Gadziriro huru dzezvirongwa zvokusarudza dzinoumba sei kuti kushanda kwehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kunoumba sei, kwete bedzi kupesvedzera avo vanokunda sarudzo asiwo vanorangarira neitiro yekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa kutamba pakati peiyi gadziriro nehurukuro yenhimbe kunokosha mukunzwisisa simba neganhuriro dzemiitiro yedemocracy munyika yose.

Kunzwisisa Masangano Ezvirongwa Zvikuru

Gadziriro dzamabhinya, dzinowanzonongedzerwa kwadziri se "winner-tall" kana kuti "upamhiro" gadziriro, dzinomira panheyo yakapfava: mutsigiri kana kuti mubato uyo anogamuchira mavhoti mazhinjisa anodzivirira chigaro kana kuti hofisi. Ikoku kunomira mukupesana nokuwirirana nemirariro (PR), iyo inoisa zvigaro zvakavakirwa pachiverengero chimwe nechimwe chevhoti imwe neimwe. Kusiyana kwakakurumbira zvikurusa ndiko kutanga-muteve wekare (FTPP), kunoshandiswa munyika dzakafanana neUnited Kingdom, United States, Canada, uye India.

Mimwe mifanikiso mikuru inobatanidza mibatanidzwa miviri yemibatanidzwa yakakomba (ruff), inoshandiswa muFrance nesarudzo dzakawanda dzapurezidhendi, uye vhoti yakasiyana (instant-ruff), inoshandiswa muAustralia. Kuchinja kumwe nokumwe kunovavarira kubudisa muwiridziri mukuru, asi inosiana mumavhoti anobviswa uye kana voruzhinji (vanopfuura 50%) vachidikanwa. MuFPTPP, mutendi anogona kuwina nouzhinji hwakapfava (kunyangana nevoruzhinji rwevo) kunyange bhokisi duku revhoti (hwunoparira kuti riwane miuyo apo boka rinowina ringashaiwa tsigiro yevoruzhinji muvhotaro.

Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti gadziriro dzevatongi dzinotsigira hurumende yakasimba, inozvidavirira kupfurikidza nokuparira miuyo yakasimba.Vashori vanopikisa kuti kazhinji kazhinji dzinoshatisa zvisarudzo zvomuvhoti ndokuderedza mapoka maduku. Uku kunyanduka kune revo huru nokuda kwehurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika, sezvo vanoda kubhapatidzwa namapoka vanochinjira mashoko avo kuzvinonyandura zvinoparirwa nemitemo yechisarudzo.

Nharo Dzakaoma Mugadziriro Dzavarwi

Nharo dzeElectoral dzinobatira senzvimbo inodenha vavhoti kuti vaenzanise vada kufunda nemitemo. Pasi pemirau mikuru, nharo dzinokombamira kukuva dzakaganhurirwa, kazhinji kazhinji dzichinanga pachiverengero chiduku chavakwikwidzi. Nemhaka yokuti mukwikwidzi mumwe bedzi anogona kuwina nzvimbo yakagadzwa, gakava kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinosimbisa nzvimbo yakarongeka mukunzvera mirau yakakomba. Ikoku kunogona kuratidzira munzira dzinoverengeka:

  • Kuwedzera mashoko etsamba akananga pakuvhota:[[FLT: 1]] Madate anowanzoita zvikumbiro zvakafara, zvisinganetsi kushayisa mashoko panzvimbo pezvikamu zvemitemo zvine udzame, zvikurukuru apo anenge achivhotera pasina mukwikwidzano.
  • Yakaderedza simbiso pamisiano yomuitiro yakajeka: navakwikwidzi vakuru vaviri kana kuti vatatu, vatambi vekurukurirano nekariro dzavateereri vanosunda vanoda kuparadzanisa misiyano panzvimbo pokutsanangura zvikamu zvakaoma zvebhizimisi.
  • Tsitsidzo huru pahunhu nechakavanzika: Sezvo madzinza makuru achiwanwa kazhinji kazhinji nemicheto miduku, mavara omunhu oga (akaita selikable, unyanzvi hwokuda kuziva, uye anozivikanwa kuva akarurama) anofukidza nhau duku.

Somuenzaniso, munharo dzapurezidhendi weU.S. pasi pemukundi weElectoral College, vanoda kupiwa ngwariro yakaganhurirwa kukuchinja nyika ndokudzivisa kuva vavhoti vane mwero. Nenzira yakafanana, mukurukurirano dzechisarudzo chavose cheUK, vatungamiriri vanobva kuLabour neConservatives vanodzora mhepo, nepo mapoka maduku akafanana neLiberal Democrats kana kuti Greens achiwana kufukidzwa kwakaganhurirwa, pasinei zvapo nedzimwe nguva kuva nedzikano yesimba.

Nzvero inobva Electoral Reform Society[[FLT: 1] inosimbisa kuti gadziriro huru dzinoderedza sundo yokuti mapoka aite zvibvumirano zvakafara kana kuti kugamuchira nzvimbo dzebvumirano mukati memibato. Panzvimbo pezvo, gakava rinova nzvimbo dzehondo dzokurwisa utera hwavavengi, simba rinogona kudzivisa kuvhota nokuvimba.

Hurukuro Yenhimbe: Kubudirira Nokubudirira

Kubudirira kwehurukuro yenhimbe mumiitiro yavakuru vakuru kwakabatana zvikuru nokuisa zvinhu mumijaho. Madanga anoisa ngwariro pamaruwa ane makwikwi", kazhinji kazhinji anonzi "zvigaro zvemaruwa eUK" muUK kana kuti "kuchera" muUS (pane apo muuyo usingavi nechokwadi. Iyi mirangariro yenzvimbo inoumba kutumira mashoko munzira huru:

  • Mashoko akaitwa kuti adzorwe, avhota: Tumu dzehondo dzinoedza kutaura nokukumbira pamapoka esumo, ipapo kuaisa mumadzinza omunzvimbomo asina kuchinjika. Iyi hurukuro inoderedza uye inoderedza mhesano yomuitiro womunharaunda.
  • Nhimbe yezvesayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika: Nemhaka yokuti rukundo runowanzoda kubuda panzvimbo yomunhu apo vanoshora vanodzvinyirira vanofora, kushambadza kwokudenha noumhondi zvinova zvakarovedzeka. Nzvero mu yeAmerican Science Review [ yakawana kuti kushambadza kwakaipa kwakapararira zvikuru mumagadziriro eFPTP kupfuura mumaPR (Lau & Pomper, 2004).
  • Kuvhota kwounyanzvi hwenhambo nenhambo: kazhinji kazhinji kunokurudzira vavhoti kusarudza nenzira inoshanda zvakanaka(-) kuvhara mutsva asingafarirwi zvikuru (panzvimbo pokutaura zvinodikanwa zvapachokwadi. Ikoku kunogona kushatisa kurukurirano dzemiitiro ndokuderedza kujeka kwepfungwa.

Gadziriro dzamabhinya dzinogonawo kusimudzira "mativi maviri echikamu chetatu" ayo anoodza mwoyo kutora rutivi kwechitatu. MuUnited States, mapoka eGreenan naLibertrian asingawanzosviki danho rokuvhota rinodikanwa kukumbanira kurukurirano dzapurezidhendi, achiganhurira mano avo okusuma mimwe mirangariro. Uku kubvisa kunosimbisa hurukuro nhete panhau dzakadai sereshiviridzo youtano, chinjo yemamiriro okunze, uye mitero.

Zvisinei, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti gadziriro huru dzinoita zvirevo zvakajeka zvikuru zvokuchinja mutemo nemhaka yokuti masangano anowina kazhinji kazhinji anoraira zviremera zvemitemo, anogona kushandisa zvipikirwa nokukurumidza zvikuru kupfuura hurumende dzine mubatanidzwa mugadziriro dzePR. Uku kuzvidavirira kunogona, murondedzero, kuvandudza batano pakati pehurukuro yenhimbe nokudzora.

Murangariro Wakaenzana: Masangano Ezvirongwa zvePropotigal

Kunzwisisa simba rakasiana rehurukuro yenhimbe, kunobetsera kuzvienzanisa nemiitiro yokuratidzira. MumaPR, makwikwi akawanda anova muitiro, uye kuwirirana kwakabatana pashure pokusarudza kunokarirwa.

  • Mitemo inopfuura: PR inopa inzwi kumapati akawanda, naizvozvo kurukurirano dzinofukidza mhatsa huru yenhau / kubva kudzongonyedzo yemhoteredzo kusvikira kuurudzi hwakarurama zvikuru.
  • Rinoderedza nhimbe yakaipa: Sezvo mapoka achifanira kubatira pamwe mumibatanidzwa, vanorega kudenha vakwanyina vanobvira munguva yemberi. Ikoku kunoderedza rwisano dzomunhu oga nehosha dzehominem.
  • Tsitsi huru pakushambadzira kwemiitiro: Kutaurirana kwemabhizimisi kunoda kuti vanhu vazive zvinhu zvinokosha, zvichitungamirira kukurukurirano yakaderera zvikuru mukati mezvirongwa.

Somuenzaniso, mugadziriro yemibatanidzwa yakavhengana yeGermany, nharo dzinobatanidza vamiriri vanobva muCDU/CSU, SPD, Greens, FDP, AfD, uye Kubva kuruboshwe Parti. Uku kuwanda kunosimbisa mhatsa yemiitiro panhau dzakadai sekupinda munyika nesimba. Nemhaka yeidzo, gakava rapurezidhendi weFrance pasi pegadziriro yemibatanidzwa yezvikamu zviviri zvinobatanidza mativi ose zvikurukuru rinoumba bedzi vaviri mudanga, rinomanikidzira nzvimbo yomuitiro.

Fundo 2019 mu [[FT:1] British Journal of Political Science yakawana kuti vavhoti mumiitiro yePR vanoshuma gutsikano yakakwirira nezvisarudzo zvinopiwa mukati menhimbe, nepo vavhoti vakuru vane bviro zvikuru yokunzwisisa kurukurirano se "dzisina kururama" kana kuti "dzinonyorwa.

Zvinetso uye Kutsoropodza Kwakaitwa Nehurukuro Hurukuro Huru

Nepo gadziriro huru dzichipa kutsunga, dzinopawo denho dzokuvaka idzo vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti dzinokurira kurangarira kwehurumende.

  • Pasi pokuratidzirwa kwamapoka maduku: Kubatanidzwa kweGeneral yedzinza, mitauro, kana kuti pfungwa duku dzinogona kuvasiya vasina inzwi rakasarudzwa, sezvo vangaziviswa nguva dzose mumaruwa ane mitezo imwe. Uku kushaikwa kwomufananidzo kunogona kuita kuti nharo dzive shoma.
  • Kuparadza nokuparadzanisa: Mugariro wezero-simu wemakwikwi ose okukunda unokurudzira vapapatidzi kukwezva misiyano yakapinza, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nemisiyano inonyanyisa. Nokufamba kwenguva, izvi zvinogona kuomesa mativi ndokuderedza kurukurirano yakachinjika.
  • Mhatsa yomuitiro yakavhengana: namakwikwi anobudirira akaganhurirwa kumativi maviri, gakava guru rinowanzofuratira nhau dzinotsigirwa namapoka maduku", zvakadai sechinjo inosarudzwa, mari huru, kana kuti kuderera kwebato guru rinoabatanidza.
  • Kuvhota kwokuvhota kunomonyaniswa kwedonzo romuvhoti: Kuvhota kunogona kuvanza zvisarudzo zvechokwadi, kuita kuti zvisarudzo zvive zvisakafanira zvemifungo yavose. Ikoku kunokanganisa ukoshi hwemashoko ehurukuro yenhimbe.

Idzi denho hadzisati dziri dzapose pose mugadziriro dzose dzavatungamiriri. Sangano rinobvumira vavhoti, somuenzaniso, kuderedza kudikanwa kwokuvhota kwakarongwa uye kugonesa vavhoti vechitatu kuratidzira chisarudzo chokutanga pasina "kudzosa" chiverengero chavo. Nyika dzakafanana neAustralia dzakaona kurukurirano inochinja zvikuru somuuyo, kunyange zvazvo gadziriro ichiri kuparira kukwirira kuviri muzvigaro zvizhinjisa.

Basa rezvinobudisa nhau mugadziriro huru rinobatanidzazve idzi nhau. Zviteshi zvenhau, zvikurukuru muUS neUK, zvinokombamira kuvhota savasarudzo senhamba dzenhare dzemabhiza(*) kuisa ngwariro panhamba dzenhamba dzenzvero, magaffe, uye zvisakafanira panzvimbo pezvinhu zvemitemo. Iyi "Mitambo" inowirirana nezvinokurudzira zvemakwikwi makuru, umo nhau nesimba zvinogona kuchinja miuyo nenhetepfu shomanene.

Zvinobudisa Nhau, Kubatanidzwa Mune Zvokufambisa, uye Kurwisa Nemadhigirii

Kukura kwemichina inobudisa mashoko kwakachinja hurukuro yenhimbe mumasangano makuru, dzimwe nguva kuchikudza ganhuriro dzawo. Zvikamu zvenhau zvenzanga zvinogonesa mashoko maduku kuratidzira kumapoka maduku avagari vemo akavakirwa pamashoko anonyorwa. Mumashoko makuru, ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunoreva kurovanya vavhoti mumaruwa makuru nokuteterera kukuru: mutengi muimwe bhizimisi ravose muimwe bhizimisi, kuchitsamira pavateereri.

Varidzi vematunhu akasiyana - siyana vanowana zvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana zvenhimbe, vachikanganisa pfungwa yehurukuro yenyika imwe chete.

Mashandiro anobatsira anobatsira, anoita kuti vanoda kupinda mumakwikwi vasaita manyuko enzvimbo dzavo uye vabatane zvakananga nevanoshandira kuti vasapinda. Hove dzehoro yeguta, Q&A marusando, uye vatsananguri vemiitiro zvinogona kuita kuti pave nenharo, asi kuedza kwakadaro kunowanzofukidzwa nokurwisa kunoramba kuchiitika. Simba remazano aya rinosiyana zvikuru, uye mamwe mapepa anogadzira mavara akasimba omunzvimbo iyoyo anovadzivirira patsika dzenyika.

Kubatanidzwa mugadziriro dzavakuru vakuru kunoumbwawo nokufunga kuva kwamakwikwi amadzinza omunzvimbomo. Muzvigaro zvakakotsekana .Nuko mumwe mubato anowanzova nehurukuro huru yavose(macampaign) kazhinji kazhinji anova yokungotaura, navakwikwidzi vakananga pamasangano panzvimbo pekurukurirano yemiitiro. Ikoku kunogona kuodza mwoyo ndokuderedza fariro yavose mukusarudza, sezvo vavhoti vanonzwa nhau dzavo dzichitora zvishomanene.

Nzvero kubva International Institute for Democracy and Electoral help inoratidzira kuti muvhoti anowanzova akaderera mugadziriro dzeFPTP kana achienzaniswa namaPR, murutivi nemhaka yokupararira kwezvigaro "zvigaro zvakakotsekana. Uku kusaenzana kwenzvimbo dzapasi mubvumirano kunosimbisa kudzorwa kwenzvimbo shomanene dzinotenderera mukuumba hurukuro yorudzi.

Kuchinja Nezvinonetsa Zvavo Zvokuitisana Nharo

Vachiziva kukundikana kwehurukuro yenhimbe, vachinji vevavhoti vakakarakadza chinjo dzakasiyana - siyana.

  • Mitemo yemativi: Inoshandiswa muGermany, New Zealand, uye Scotland, MMP inobatanidza maruwa ane mitezo imwe nezvigaro zvematunhu, kuva nechokwadi chokuenzana. Ikoku kunokombamira kuwedzera kurukurirano kupfurikidza nokupa mativi maduku kumirira paramende nezvinokurudzira zvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Kuvhota kwakakandwa (RCV): Kupfurikidza nokubvumira vavhoti kuva vatsvaki vemitemo, RCV inobvisa miuyo inoshatisa ndokuderedza nhimbe yakashata, sezvo vanoda kutsvaka vhoti yechipiri kuvatsigiri vakwikwikwidzi. Muchiito, kurukurirano dzeRCV mumaguta saSan Francisco naMinneapolis dzakaratidza manzwi anobatira pamwe zvikuru.
  • Kuchinja uku kunovavarira kuderedza kubatana kweganda nokubvumira vavhota vose kutora rutivi musarudzo huru, vachimanikidzira vakwidzi kukwidza kupfuura mavambo avo. Kutanga kwemuCalifornia kwakatungamirira kuvadaviri vane mwero zvikuru uye, vamwe vanopokanidza, kurukurirano duku zvikuru.
  • Campaign revo rezvemari: Kuganhurira pesvedzero yavapi vazhinji nendyiko yebhizimisi zvingagona kuderedza nzvimbo yokutamba, kuchibvumira vanoda kupiwa miitiro itsva kuwana kuoneka pasina kuronga kukuru.

Kuchinja kumwe nokumwe kunotora zvinhu. MMP inogona kuita kurukurirano dzakaoma kuderedza kujeka kwomutoro. RCV, nepo ichideredza kuvhota kwakaipa, ingavhiringidza vavhoti vakajaira kuvhota kuzhinji. Zvisinei, vatsigiri vanoti kubva kupi nokupi panzvimbo inosarudzwa chete kungaita kuti kuve nani kupfurikidza nokukurudzira kutora rutivi rwakawanda uye kurukurirano yemiitiro.

Muenzaniso wokuchinja kunobudirira iNew Zealand, yakachinja kubva paFPTP kuenda paMMP muna 1996. Kubvira ipapo, nhimbe dzesarudzo dzakaratidzira mapoka akawanda, kutaurirana kwakabatana zvikuru, uye mhatsa huru dzezvikarakadzo zvemitemo. Nharo zvino dzinobatanidza vatungamiriri vanobva kuGreen Party, New Zealand Kutanga, uye Māori Party, pamwe chete nemapoka echinyakare eLabour neNational. Izvi zvakapfumisa hurukuro yavose, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vatsoropote varopote vanoona kuti dzimwe nguva hurumende dzinowirirana dzinova nokuzvidavirira kwakaoma.

MuUnited Kingdom, 2011 dare rokuvhota rakakundwa, asi nharo dzakapoteredza dzakasimbisa kusagutsikana kwaiita vanhu nehurukuro yezvirongwa. Ectoral Reformation Society inoramba ichitsigira kumiririra, ichiti zvaizoderedza "zvigaro zvakakotsekana" uye kumanikidza vanhu kuti varwire munharaunda dzose.

Kupedzisa: Kupindirana Kwemitemo Nemadiro

Gadziriro dzamaminiti dzisati dzichingovawo zvadzo miitiro younyanzvi yokuverenga mavhoti; ivo vagadziri vane simba vekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kupfurikidza nokuisa simba mumaoko avakundi vazhinji, ivo vanoisa mubatanidzwa wezvokushandisa, kufambiswa kwohunhu, uye kazhinji kazhinji kwakaipa hurukuro dzenhimbe. Gakava reElectorary rinova rovedzo mukupwingurirwa pakuchinja kuduku kunonangidzirwa panzvimbo pekurukurirano huru yemiitiro. Nepo miitiro yemibatanidzwa inopa kujeka nokuzvidavirira, ivo vanoisawo mungozi kuderedza manzwi mashoma, anoderedza, uye kupfupikisa mitsa yezvisarudzo yemiitiro.

Kunzwisisa izvi zvirongwa zvinobetsera vagari vemo navaiti vemiitiro kuyera zvose zviri zviviri simba noutera hwemasangano avo avavhoti. Kuedza kwekuchinja kunovavarira kukudza hurukuro ne(zvingava kupfurikidza nokumirira kwakarongwa, kuvhota kwakarongwa, kana kuti kuchinja kwemari kwenhimbe) kunofanira kuva nemhaka yokuti mitemo yakasarudzwa zvikuru inopesvedzera sei kwete bedzi uyo anokunda, asi kuti vanotaura sei pamusoro penhau dzinoda kugadziriswa. Sezvinoita democracy, kunaka kwekurukurirano kungava kunokosha somuuyo wesarudzo, uye gadziriro huru dzichapfuurira kuva rutivi rukuru rwekurukurirano iyoyo.