Sumo kuUnited States Constitution inomira seimwe yemashoko edonzo rorudzi rinozivikanwa zvikurusa uye rine simba munhau. Mvururo yayo yemifananidzo, " Isu Vanhu" , yakarondedzerazve manyuko esimba rezvamatongerwe enyika, ichiiisa chose chose mumaoko evagari vemo panzvimbo pehurumende. Nepo yakarongerwa mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi18, chinangwa chapatanhatu chedanho, kuumba Hurumende yakakwana, kuvimbisa ruramisiro, kugovera nokuda kwedziviriro yavose, kusimudzira miuyo inosimudzira mikomborero yeLivere, uye kudzivirira mikomborero yeLibertion. Nhamba inobvumidzwa kuva nesimba nokuwedzera kwemitengo. Mutengo wePregro inoparira mamiriro ezvinhu echienzi yetsika inodzodzo inodzo-yakavapo. Kureva kuti hurumende yePregrome inodzo inodzosera mumiteveri inodzo yayo isingachinjika, inobvumira kupfurikidza namasimba emitemo yamarudzi ayo anopfupikisa kuti adzoro.

Kuparadza Kuvamba Kwekufema

Kunyatsoongorora zvinangwa zvitanhatu zvehurumende kunoratidza kuti chimwe nechimwe chakashandiswa sei mukurwira kodzero dzevanhu.

  • Fm a yakakwana zvikuru Union: Uku kutaura kunokarakadza Republic chirongwa chisina kupedzwa, nguva dzose chinokwanisa kuvandudzika. Kwave kuchishandiswa kukwikwidzanisa chinzwano chorudzi rukuru zvikuru uye kutemwa kwemitemo inoparadzanisa, upamhi hunonetesa ruvara rwenzanga.
  • Chiratidzo chetsika: Zvichida nharidzano inowanzokumbirwa zvikurusa, inoreva kwete bedzi gadziriro yedare, asi nzanga isina rusaruro nedzvinyiriro. Iyi nheyo yakanga iri injini yetsika inoparira kurwisana norusarurano nokudzvinyirira kwomuvhoti.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kushanda kwemhuri: Zvinowanzoshandiswa nezviremera kudzvinyirira kusabvumirana, vatsigiri vekodzero dzavagari vemo vakadudzirazve uyu murangariro. Chibvumikiso ndechokuti runyararo rwechokwadi runogona bedzi kuvapo munzanga yakarurama, ruchipa ukoshi hwetsika nebumbiro remitemo kukutsutsutsumwa kusina masimba masimba.
  • Chiratidzo nokuda kwedziviriro yavose: Ikoku kunobatanidza pfungwa yokuti vagari vose, pasinei zvapo nemamiriro ezvinhu ekare, vane basa namaruramiro okudzivirira nyika yavo. Iyi mirangariro inovakirwa kubvisa mauto ane zvombo ndokukudza basa ravarwi vashomanene.
  • Rovedza Nhaka yeUniversal: Hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo hwemasangano ekodzero dzazvino uno echengeteko yenzanga nepurogiramu dzinorwisana nourombo. Kunofukidza basa rakananga rehurumende kutarisira zvakanaka garikano yavagari vemo vayo, kuvambira kutyira utano kusvikira kumukana wezvemari.
  • Rovedza Zvikomborero zveRusununguko: Iyi mvumo youdangwe nenhaka, chipikirwa kuzvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi zvinofanira kudzivirirwa nokuwedzerwa munguva. Kwave kuchishandiswa kukwikwidzanisa nokuda kwechinhu chiri chose kubva pakodzero dzokuvhota kusvikira kukodzero dzomunhu oga.

Uyu mutauro weshuvo wakanga uri zvose zviri zviviri simba namavambo efunganyo yapakarepo. Varume vakagamuchira Bumbiro remitemo vakakundikana kuziva zvizere iyi mifungo, vazhinjisa nenzira inowirirana kupfurikidza nokutangwa kwouranda uye kurashwa kwavakadzi. Zvisinei, kupfurikidza nokuisa izvi zvinangwa zvakakwirira murugwaro rwenheyo, vakagadzira chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwaavo vaizodenha zvikanganiso zvavo. Pregage yakava chinyorwa chapamutemo, uye masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo anoramba achifambira mberi kuti azvipinze. National Archivers [[FLT:]]

Hondo Yorudzidziso Yemagandanga: Kuedza Chibvumirano

Chivi Chokutanga Nechipikirwa Cheruramisiro

Kuedzwa kukuru kwokutanga kwezvipikirwa zvePregary kwakabva kusangano rokuparadza. Kubvumirana kwe 1787 kwakasimbiswa muuranda muImba yeUnion, kuchipesana zvakananga nechikumbiro chePreging che "Justice" ne"Leberty". Vatungamiriri vakaita chisarudzo chapamutemo netsika kududzira Bumbiro reMitemo rePregation, vachiramba kuti gwaro rakatsaurirwa kurusununguko raisagona kudzivirira unyengeri uhu nenzira ine mufungo.

Chiono chaDouglas cheBumbiro reMitemo

Mukutaura kwake kwakatanhamara, "Chii chiri Muranda wechina?" (1852), Douglas akatungamirira nokungwarira uku kunyanduka. Kunyange zvazvo akabatanidza rudzi nokuda kwounyengeri hwarwo, haana kusiya Bumbiro remitemo. Panzvimbo pezvo, akarutaura segwaro rinorwisana nouranda. Akarevera kuti nheyo huru dzerusununguko neruramisiro muPregatori waiva mudzimu wechokwadi womutemo, uye kuti uranda hwakanga huri muwirirano. Uku kurangarira kwakanga kuchikosha: kwakaisa kurwa kweRestand reFinism seput gamuchidzanwa reAmerica, asi sokuzadzika kwechipikirwa chenyika chapakuvamba. [FLD:] Dolassss anoramba ari mutech productive [F [F:1] mukupass anoshandisa tsika dzarongedzero.'kuvamba kundika gamuchidzanwa raro renguva ino.

Kugadziridza Kuchinjira: Rusununguko Rwokuderedza Neruramisiro

Nhambo yapashure peHondo yevagari vemo yakanga iri nhano inokosha munhau yebumbiro-mitemo yePregamendment. Mhendhedziso yechi 13 yakabvisa uranda, Pendement yechi 14 yakatanga kuva mugari wemo wedangwe uye yakavimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo, uye Pession yechi15 yakarambidza kusarura dzinza muvhota. Iyi bvumirano yakanga iri nhano yakananga yokunyorazve Constitution kuti iwirirane nezvipikirwa zvebumbiro rePreastry. Hurumende ye14, zvikurukuru, nomurairo wayo une simba wokuti hapana nyika icha "kei] kumunhu upi noupi musimba rayo rakaenzana nedziviriro yemitemo," yakava chitoko chepamutemo nokuda kwekodzero dzose dzinotevera. Yakabatanidza nenzira iko nokuda kwe" murugwaro runotengwa rwomutemo, ruchitsamiro chapamutemo kuti rugodavire mutemo womutemo womunguva yemberi ugoda kushandisa pamutemo.

Chirango Chavakadzi: Kuzivisa Kuti Isu Vanhu

Kuzivisa Kwezvibvumirano Nezvisakiso

Kufamba kwavakadzi kwezana ramakore rechi 19 nerechi20 kunogovera mumwe muenzaniso une simba wesumo muchiito. Sangano rakatanga nenzira yakarongwa paSeneca Falls Convention muna 1848, umo vashinganyi vakabudisa Declaration of Sestiments. Iri gwaro rakaenzanisirwa zvakananga paChiziviso cheIndependence uye rakanangidzira mutauro wePregegegena weruramisiro nerusununguko. Rakavamba nokutaura kuti, "Tinorangarira zvokwadi idzi kuva dzinozviratidza: kuti varume navakadzi vose vakasikwa vakaenzana," kudenha zvakananga kubviswa kwavakadzi mu "Isu Vanhu".

Kwamakumi amakore, kunyoresa kwakataura kuti kunyima vakadzi maruramiro okuvhota kwakaputsa basa rehurumende ku "Chibvumirano" uye "Kuzivisa Chibvumirano cheNhaka". Vaipikisana kuti hurumende yaibhadharira vakadzi pasina kubvumirana yakanga ichikundikana kudzivirira "Misangano yeNhaka yeRusunungu" nokuda kwehafu yevagari vemo. Raibhurari yeCongregation ine Mutemo wapakuvamba waSentiments[, chinyorwa chinomira sechibvumirano chenheyo dzokuwedzera kukumbira kuiswa. Kusimbiswa kwechi 19th Amegramende mu 1920 yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kuiyi nguva refu, kuzivikanwa kuti "Foctive" muPrections".

Sumo Mumadare: Chiedza Chinosunda

Nepo Prevengery isingapi masimba chaiwo, yakabatira sechiedza chinotungamirira nokuda kwezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro pakodzero dzavagari vemo. Munhau dzinobatanidza simba rehurumende, Dare raiwanzotarira kusumo kuti rinzwisise zvinangwa zvavose zveBumbiro remitemo. Munhau yenjiro Brown] v. Boka reDzidzidzo [1954], iro rakazivisa rudzi muzvikoro zvisina kutenderwa, Dare rakanangidzira zvikuru pamusoro pekuvadziko yenzanga nendangariro inoparirwa nokudzorwa. Nenzira inodzorwa, kutonga kwakanga kwakadzikiswa mumhiko yePreggeries" uye kusimudzira "General Wergradice". Dare rakaziva kuti nzvimbo dzakaparadzana asi dzakafanana hadzitongotongokwane chipikirwa murairo wemitemo mumutemo wakaenzana. Kunyange zvazvo Dare rePregromeswose risingatongo rinopari chinyorwa chakagadzirirwa kupfumiswa.

Boka Rekodzero Dzevanhu Rezana Rechi20: Kuzadzika Chinyorwa Chemashoko

Chivil Rights Movement yema1950 na 1960 inomirira kukumbira kune simba zvikuru uye kwakatsiga kwepfungwa dzegungwe munhau yeAmerica. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. uye vatungamiriri vesangano racho vakaronga zvakajeka kurwisa kwavo sechinodikanwa chehurumende yehurumende kuti ikudze zvibvumirano zvayo zvokuvamba. Sangano rakadana "Justice" uye "Liberty" yakapikirwa musumo kuti rishande munyika yose.

Chiroto Nebumbiro Remitemo

Dr. King’s "Ndine hope", rakapiwa paLincoln Chirangaridzo muna 1963, ikirasi yakatanhamara mukutaura kwebumbiro remitemo. Akataura nenzira yakakurumbira nezveChiziviso Chokuzvimirira neBumbiro reMitemo se "chiziviso" icho mugari weAmerica mumwe nomumwe akanga ari mugari wenhaka. Iye akataura kuti, panzvimbo pokukudza uyu musengwa unoyera, America akapa vanhu cheki yeNegro chekero yakashata, cheki yakadzorwa yakaiswa chiratidzo che‘mari isina kukwana. ” Uku kwakanga kusati kuri kurambwa kwechitendero cheAmerica; kwakanga kuri kuraira kuti rudzi rwurarame kudzidziso yechitendero chakaiswa muPregtion. [FLD:] Mubairo waMambo Nobel, mumwe musoro wenhau iyi, yakabatanidza kurwisana kwenyika yose.

Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheRevoifolders cha1946, icho chakarambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa parudzi, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo enyika, uye Voting Rights Act ya 1965, iyo yakarambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota, zvakanga zviri zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvakananga zvepomero yePregatori. National Archives inorondedzera chibvumirano cheChivil Rights Act[[[FLLL:1] sechimwe chezviitwa zvemitemo zvinokosha zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica, mutemo uyo pakupedzisira wakavamba kuwirirana neidikariro dzapamutemo dzenyika nezvipikirwa zvawo. Sangano yacho yakaita nenzira inobudirira kuti kusarura nokubvisa maruramiro zvakanga zvisati zviri zvingoriwo zvakaipa zvetsika, asi kuputswa kwedonzo guru rehurumende.

Ruramisiro Yezvemari: Chipatara Chikuru Mumuitiro

Kurwira ruramisiro yezvemari kwakabatanidzwa zvikuru nenhungamiro yePregary ku "kudzivirira Nhaka yehondo". Musangano wavashandi wezana ramakore rechi20 wairwira kodzero yokubatana, mazuva masere ezuva rokushanda, uye mugumo webasa ravana. Ava vanoshingairira vakakumbira Prevention kuti vataure kuti hurumende yakanga ine basa rakananga rokudzivirira vashandi pakudzvinyirirwa. Mutemo weSangano reSangano reSangano reMakore reMakore naMoral Act yeSalty, kubatanidza Family Act yeSalty yeSal, yakaumbwa zvakajeka naPrezidenti Flainflin D. Rooselt sezatisiti ye "General Welve". Gare gare gare, Chibvumirano chaMambo Chirombo cha 1968 chakatsvaka kudzosera ngwariro yavanhu paupfumi hwenyika dzose, chinotaura kuti "Bert" yaity ne" yakanziri yenhau yezve yezve yenhau yavose, dzidzo yavose, chipikirwa chayo chinopfuurira chipikirwa chayo charoripotenziro. Chipfuupfuupfuupfuupfumi chenyika yose. Chino charori chino

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Dzazvino Uno: Nhaka Inopfuurira

Gadziriro yokududzira yakatangwa navazivi vokuparadza, vanyoresi, uye Civil Rights Movement inopfuurira kurwa kuti itsigire kuenzana nhasi. Sumo inogovera mashoko anozivikanwa navose nokuda kwamapoka akaganhurirwa kururamisa zvinodikanwa zvavo zvokubatanidzwa neruramisiro. Basa rokuumba "Umwe hwakakwana zvikuru" rinopfuudzirwa kuchizvarwa chitsva chimwe nechimwe.

LGBTQ+ Vamiririri Vekodzero Dzevanhu uye Kuenzana Kweroorano

Kurwira wirirano yeroorano mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi21. Vatsigiri vakaomerera zvikuru panheyo dzesumo. Vaiti kunyima vakwanyina voutere vamwe chetevo maruramiro okuroora kwakaputsa zvipikirwa zvebumbiro remitemo zve "Justice" uye "Leberty". Muchinoitika chenjiso bergefell v. Hodges [2015], Dare rapamusoro rakadzika chisarudzo mumurangariro we "Justitu" wakarevererwa muBumbiro remitemo, kuchibatanidza zvakananga nechiono chavatangiridzi. Chisarudzo chakaona roorano chisati chiri chibvumirano chapamutemo, asi sechinodikanwa chapamutemo kuchengetera "Mashendizo eLiber" nokuda kwavanhu vose.

Kushata Kwekodzero NevaAmerica Vachitora Rutivi Rwourema

Sangano rekodzero dzohurema, iro rakawana kuiswa kwakawanda mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi20, rinowanawo mashoko pamutauro wePregator. American With Diculder Act (ADA) ya1990 wakanga uri mutemo wakatanhamara wekodzero dzavagari vemo wakarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vane urema vane maruramiro akafanana uye mabanza akafanana nomunhu ari wose. Uyu mutemo ukukudziridzwa kwakananga kwebasa rehurumende ku "kubatanidza Wevelfare" uye "Ruramisiro," kubvisa mhinganidzo dzomuviri nedzenzanga dzinodzivisa kutora rutivi rwakazara munzanga.

Kodzero Dzevanhu Vasingabudiriri uye Kurota

Masangano azvino uno anosimudzira kodzero dzokutamira kune dzimwe nyika, akadai seDREAM Act, anodana kuti "Ruramisiro" uye "General Welfare". Vanopikisa kuti kutanga nzira yokuva mugari wemo nokuda kwavatami vasina kunyorwa kuunzwa kunyika sevana inhau yeruramisiro huru uye inowedzera ku "General Welfare" yerudzi. Kukurukurirana uku kunopfuurira kunoratidza kuti mavambo anoramba ari chishandiso chinokosha nokuda kwenhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzenzanga, zvichipfuurira kukudza denderedzwa re "Iwe Vanhu".

Basa Risina Kukanganiswa Rekuti: Isu Vanhu

Sumo yeUnited States Constitution inopfuura zvikuru mupimo wenhau. Iko mupimo mupenyu, kambasi yetsika inonongedzera kuUnion yakakwana zvikuru. Kubatana pakati pePregegedge nesangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo hakuiti netsaona; ibasa. Vavambi, nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvavo zvose, vakavaka mutoo wefambiro mberi kuva hwaro humene hwerudzi. Kupfurikidza nokugadza nharidzano dzakafara, dzakaisvonaka, vakapa zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi madariro okuda kukumbira chinjo.

Sangano riri rose rekodzero dzavagari vemo munhau yeAmerica rakabvunza mubvunzo mumwe chetewo: Ko uyu mutemo, muitiro, kana kuti tsika zvinotiswededza pedyo ne "Justice," "Liberty," uye "general Welfare" yakapikirwa muPregation? Basa rokupindura mubvunzo iwoyo rinopfuurira. Sezvo denho itsva dzinomuka nerondedzero ye "Isu Vanhu" inochinja, nenzira isingapanikirwi kusara somusiti worugwaro munhau iri kupfuurira yeAmerica yokuvavarira rudzi runorarama mukuwirirana nezvido zvarwo zvakakwirira zvikurusa. Inoramba iri chiyeuchidzo chokuti kuedza kweAmerica hakusati kuri chibereko chapera, asi denho inopfuurira kuvaka nzanga umo rusununguko neruramisiro zviri zvomenemenemene.