCAT. Nenzira yakafanana, Department of State’s Country on Human Rights Proclations inoshandiswa kuyera mamwe marudzi, asi muitiro wacho unosimudzirawo kuziva muU.S. yezvikanganiso zvawo. Mukutungamirira kwaTrump, bazu rehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji rakaramba kodzero dzavanhu, asi kutungamirira kwaBiden kwakaratidza kuzvipira kutsva kupfurikidza nokubatanidza kodzero dzavanhu uye kutungamirira madzinza amarudzi ose.

Kutapura Kusunungurwa Kwakananga Kwevagari Vemo

Zvikamu zvinotevera zvinoongorora nzvimbo nhatu umo kupesvedzera uku kwanyanya kuoneka.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura Nokutaura

First Amendment inodzivirira zvikuru kutaura kwakasununguka, asi mutemo wamarudzi ose wekodzero dzavanhu unowanzobvumira ganhuriro huru pakutaura kworuvengo, kunyandura, uye kuzvidza kupfuura zvinoita mutemo weU.S. MuChikamu 19 cheICPR, rusununguko rwokutaura rungaganhurirwa apo kunenge kuri madikanwa kudzivirira "kodzero kana kuti mukurumbira wavamwe" kana kuti "chengeteko wamarudzi ose weSangano rekodzero dzavanhu wawana wawawanazve kuti U.S. inovenga mitemo yokutaura inoregeredza zvikuru apo inoenzaniswa nemipimo yenyika yose. Uku kunyatasvudzira kunoparira mipimo ine simba apo miitiro yamarudzi ose inoshandiswa pane dzimwe nguva kudzivirira [[FL:] [FLT] [FLD:1] [[FLD1]. [pas 1] dziviriro yapamutemo, somuenzaniso, mukurukurirano pamusoro pemabumbiro dzemashoko kana kuti itsive.

Kuwana Nguva Yokuva Woga

Kodzero yokuva woga inodzivirirwa zvakajeka muzvishandiso zvamarudzi ose zvekodzero dzavanhu. Chikamu 17 cheICCPR chinoti: “Hapana munhu achadzorwa nokudzorwa kusiri kwapamutemo nokuva kwake oga. Dare reU.S. harina kodzero yakavanzika, asi Dare guru rapamhene rakaisa mumwe kubva paburi rekodzero dzavanhu. Mitemo yenyika yose yapesvedzera uye yakaiswa munzvimbo ino. Roe v. Wade. Wade [[FLT:] [17] [773]), kurangarira kweDare pamusoro pezvakavanzika kwakakweviwa murutivi rwenyika yose pamusoro pezvitedzo zvenyama, kunyange zvazvo pesvedzero yamarudzi akawanda yakashandiswa zvikuru kupfuura. Kudzivirira kwechine kusinganzwisisiki kunzvera kwamarudzi ose kwave yave kududzirwa kwakaturikirwa kuidzwa nekodzero dzavanhu munhau dzenhau yenhau yenhau, nokuti kuzivisa Hurumende zvaMarudzi akawanda, zvinobudisa chiNgeri chiSvoti chiSvoti chiSvoto chikuru chakashatsarira kunzi chiSvo chikuru chenyika Youmbi zvikuru. Chipo chenyika Chi

Kudzivirirwa Pakusarurana

Mutemo wamarudzi ose wekodzero dzavanhu wave uchipesvedzera zvikuru mukuumba mutemo weU.S. usati uri wediscrination. Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheReader Act cha1944, uye vaAmerican vane Hubble Act zvose zvinoratidzira nheyo dzakabatanidzwa muzvibvumirano izvo U.S. gare gare yatendera kana kuti yakatenderwa. Convention on the Convention of All formation of COMFS (CRD) yakaratidzwa navatsigiri veReation (CerD) na veswordrecteds, rrust, uye projectssssss arrectives translations progremsss progremss, progrems CER, uye Revomssourcences Conventions Conventions Confect (F.[Fokst], kunyange zvazvo zvazvo zvazvo zvichiva Hurumende .S] yapasi pese , inotongedzese pamutemo yapasi pese.

Ruramisiro Youtsotsi Nokuzvidavirira Kwamapurisa

Mipimo yamarudzi ose yekodzero dzavanhu yakaumba nenzira inowedzera chinjo dzeruramisiro youtsotsi yeU.S. zvikurukuru pamusoro pokushandiswa kwamapurisa kwesimba, rusaruro rwedzinza, uye migariro yokupfigwa. Convention Against Torture (CAT) inorambidza utsinye, kusarura, kana kuti kubatwa zvisina kufanira, uye UN Special Rapporteur on Stutter yakatanga mishumo inotsoropodza zvikuru miitiro yakadai sokuvakwa kwemunhu oga kweUnited States, uye zviito zvechiito zvechiito cherufu. Mumushonga wekuramba kutsigira mirangariro yorudzi, kunyange zvazvo Dare reHumo reHumo rakaitwa pamusoro pokurambidza mutemo, uye hurumende yeU. yakatora nhano isingaenzaniswi yokutsigira nhau yacho panhau. Nepo iyi zviito zvamarudzi ose zvisingachinjiki U.U.S.

Matambudziko Nematambudziko

Pasinei zvapo nemikoto yepesvedzero yarondedzerwa pamusoro apa, kubatanidzwa kwemipimo yamarudzi ose yekodzero dzavanhu murusununguko rwevagari vemo rweUnited States kunotarisana nemhinganidzo dzinotyisa.Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mutemo wamarudzi ose unotyisidzira uchangamire hweU.S., kuti unomanikidzira miitiro yetsika kana kuti yenzanga kupesana nemipimo yeAmerica, uye kuti inowedzera simba remitumbi yamarudzi ose isingaverengeki. Iyi haisati iriwo zvayo ganhuriro dzepfungwa; ine tapuro chaiyoiyo pamashandisirwo anoitwa namaruramiro avanhu.

Uchangamire Negadziriro yeBumbiro reMitemo

VaAmerica vazhinji, kubatanidza vatongi navaiti vemitemo, vanorangarira mutemo wamarudzi ose wekodzero dzavanhu nenyumwiro nemhaka yokuti unoratidzika kuva unoshatisa muitiro wehurumende yehurumende. Mugadziriro yehurumende yeU.S., nyika dzinochengeta chiremera chine revo pamutemo woutsotsi, dzidzo, uye dzimwe nzvimbo umo zvibvumirano zvekodzero dzavanhu zvine chokuita zvikurusa. Apo Dare reH. Hurumende yeHumetiontions rinorumbidza kuti rizivise kuti chirango cherufu kana kuti kugadziridza mitemo yavo yematonditi, zvikarakadzo izvozvo zvinorwisana zvikuru nokudzora kwomunzvimbomo. Zvitendero zvisiri zvoga zvoga zvakasikwa kuti zvichengetedze uchangamire: kupfurikidza nokuraira kuitwa kwemitevero yemitemo yemitemo yeSangano yeSangano. Chivako ichi chirongwa chinoreva kuti maruramiro avanhu vemarudzi ose adzorerwe zvakananga; chinofanira kutanga kupinda muteverevo mubatanidzwa mukuru wezvamatongerwe enyika zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvenyika.

Kuramba Zvematongerwe Enyika Nokuparadzana

Chifo cha 1990, kuchinjwa kwezvibvumirano zvekodzero dzavanhu kwazova kwakakurumbira zvikuru. Vatsoropodzi parudyi vanotaura kuti zvibvumirano zvakadai seCEDAW neCRC imotokari nokuda kwegadziriro yenzanga inofambira mberi, vachisimudzira maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri, pfungwa dzechirume, kana kuti ganhuriro pachiremera chavabereki. Somuuyo, U.S.S. haina kutendera CEDAW, CRC, CR, ICESCCR, kunyange zvazvo yakaisa chibvumirano chikuru chazvo. Kudzivisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoonekawo mu "revrations, revots" uye ziziviso" izvo ganhuriro dzemhuri dzinosimbiswa. Nokuda kwemitemo yetsika inovawo.

Miganhu

Kunyange apo mipimo yamarudzi ose inogamuchirwa nenzira yapamutemo, kuzadzika kunopesana. Hurumende yeU.S. inodikanwa kuisa mishumo yenhambo nenhambo kumasangano eChibatanwa cheSangano reSangano reSangano reNyika Dzapasi Pose, asi iyi mishumo pane dzimwe nguva inozvidza kuputswa kwemitemo, uye rumbidzo dzinotevera hadziwanzoshandiswi. Somuenzaniso, Dare reHongedzero dzavanhu reUN rave richiramba raishayisa kuvimbika kwezvose zviri zviviri U.S. kurambidza chirango chedare retsotsi retsono dzemhosva kuti ribvise madzinza, uye kuvhara nzvimbo yokuchengetera paGuannamo Bay. Hapana kurumbidza uku kwakaitwa kwakazara.

Dzidzo Nokungwarira Vanhu

Kuisa musiyano pakati pemipimo yamarudzi ose yamaruramiro avanhu nekodzero dzavagari vemo yeU.S. kunoda nhamburiko yedzidzo yakasimba. Pari zvino, masangano mazhinjisa epashure muhurumende nenhau anodokuva anonangidzira ngwariro paBumbiro remitemo nemutemo wemo, kubata maruramiro avanhu sepfungwa yemusikirwo kana kuti yokumwe. Kubudisa vagari vemo vanokwanisa kupinda mumipimo yenyika yose, vadzidzisi vanofanira kubatanidza dzidzo yekodzero dzavanhu mukudzidzisa kwavo. Masangano akafanana [[FLT: 0] Rights Watch[[FFLT: 1], [FLT:], [FLT:] inobatanidza nhau dzomunharaunda dzomunharaunda dzomunyika yose, [FLT] yeAmerica inobetsera Union Union (ACLU) [[FLT] [3], uye kubetsera kubetsera kwakaipa kwezvipopo.

Chimwe chishandiso chinobudirira chokunzvera ibasa re mishumo yamaruramiro avanhu nemishumo yemifungo. Vadzidzi vanogona kufunda kuti masangano asiri ehurumende anonyora sei kuputsa ndokupa mimwe mishumo kumasangano eUN. Ikoku hakungodzidzisi bedzi unyanzvi hwokunyora nokunzvera asiwo kusimbisa vadzidzi kuzvirangarira vamene savatsigiri vanobvira. Zvikoro zvinogonawo kukoka vakurukuri vanobva kumasangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo kana kuti kuva namarusando echishoro eUN umo vadzidzi vanokurukura pamutemo wenyika yose. Vavariro ndeyokupa mishumo yetsika dzamarudzi ose ndokuratidza kuti haisi pamutemo uri kure asi mutauro unowirirana pamusoro peruramisiro iyo iri yavanhu vose.

mhedziso

Mipimo yamarudzi ose yamaruramiro avanhu inopa pesvedzero yamanomano asi ine revo parusununguko rwavagari vemo rweU. Nhambo yapashure pehondo yakaita bvumirano yenyika yose pamusoro pekodzero huru idzo United States yose iri mbiri yakaumbwa uye, padzimwe nguva, yakadzivisa. Kupfurikidza nedudziro yedare, kuronga kwomutemo, uye miraudzo yehurumende, tsika dzinobva kuUDHR, ICRAD, CORD, COT, uye zvimwe midziyo zvakaziviswa pamusoro pezvakavanzika, kutaura, uye ruramisiro yaparudzo. Bva nzira yokubatana inokwikwikwidza pamusoro pouchangamire, kukunda, uye kupfuudza mukuita inoita kuti mutemo wamarudzi ose urambe uripo [[FLT:]] panzvimbo yomurairo wakananga. Chino chiri muuyo chavanhu chakasiana chakasiana nemitemo yavanhu vose vari vose vari vaviri.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi, kunzwisisa uhu ukama hahusati huri hwedzidzowo zvayo.Kunoshongedzera chizvarwa chinotevera nemidziyo yokuyera mitemo yepamusha nezviratidzo zvamarudzi ose, kudenha kusaruramisira kuchishandisa mashoko akapararira epamutemo, uye kutora rutivi mukurukurirano yenyika yose pamusoro perevo yorusununguko. Sezvo nyika inova inowirirana zvikuru, miganhu pakati perusununguko rwevagari vemo nekodzero dzavanhu dzamarudzi ose sezvingabvira ichava yakava yakaoma zvikuru, zvichiita kuti zivo iyi ive inokosha nokuda kwougari hwemo.