Dare Rapamusoro reUnited States rinomira somuturikiri mukurusa weBumbiro reMitemo, richishandisa simba rinoshamisa kuumba mutemo nenzanga.

Simba reDare rokuongorora raisasimbiswa kutozosvikira muna 1803, apo rakakumbirwa naMutongi Mukuru John Marshall muMarbury v. Madison. Muchisarudzo ichi, Mutongi Mukuru akataura kuti mutoro weDare Gurusa wokuputsa mutemo wakanga uri mugumisiro uri madikanwa webasa raro rakapikirwa kutsigira Bumbiro remitemo. Iyi fandesheni yakavamba Dare Rapamusoro somuvambi wokupedzisira werevo yebumbiro remitemo, basa rinopfuurira kuumba hurumende yeAmerica nhasi.

Hwaro Hwokuhwirudzura

Vazhinji vaVanababa Vakatangwa vaikarira Dare Rapamusorosa kuita iri basa pamusoro peBumbiro reMitemo; Alexander Hamilton naJames Madison, somuenzaniso, vakanga vaonesa ukoshi hwehwirudzuro yedare muFederalist Papers, iyo yakakurudzira kugamuchirwa kweBumbiro reMitemo. Hamilton akanga anyora kuti kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokuhwirudzura kudare rakavimbisa kuti kuda kwavanhu vose, sokuratidzirwa muBumbiro reMitemo ravo, kwaizova kukuru kupfuura kuda kwechibvumirano, icho mitemo ingaratidzira bedzi kuda kwenguva pfupi kwerutivi rwavanhu.

Madison akanga anyora kuti kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunofanira kusiiwa kuchisarudzo chakarongwa chavatongi vanozvimirira, panzvimbo penyongano nerwisano zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Kana nhau iri yose yebumbiro remitemo yaizosarudzwa kupfurikidza nebvumirano yehurumende yavose, Madison akarangarira, Bumbiro reMitemo raizoderedzwa kuva nharaunda yehondo yemakwikwi, shungu dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye mudzimu wechibvumirano chehurumende chinozvimirira. Ichi chiono chedare rinozvitonga chinoramba chiri chinhu chikuru kugadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinoganhurira Dare kubata ne "Cases" ne"Dare. Dare haripi mirangariro yechisarudzo; panzvimbo pezvo, basa raro rakaganhurirwa bedzi kuchisarudzo chakananga. Vatongi vanofanira kushandisa chisarudzo muchisarudzo muchisarudzo chenhau dzipi kuti dzinzwe, sezvo mhaka dzinenge 5 000-7 000 dzevagari vemo neutsotsi dzinochengetwa muDare repamusorosoro gore rimwe nerimwe kubva kumatare enyika akasiyana- siyana. Iyi mitoo inosarudzwa inoreva kuti mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo inokosha zvikurusa inosvika dare rapamusoro-soro renyika.

Kunzwisisa Nzira Dzokududzira Tsika

Pakushandisa simba rayo rokuhwirudzura kumira kwebumbiro remitemo rechiito chehurumende, Dare Rapamusoro rakavimba ne "miitiro" yakati yedudziro (jere) ndiko kuti, nzira dzokuwana revo yakati yegadziriro iri mukati meBumbiro remitemo. Iyi mitoo yokududzira haisati iri rovedzowo zvayo yedzidzo; iyo inoumba zvikurukuru kuti ruramisiro dzinosvika sei mhaka ndokuita zvisarudzo zvinotapura mamirioni eAmerica.

Chimiro cheruramisiro (madiro kana kuti madiro) chinoratidzwa nguva dzose kuva chiratidzo chinokosha chavavhoti vake paDare. Nepo vatongi vane zvisarudzo zvavo zvepfungwa, vanewo nzira dzavo vamene dzakasiana dzokududzira nadzo Bumbiro remitemo. Kunzwisisa mitoo iyoyi kunopa nzwisiso mukubatanidza kunoita uzivi hwedare nenzvero yebumbiro remitemo.

Kunyora Mashoko: Revo Yenhando

Kududzira mashoko inzira yokududzira iyo inonangidzira ngwariro parevo yakajeka yorugwaro rwechinyorwa chapamutemo. Textalism inowanzosimbisa kuti mashoko ari muBumbiro remitemo aizonzwisiswa sei navanhu panguva yaachatenderwa, pamwe chete namashoko akapoteredza umo mashoko iwayo anooneka. Uku kuisa panzvimbo yamashoko chaiwoiwo eBumbiro remitemo pamusoro pamanyuko okunze kana kuti dudziro dzinoshandura.

Kunyora mashoko irondedzero yokuti tinofanira kududzira magwaro apamutemo, kubatanidza Bumbiro remitemo, rakavakirwa parevowo zvayo yorugwaro. Munyori wemashoko anofuratira zvinhu zviri kunze kworugwaro, zvakadai sechinetso mutemo uri kutaura nacho kana kuti icho vagadziri vemitemo vangave vakadaidzira. Vanyori vemagwaro vanodavira kuti mutoo uyu unogovera kuwirirana nokudzorwa mukuita chisarudzo chedare.

Mutongi weDare Repamusorosoro aigarisa tsika akanga ari munyori wemashoko, achidavira kuti munhu anofanira kungotarisa mashoko egadziriro yacho paanenge achitevedzera Mutemo panyaya.Mutongi Scalia ndiye akanga ava mutsigiri akakurumbira wemagwaro muDare racho kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi matatu, achipesvedzera chizvarwa chenyanzvi dzemitemo uye vezvokurapa.

Kunyora mashoko zvikurukuru kunodudzira mutemo wakavakirwa parevowo zvawo yorugwaro rwapamutemo. Muenzaniso wakanaka wenzira dzakawanda dzokuita nadzo kunyora unouya muBostock v. Clayton County umo zvose zviri zviviri murangariro nezvinopesana zvakagamuchira mutoo wokunyora nawo; musiano bedzi wakanga uri "kuti mashoko api emagwaro anofanira kushandiswa neDare Rapamusoro. Iyi nhau inoratidzira kuti kunyange mukati memitemo yemagwaro, vatongi vangapesana pakushanda.

Kudavira Mavambo: Kunzwisisa Bumbiro Remitemo Ravamiri

Chirevo choumwari irondedzero yedudziro yamagwaro emitemo, kubatanidza rugwaro rweBumbiro remitemo. Vatsigiri vemavambo vanodavira kuti rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo runofanira kupiwa revo yavanhu yapakuvamba kuti rwaizova panguva yarwakava mutemo. Uyu mutoo unotsvaka kutsigira kududzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo mukunzwisisa nhau panzvimbo pemipimo yazvino uno.

Zvitayera zvitatu zvokutanga zvevakatanga kunyorwa zvinoziviswa ndezvepakutanga, zvemashoko, uye zvekuvaka zvakasimba.

Zvisinei, mutoo uyu wakatarisana netsoropodzo nokuda kwechinetso chokusarudza chinangwa chimwe, chakabatana pakati peboka rakasiana - siana revanhu vakanyoresa ndokutendera Bumbiro remitemo.

Zvinorehwa nemagwaro ebumbiro remitemo zvinogona kunzwisiswa kubva mumaduramazwi, mabhuku egirama, uye mune mamwe magwaro epamutemo umo rugwaro rwacho rungatorwa. Runogonawo kutorwa muzviitiko zvepamutemo uye gakava revo yavose zvakaparira gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo. Vanyori venhau vanoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokutsvakurudza dzenhau kuti vagadzirise kunzwisiswa kwegadziriro dzemitemo panguva yokugamuchirwa kwadzo.

Pamusana pechiito choMutongi Antonin Scalia paDare rapamusorosoro, iye nenyanzvi dzakatanhamara dzinoverengeka vakatsanangura kuti, savatangi, vakanga vakazvipira kutsvaka kunzwisisa revo yavanhu yapakuvamba yeBumbiro remitemo. Revo yavanhu yapakuvamba yokunzwisisa Bumbiro reMitemo haisati yakavakirwa parugwaro bedzi, asi, panzvimbo pezvo, inowana revo yavanhu vose yapakuvamba yorugwaro senhungamiro huru kukududzira. Mutongi Scalia wemifungo woruzhinji muRuwa rweColumbia v. Heller anoenzanisira kushandiswa kwerevo yavanhu vose mukududzira mutemo.

Bumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu: Kuchinjira Kunguva Dzazvino Uno

Vatsigiri vebumbiro remitemo vanodavira kuti revo yorugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo inochinja nokufamba kwenguva, sezvo zvimiro zvenzanga zvichichinja, kunyange pasina kugamuchirwa kwechinjo yebumbiro remitemo yakarongwa kuChikamu V cheBumbiro reMitemo.

Vanodavira kuti mashoko epamutemo akanyorwa nemitemo vanoramba kuti zvinoreva mashoko epamutemo akagadzwa uye kuti anofanira kubatanidza vatambi vebumbiro remitemo.Vatsigiri vemitemo yemitemo yebumbiro remitemo vanotaura kuti mutemo webumbiro remitemo unogona uye unofanira kuchinja mumhinduro kumigariro inochinja nezvinokosha.

Mutongi wokupedzisira Ruth Bader Ginsburg akataura kuti dudziro dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzinofanira kuchinjira kuUnited States iri kuchinja. Mutongi Ginsburg navamwe vatsigiri vebumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo ripenyu vanodavira kuti nheyo dzakafara dzechinyorwa chacho dzinofanira kushandiswa kumigariro iyo vaFramers vaisagona kuve vakakarira, kubva pachivande chemichina kusvikira kuruzivo rwokubereka rwazvino uno.

Maitiro mapenyu eBumbiro reMitemo anobvumira matare kukurukura nhau dzenguva ino dzakanga dzisina kunyorwa apo Bumbiro reMitemo rakanyorwa.Vatsigiri vanopikisa uku kuchinja kuri madikanwa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rirambe richishanda uye richibudirira mukudzora nzanga yazvino uno, yakasiyana - siyana. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mutoo uyu unopa vatongi uchenjeri hwakawandisa uye unovabvumira kuisa mipimo yavo vamene panzvimbo pokududzira nokutendeka Bumbiro remitemo.

Dzimwe Nzira Dzokududzira

Kuumbwa kwemitemo inzira inoshandiswa navatongi kupfurikidza nokutsvaka revo yenheyo yakati yebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza bedzi ne "kuirava mukurwisana nechinyorwa chikuru chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti mashoko akapoteredza". Vatongi vanoedza kunzwisisa kuti mutemo wakati unowirirana sei nechimiro chikuru zvikuru chebumbiro remitemo. Uyu mutoo unosimbisa Bumbiro remitemo sechikamu chose chose panzvimbo pemuunganidzwa wegadziriro dzakaparadzana.

Vatongi vanosarudza nhau kupfurikidza nokutarira kuchisarudzo chenhau yakapfuura neyakafanana mukuwirirana nenheyo yapamutemo yokutarira kusingachinji, kupfurikidza nokuwana mutemo kana kuti nheyo munhau yapakuvamba kutungamirira rutongeso rwavo muchinoitika chazvino uno.

Kudzikama kunoitika apo vatongi vanoyera mativi mamwe efariro kana kuti kodzero neapokanidza, anowanzoshandiswa kutonga munhau dzeFirst Amendment.

Kufambira Mberi Kwedzidziso Dzemazuva Ano Dzokududzira

Mutsigiri Robert Bork anorumbidzwa kuti ndiye akaisa rondedzero yokutanga yazvino uno yechiNgezi muwnainyo yokuhwirudzura mutemo wake muna 1971, Neutal Principles and Other First Amendment Problems, rakabudiswa muThe Yale Law Journal. Akacherekedza kuti pasina kurondedzerwa murugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo, vatongi vakasununguka kuisa mipimo yavo vamene vachidudzira bumbiro remitemo. Bork akakarakadza mutoo mumwe wenheyo wenheyo kudzivisa uyu: nokuti vatongi vanotora ku "zvinokosha zvakati zvazvinatsarira izvo rugwaro kana kuti nhau inoratidza kuti vagadziri vemipimo vanofanira kuva vakazviito uye vanokwanisa kushandurwa mumitemo ine nheyo."

Pasinei zvapo nokudzora kwaro kwazvino uno paDare Rapamusorosoro, irondedzero yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru yedudziro yebumbiro remitemo. Nheyo dzaro dzakatanga kurongwa muma 1970 nama 1980 nenyanzvi dzakashora kutonga kweDare muBrown v. Board yeDzidzo pamwe chete nemimwe mitongo inofambira mberi yeDare reWarren. Mutongi nenyanzvi Robert Bork vanorumbidzwa zvikurukuru nokurondedzera nheyo dzetsika dzapakuvamba munyaya yake ya1971, Neuthal Principles and Anglief First Reformation Applief.

Kurerekera kuchechi irondedzero ine mwero yedudziro yebumbiro remitemo yakavakirwa munhau yakakanganwiwa nenzira inowedzera mukati mezana ramakore rechi20. Kumutsidzirwa kwedzidziso yeChokwadiastism muma 1980 kwakanga kuri kuita kurondedzero ye "Bumbiro remitemo Ripenyu" gakava pakati peidzi nzira dzinokwikwidzana rakaumba kuwirirana kweDare Gurusa, kusimbisa kutonga, uye zvisarudzo zvedare kwamakumi amakore.

Nguva inokosha yakaitika muna 1982, makore mashanu pamberi pokukundikana kuisa urongwa hweBork notination, nokutangwa kweFederalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies. Federalist Society, sezvainowanzonongedzerwa kwairi, isangano renyanzvi retsika rinosiana rakatangwa kukurudzira kududzirwa kweConstitution. Iri sangano rakaita basa rinokosha mukusimudzira vatongi navatongi vapakuvamba.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvinopesvedzera Zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi kunoita kuti tinyatsonzwisisa kuti mutemo webumbiro remitemo unotanga sei uye unochinja sei.

Basa Rezviito Zvepamutemo

Gadziriro yemitemo, kana kuti kutarisisa, inoita basa rinokosha mukuita chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro. Iyi dzidziso inoti matare anofanira kutevera zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba zvikuru pakutarisana nenhau dzapamutemo dzakafanana.

Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro harina kusungwa chose chose nemienzaniso yaro rimene. Vatongi vangaputsa zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba apo vanodavira kuti kutonga ikoko kwakasarudzwa nenzira isina kururama kana kuti kwazova kusingashandiswi. Chisarudzo chokuchinja muenzaniso uno mufungo uye unomutsa nharo, sezvo chinogona kuchinja zvinoshamisa kodzero dzakagadzwa namavara apamutemo. Mienzaniso yazvino uno inobatanidza kuchinjwa kwemienzaniso yakare kare munharaunda dzakadai sekodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri nomutemo wezvemari.

Maonero akasiyana - siyana anodudzira maonero akasiyana. Vanodavira pakuvamba vangada zvikuru kuchinja mienzaniso yavanodavira kuti inopesana nerevo yapakuvamba yeBumbiro reMitemo, nepo avo vanofarira kudzora kwedare vanowanzopa muenzaniso unokosha zvikuru kumuenzaniso wakatangwa pasinei zvapo nokuti vanobvumirana nechisarudzo chapakuvamba here.

Rugwaro Rwebumbiro remitemo Negadziriro

Mashoko chaiwoiwo eBumbiro reMitemo anoramba ari mavambo emitoo yose inodudzira. Kunyange vatongi vasingabvumirani pamusoro pomutoo wemiitiro vanowanzovamba kunzvera kwavo norugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo pacharwo. Mugadziro weBumbiro reMitemo (*) yakasiyana - siyana inowirirana seimwe uye nechinyorwa setsananguro yose.

Dzimwe gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzakananga zvikuru uye dzakajeka, dzakadai sechinodikanwa chokuti Purezidhendi anofanira kuva namakore anenge 35 okukura. Dzimwe gadziriro dzinoshandisa mutauro wakafara, unoda kududzirwa, wakadai se "kufamba kwomutemo," "dziviriro yakaenzana," kana kuti "nzvero isina mufungo nepfari." aya mashoko akazaruka akaparira kurukurirano huru nedudziro dzakasiyana - siyana munhau yose yeAmerica.

Chimiro cheBumbiro reMitemo (Gwaro reMitemo) rinoumba simba pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende uye pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende − zvinozivisawo kududzira. Vatongi vanorangarira kuti zvisarudzo zvavo zvinotapura sei dzikamo yesimba mukati megadziriro yebumbiro remitemo uye kana vachichengetedza kana kuti kuchinja chivako chinokosha cheFramers dzakatangwa.

Matsika Nendima dzeChinetso

Kushayikwa kwenhungamiro yakajeka inodudzira kwakaparira nharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pebasa rakafanira remipimo yazvino uno mukududzira kwebumbiro remitemo.

Vararami vebumbiro remitemo vanobatanidza zvakajeka basa rokubatanidza mipimo yenzanga mukududzira kwebumbiro remitemo. Vanopikisa kuti nheyo dzakafara dzeBumbiro remitemo dzinofanira kushandiswa mukuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvazvino uno. Iyi nzira inobvumira Bumbiro remitemo kukurukura nhau dzazvino uno dzakadai serevo yoga yemichina, ruzivo rwokubereka, uye zvimwe zvinoitika zvingadai zvisina kutarisirwa.

Vezvokuvamba vanowanzoramba pfungwa yokuti kuchinja kwemipimo yenzanga kunofanira kuchinja revo yebumbiro remitemo. Vanopikisa kuti kana nzanga ichida kuchinja nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, inofanira kuita kudaro kupfurikidza nomuitiro wetsika wokuvandudza panzvimbo pokutsanangurazve kwedare.

Uzivi Hwokutonga Nepfungwa Dzakaipa

Kuhwirudzurwa kworutongeso paDare Gurusa, kupfurikidza norudzi rwaro rimene, kunogona kubatanidza vatongi vasina kusarudzwa kuputsa kuda kwebazu rakasarudzwa nehurumende yehurumende kana kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vakasarudzwa nenzira yakakurumbira.

Gakava riri pakati pavatsigiri vemitemo navadzori vemitemo igakava zvikurukuru pamusoro pokuti Dare rinofanira kutsanangura rini, kana kuti kazhinji sei, Bumbiro remitemo.

Kunyange zvazvo vatongi vachivavarira kuita zvinhu zvisina musoro uye kuomerera kumitemo, mamiriro avo ezvinhu uye maonero avo nenzira isingadzivisiki anochinja matanho avo uye kududzira magadzirirwo anoitwa zvinhu. Izvi zvinoitwa nevanhu pakutonga hazvidzivisiki, kunyange zvazvo nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokududzira nadzo dzichiti dzinoderedza kukanganisa kwazvinoita.

Kuumbwa Kwedare

Kuumbwa kweDare Gurusa kunotapura zvikuru kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo. Mapurezidhendi anoisa vatongi vanogoverana kazhinji kazhinji uzivi hwavo hwokutonga, uye muitiro wesimbiro yeDare unonzvera mitoo yokududzira. Nokufamba kwenguva, chinjo munyorero weDare dzinogona kutungamirira kuchinjo mudzidziso yebumbiro remitemo.

Uku kutaura kunoratidzira idi iro rave richicherekedzwa kazhinji kazhinji navatsinhiri paDare Rapamusorosoro: Kutendeudzira pakuvamba zvino ndiko mutoo mukuru wokunzvera nawo unoshandiswa naVatongi paDare Rapamusoro reUnited States. Voruzhinji veDare razvino vanosiana vakatungamirira kusimbisiro yakawedzerwa pamitoo yapakuvamba neyokunyora magwaro, kuchitapura zvisarudzo panhau dzinovambira pakodzero dzepfuti kuenda kumutemo wokudzora.

Kuumbwa kweDare kunotapurawo mhaka dzipi dzarinosarudza uye kuti rinoronda zvakasimba sei chinjo yedzidziso. Dare rine ndangariro dzakasimba zhinji ringava rinodisa zvikuru kuchinja mipimo uye mutemo webumbiro remitemo, nepo Dare rakakamukana zvikuru ringapfuurira nokungwarira zvikuru.

Zviratidzo Zvinoratidzira Kusvika Kunodudzirwa

Kuongorora zvisarudzo zvakati zveDare Repamusorosoro kunobatsira kuona kuti nzira dzokududzira nadzo dzinoshanda sei.

Ruwa rwaColumbia v. Heller: ChiShona chiri Mubasa

Chikamu chenhau cha2008 cheColumbia neHeller chinogovera muenzaniso wakajeka wedudziro yekare. Nyaya yacho yakataurwa kana Second Amendment ichidzivirira kodzero yomunhu oga yokuva nepfuti kana kuti kodzero yeboka bedzi ine chokuita nebasa remauto. Maonero eMutongi Scalia akashandisa kuongorora kwakawanda kwenyanzvi dzekare, kuongorora mashoko eSecond Amendment, zvinyorwa zvenhau, uye kunzwisisa kodzero yokutakura zvombo panguva yeChinyorwa.

Pfungwa yacho yakaongorora zvinoreva mashoko akadai se "chengeta uye kutakura zvombo" uye "mauto anodzorwa zvakanaka" sezvaaizonzwisiswa muzana remakore rechi18. Mutongi Scalia akabvunza maduramazwi, mashoko epamutemo, uye mirau yaitaura kubva panguva yaManyoro kuti aone zvaireva vanhu vose muChipiri Amendment. Iyi nzira inoratidza kuti vaiongorora nhoroondo dzekare kuti vadudzire pamutemo.

Brown v. Board of Education: Constitutional Evolution

Chisarudzo cha1954 muBrown v. Board of Education, iyo yakazivisa kusarura dzinza muzvikoro zvehurumende zvisina uzivi hwetsika, chinoratidzira kusagadzikana pakati pemitoo yakasiana. Vanzveri vemitemo yokurarama vanodavira kuti dzinza rinosarudzwa napamutemo kubvira muna 1877 kusvikira muna 1954, nemhaka yokuti murangariro wavose wakakuda, uye kuti wakava usina kubvumirana nemhaka bedzi somuuyo wechisarudzo cheDare rePreversal muBrown v. Board of Education. Mukupesana, vatangiri vanodavira kuti Pendementation nguva dzose inorambidza rudzi (kugamuchirwa kweganda) kubvira muna 1868, kusvikira kuchisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro chinotsigira kuva nomutemo muPlesby. Ferguson (1866), kuchisarudzo muBrown muna 1954, kusvikira kuzuva razvino.

Nyaya iyi inoratidza kuti chisarudzo chimwe chetechi chinogona kururamiswa sei mugadziriro dzakasiyana - siyana. Vanzveri vebumbiro remitemo vanorangarira Brown seDare rinochinjira nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo kutsinhiranisa kunzwisisa kwakaenzana. MaScodinant anotaura kuti Brown akadudzira zvakarurama revo yapakuvamba yeMitemo ye14, iyo matare apakuvamba akanga asina kunzwisisa.

Obergefell v. Hodges: Kodzero dzazvino uno uye Kududzira kweBumbiro reMitemo

Chisarudzo cha 2015 chakabvuma kodzero yebumbiro remitemo yeroorano yevatano muObergefell v. Hodges chakamutsa gakava guru pamusoro pemitoo yokududzira nayo. Mafungiro mazhinji, akanyorwa naMutongi Kennedy, akasimbisa kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzinokosha uye kunzwisisa kupfupikisa roorano nokuenzana. Iyi nzira inoratidza kuti mararamire emitemo, kuisa zvibvumikiso zvebumbiro remitemo pamamigariro avanhu.

Vatongi vasingadi vakatsoropodza chisarudzo sevatsoropodzi vedare, vachitaura kuti revo yapakuvamba yeBumbiro remitemo haina kubatanidza roorano yevatano yakafanana uye kuti chinjo dzenzanga dzakadaro dzinofanira kuuya kupfurikidza nemiitiro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu panzvimbo pomutemo wokutonga.Iyi nhau inoratidzira kusawirirana kunopfuurira pakati pouzivi hwakasiana - siana hunodudzira nemiuyo yahwo inoshanda nokuda kwamaruramiro avanhu.

Nharo Pamusoro Penzira Dzokududzira Nadzo

Kusarudza nzira yokududzira haisiwo zvayo yedzidzo, asi ine zvakunoreva zvikuru kumutemo webumbiro remitemo uye nzanga yeAmerica.

Makakatanwa Okutanga

Vatsigiri vedzidziso yapakuvamba vanotaura kuti inogovera kuwirirana uye kumanikidzirwa mukuita chisarudzo chedare. Kupfurikidza nokumisa kududzira revo yenhau, mavambo anotaura kuti anodzivisa vatongi kuisa mipimo yavo vamene muchimiro cheteo yebumbiro-mitemo. Vazivi vemavambo vanotaura kuti kana revo yeBumbiro remitemo ichigona kuchinja pasina kugadziriswa kwetsika, inorega kuva chimanikiso chine revo pasimba rehurumende.

Kurerekera kumavambo kunosimudzirawo kuva pamutemo kwehurumende yehurumende.Bumbiro reMitemo rakatenderwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye vatsigiri vapakuvamba vanotaura kuti matare anofanira kuita kuti revo yavanhu vakagamuchira itsive panzvimbo pokutsiva rutongeso rwavo vamene.

Uyezve, kana revo yebumbiro remitemo ichigadziriswa, vagari vemo nevakuru vakuru vehurumende vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kodzero dzavo nemisengwa.

Kutsoropodza Kwokuvamba

Mutongi weDare Rapamusoro William J. Brennan Jr. akarondedzera kuvamba so "kuzvitutumadza sokuzvininipisa" mukati mehurukuro ya 1985 paGeorgetown University. Muiyi hurukuro, iye akataurawo kuti“ Kudada kunyepedzera kuti mumurangariro wedu tinogona kuyera zvakarurama vavariro yavagadziri vemafomu", uye kuti vezvamatongerwe enyika vanotaura kuita kudaro vanosundwa chose chose nezvikonzero zvezvamatongerwe enyika.

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kuziva revo yapakuvamba kazhinji kazhinji hakubviri kana kuti hakunzwisisiki. Manyuko enhau angava asina kukwana, anopokanidzana, kana kuti asingatauri panhau huru.

Chimwe chinotsoropodzwa ndechokuti kuomerera pamavambo kwaizoomesa revo yebumbiro remitemo muzana ramakore rechi18 kana kuti rechi19, kuchitadzisa Bumbiro reMitemo kugadzirisa zvinetso zvemazuva ano.

Zvibvumikiso Zvokuti Kutevedzerwa Kunotsamira Pamutemo Kuve Kupenyu

Vatsigiri veBumbiro reMitemo mhenyu vanosimbisa kuchinjika kwaro nokuchinjika. Vanotaura kuti nheyo dzakafara dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzinofanira kushandiswa kumigariro isingatongofungidzirwi naFramers. Bumbiro reMitemo mhenyu rinogona kudzivirira kuva voga munguva yemitengo, kuvimbisa kuva vaenzani nokuda kwamapoka aibviswa, uye kupedza denho dzazvino uno apo inoramba yakatendeka kumipimo yapakuvamba yebumbiro-mitemo.

Vatsigiri vemitemo vanotiwo nzira yavanoita nayo zvinhu inoratidza kuti mutemo webumbiro remitemo wakatotanga sei.

Kupfuurirazve, vatsigiri vanotaura kuti nzira mhenyu yeBumbiro reMitemo inobvumira gwaro racho kushanda mabasa aro anokosha munyika inochinja. Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kudzora chaunga chakasiana- siyana, chazvino uno chakasiana zvikuru nenyika ye 18 yeFramers. Kujeka mukududzira kunovimbisa Bumbiro remitemo rinoramba richishanda uye richibudirira.

Kutsoropodza Kuomerera Kumitemo Mipenyu

Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuti kurarama kwebumbiro remitemo kunopa vatongi uchenjeri hwakawanda zvikuru uye kunovabvumira kuisa mipimo yavo vamene.Vatongi vasina kuganhurirwa revo yakatsiga, vanogona kushandisa dudziro yebumbiro remitemo kuti vasvike migumisiro inoshuviwa.

Vanodavira kuti zvinhu zvakarongwa mubumbiro remitemo vanotiwo kurarama kunoita kuti mutemo webumbiro remitemo ude kufanoziviswa uye usagadzikana.

Uyezve, vatsoropodzi vanoti, munzanga yakasiyana - siyana ine maonero anokwikwidzana, mabumbiro emitemo angangoratidza zvinodiwa nevatongi vakakwirira pane kuti zvidiwe nemunhu wose.

Zvomene Inoshanda Yedudziro Yebumbiro remitemo

Vatongi vashomanene vanoomerera zvakasimba kunzira imwe chete, uye vazhinjisa vanorangarira zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana pakusarudza nhau. Rugwaro rweBumbiro remitemo, mashoko akapoteredza aro enhau, muenzaniso, migumisiro inoshanda, uye mipimo yapanguva imwe cheteyo zvose zvingaita mabasa mukuita chisarudzo chokutonga.

Kunyora mashoko igadziriro yapakuvamba uye yakakudziridzwa kudzivisa dzimwe dzerevo dzinovhiringidza dzechinjo sezvayakatanga kurondedzerwa. Uku ukama pakati pemitoo yokududzira hunoratidza kuti uzivi hwokutonga hunochinja ndokuchinja sei nokufamba kwenguva. Kunyange vatongi vanonzwisisa nemitoo yakati vangahushandisa nenzira yakasiana kana kuti kuhubatanidza nedzimwe rangarira.

Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvinowanzoratidzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira uye kukurukurirana pakati pevatongi nouzivi hwakasiana. Kuvaka mibatanidzwa mizhinjisa, vatongi vangadzikamisa nzvimbo dzavo kana kuti kushandisa kurangarira kunokwezva shamwari dzinoshandisa nzira dzakasiana. Uku kutaura kunoshanda kunoreva kuti mirangariro yeDare rapamusorosangasaratidzira zvakakwana rondedzero ipi neipi inodudzira.

Tapuro Yokududzira Upenyu hweAmerica

Tsananguro yeBumbiro reMitemo haisati ichingovawo zvayo muitiro wapamutemo wapamutemo wapamutemo — inoita kuti upenyu hwevaAmerica vose huve netapuro.Vatongi vanodudzira vanoshandisa vanosarudza mwero wekodzero dzomunhu oga, dzikamo yesimba pakati pamapazu ehurumende, uye ukama pakati pehurumende nehurumende.

Zvisarudzo pamusoro pedudziro yebumbiro remitemo zvinogona kutapura nhau dzinovambira pakodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri nedzokudzora pfuti kusvikira kurusununguko rwokutaura norudzidziso.

Kunzwisisa dudziro yebumbiro remitemo kunobetsera vagari vemo kupinda murubudiriro nenharo dzapamutemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika. Apo Dare Gurusa rinomutsa gakava, kurukurirano huru inonangidzira pauzivi hunodudzira. Vagari vanonzwisisa izvi vangagona kuyera zviri nani vamine uye kunzwisisa kuti vangasarudza sei nhau dzomunguva yemberi.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Mukududzira Bumbiro Remitemo

Kuongorora zvinhu zvemazuva ano uye kuchinja kwemagariro evanhu kunoratidza kuti zvinhu zvakadai sokuva pachako pachishandiswa kombiyuta, kugadzira zvinhu, kugadzira magene, uye magariro evanhu zvakanga zvisipo pakanyorwa Bumbiro Remitemo.

Kudzivirirwa kweFramendment yeChina pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nepfari, somuenzaniso, kunofanira kushandiswa kumashoko enzvimbo yeserura, kurukurirano dzemaemail, uye ruzivo rwokuziva chiso. Kudzivirira kwakasununguka kwokutaura kweFirst Amendment kunofanira kukurukura zvikamu zvemasangano anobudisa mashoko, kuchengeteka kwearamende yealgorith, uye kunetsa paIndaneti. Izvi zvinoedza mitoo yose inodudzirwa uye zvinoda kuti ruramisiro idzikamise kuvimbika kunheyo dzemitemo neshandiso inoshanda kumigariro yazvino uno.

Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kunopawo zvinetso. Zvisarudzo zvamatare enyika dzakawanda zvinofanira kupesvedzera kutsanangura kwebumbiro remitemo reAmerica here?

Nguva Yemberi Yokududzira Kutevedzerwa kweBumbiro reMitemo

Gakava pamusoro pedudziro yebumbiro remitemo richapfuurira kuumba mutemo weAmerica namatongerwe enyika. Sezvo vatongi vatsva vanokumbanira Dare Rapamusoro, dzikamo pakati penzira dzakasiana - siana dzokududzira ingachinja. Chinjo muchimiro cheDare dzinogona kutungamirira kumhindumupindu yedzidziso kana kuti chinjo, sezvo mativi makuru matsva anorangarirwazve miganhu yakatangwa.

Zvikoro zvemitemo zvinorovedza magweta nevatongi vemunguva yemberi munzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokududzira nadzo, uye nharo dzezvemitemo dzinoumba manzwisisiro anoita nyanzvi dzezvemitemo mutemo.

Kunzwisiswa kwevanhu uye kurondedzerwa kwemitemo yepamutemo kunogona kuongorora zviri nani vatongi, kunzwisisa zvisarudzo zveDare Repamusorosoro, uye kupindira munharo pamusoro pezvinoreva mutemo.

Mabhuku Okumwe Kunzwisisa

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pedudziro yebumbiro remitemo, zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinowanika. Website yeDare repamusorosoro pa upmecourt.gov inogovera kuwanika kwemifungo, nharo dzinotaurwa, uye zvishandiso zvedzidzo pamusoro pebasa reDare. Kurava mirangariro chaiyoiyo yeDare rapamusoro kunopa nzwisiso mumashandisire anoita mitoo yokududzira nayo mitoo inoshanda kunhau chaidzo.

Masangano ezvokuchengetera pamutemo anogovera zviwanikwa zvedzidzo pamutemo webumbiro remitemo. National Constitution Center ku constitutioncenter.org inogovera zvinhu zvokudzidzisa zvisisiri zvepapatiki pamusoro peBumbiro remitemo nokududzirwa kwaro. Mawebsite emitemo anowanzoratidza kudzidza nezvevadzidzisi nehurukuro dzavose pamusoro pemisoro yebumbiro remitemo.

Kutevera nyaya dzeDare Repamusorosoro sezvadzinoenderera mberi nokupa zvisarudzo zvokupedzisira kunoratidza kuti nzira dzokududzira nadzo dzinoshanda sei. Vatsinhiri vakawanda vemitemo uye vatori venhau vanobudisa nyaya dzepamutemo vanogovera kuongororwa kunowanika kwenhau dzepamutemo dzevateereri vose.

mhedziso

Tsinhiro yeBumbiro reMitemo inomira pakati pomutemo weAmerica nokudzora. Mitoo inoshandiswa neDare reMitemo Guru kurondedzera mubatanidzwa wekodzero dzomunhu oga, chimiro chehurumende, uye nhungamiro yenzanga yeAmerica. Kunzwisisa idzi mitoo inodudzira (kubva mumagwaro akanyorwa nokutanga kusvika pakurarama mutezo wemitemo yemitemo uye mimwe mitoo) inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti Dare Rapamusorosoro rinoshanda sei uye kuti mutemo webumbiro remitemo unokura sei.

Kunyange zvazvo vatongi nenyanzvi vasingabvumirani pamusoro pematsananguriro akarurama ebumbiro remitemo, idzi nharo dzinoratidza mibvunzo yakadzama pamusoro pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, simba rokutonga, uye rudzi rwomutemo pachawo.

Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvine miuyo mikuru kuvaAmerica vose. Kubva pachisarudzo chemiganhu pamusoro pekodzero dzavagari vemo nerusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe kusvikira kunhau dzinotapura nhau dzemitemo dzezuva riri rose, kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunoumba pamutemo mararamiro edu. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa kuti ruramisiro inoita sei mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, vagari vemo vanogona kupinda zviri nani nekurukurirano dzapamutemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika, kuyera vatongi, uye kutora rutivi muchirongwa chinopfuurira chehurumende yebumbiro remitemo.

Sezvo nzanga yeAmerica inopfuurira kuchinja ndokutarisana nedenho itsva, kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kucharamba kuri rutivi runokosha uye runopokanidzwa rwegadziriro yedu yemitemo. Tsungiriro yeBumbiro reMitemo inotsamira pamano ayo okupedza nhau dzapanguva apo inoramba ichichengeta kuvimbika kunheyo dzinokosha. Kudzikamisa kunoita izvi zvinodikanwa zvinokwikwidzana kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvavo zvokududzira kuchapfuurira kuumba mutemo weAmerica noupenyu nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvinouya.

Kiyi Yokutora

  • Mitoo yokududzira iripo: Vatongi veDare Gurusa vanoshandisa mitoo yakasiana - siana inobatanidza unyoro, mavambo, mararami ebumbiro remitemo, urongwa, uye kurangarira kwakavakirwa pamuenzaniso
  • Nhau dzokubudirira kwenhau: Rondedzero dzazvino uno dzakaoneka misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, uzivi hwapakuvamba huchiwana utanhamari muma 1970 nama 1980 semhinduro kuzvisarudzo zveDare raWarren
  • Kupinza kunotapura upenyu chaihwoihwo: Nzira yokududzira nayo ruramisiro inoshandiswa inotema ukuru hwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo namasimba ehurumende, kuchitapura nhau dzinovambira pakuva voga kusvikira kukuenzana
  • Hapana mutoo mumwe unodzora chose chose: Uzivi hwapakuvamba nepo zvino huchipesvedzera paDare Rapamusorosoro, vatongi kazhinji kazhinji vanoshandisa mitoo mizhinji ndokurangarira zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana muzvisarudzo zvavo
  • kurukurirano inopfuurira: Kusabvumirana pamusoro pedudziro yakafanira yebumbiro remitemo kunoratidzira mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro poubati ushe hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, simba rokutonga, uye rudzi rwomutemo runoramba rwusingagadziriswi
  • textum nenziyo: Dare, mipimo yenzanga, muenzaniso wapamutemo, uye miuyo inoshanda zvose zvinopesvedzera kuti ruramisiro dzinodudzira sei Bumbiro remitemo
  • Kududzira kwokunzwisisa kunopa simba vagari vemo: Zivo yemitoo yokududzira inobetsera vagari vemo kuyera vatongi, kunzwisisa zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro, uye kupinda nekurukurirano dzebumbiro remitemo