Kunzwisisa Zvakakodzera: Hwaro Hwokururama

Muitiro wakafanira ndiimwe yedziviriro dzinokosha zvikurusa mugadziriro ipi neipi yapamutemo inokoshesa maruramiro avanhu. Pamiitiro yayo yakafanira inovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kunyima munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu pasina kutevera miitiro inoruramisira neyapamutemo. Iyi nheyo inosimbiswa zvikuru muUnited States Constitution, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nePrefectives yeshanu neyegumi namakumi mana, uye inoshanda kumabasa ehurumende nehurumende zvakafanana. Vadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vezuva riri rose, vanonzwisisa mufungo wemuitiro webasa redzidzo yazvo.[1]Iro ishandiro inoshanda yokuziva apo kodzero dzinova nedzivisirwa.

Pfungwa yokuti hapana munhu ari pamusoro pomutemo, uye kuti munhu ari wose anofanirwa nebanza rakarurama rokunzwiwa, ndiyo inosianisa nzanga yakarurama neinodzvinyirira. Muitiro wakafanira unoshanda secherekedzo pasimba rehurumende, uchida kuti mitemo ishandiswe nguva dzose uye kuti vanhu vagamuchire ziviso nebanza rokukwikwidza chiito chipi nechipi chakaipa. Munyaya ino, tichanzvera mavambo, marudzi, uye kushandiswa chaikoiko kwenyika kwomuitiro wakafanira, pamwe chete nemisungo inoshanda kudzivirira maruramiro ako.

Kutsanangura Kwepamutemo Kunoita Kuti Zviite Sei?

Muitiro wakafanira unonongedzera kumusengwa wapamutemo wehurumende kuremekedza maruramiro ose apamutemo akafanirwa nomunhu. Inoda kuti hurumende iite nenzira yakarurama ndokutevera mitemo yakagadzwa isati yaita chiito chipi nechipi icho chingagona kukuvadza fariro dzomunhu. Nepo chitsama chacho chinooneka muBumbiro remitemo, revo yayo chaiyo yakaumbwa namazana amazana ezvisarudzo zvedare nedudziro yenyanzvi. Kusarudza miitiro iri “pamberi" mumamiriro ezvinhu anopiwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza kuenzanisa fariro yomunhu nefariro yehurumende, seinosimbiswa muzvinoitika zvinooneka zvakadai se Mathes v. Eldridge

Gadziriro mbiri dzebumbiro remitemo dzinovimbisa muitiro wakafanira iFend Amendment (inoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende) neMitemo ye 14 (iyo inotambanudzira dziviriro imwe cheteyo kuhurumende). Pamwe chete, dzinova nechokwadi chokuti hakuna munhu acha “tsakatiswa noupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Kupfuura idzi gadziriso, nheyo dzakafanira dzinozivikanwawo mumitemo mizhinji yehurumende nezvishandiso zvekodzero dzavanhu zvamarudzi ose.

Mitemo Yechishanu Neyechigumi Nechina

  • Fith Amendment: inodzivirira pakuzviparadzanisa, ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti muitiro wakafanira muzvinoitika zvomubatanidzwa.
  • Foundation: inotambanudza dziviriro dzakafanira kukuita kuti zviito zvizivikanwe, ichivimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana neruramisiro huru.

Mbiru mbiri Dzomuitiro Wakafanira: Mugariro Nedziri Muduku

Nyanzvi dzezvemitemo nematare zvinokamuranisa mamiriro ezvinhu akakodzera kuva mapoka maviri akasiyana - siyana asi ane chokuita nawo.

Zvinodiwa Nevanhu: Kubatsira Kugadzirisa Zvinhu

Muitiro wakafanira wekuisa ngwariro pa howai yechiito chehurumende. Hurumende isati yagona kutorera mumwe munhu rusununguko kana kuti zvinhu, inofanira kutevera gadziriro dzakarongwa. Zvinodikanwa chaizvoizvo zvinosiana kuvambira pamashoko akapoteredza, asi zvinowanzobatanidza:

  • [[FT:0] Thombo: Munhu anofanira kuziviswa nezvechiito chinokarakadzwa nehwaro hwacho. Kuitika kwapachivande kana kuti zviitiko zvakavanzika zvinoputsa muitiro wakafanira.
  • Kunzwa: Munhu anofanira kuva nebanza rine revo rokupa ufakazi, kudana zvapupu, uye kupokanidza mhaka yavo (mungave mudare, kutonga, kana kuti chirango chechikoro chinopfuurira.
  • Muiti weChisarudzo asingasaruri: Mutongi, mukuru mukuru anonzwa, kana kuti boka rinofanira kuva risina rusaruro uye risina rusaruro kana kuti rwisano dzefariro.
  • [[[FT:0] Akarurama ku Zano: Mumamirire ezvinhu akawanda outsotsi nehurumende, vanhu vane maruramiro okumirirwa negweta. Kana vasingagoni kuripa, hurumende inofanira kugovera munhu mumhaka dzoutsotsi dzakakomba.
  • Kurudyi rwokukwidza: Gadziriro yakarurama inobvumira kuhwirudzurwa kwechisarudzo kunoitwa nazviremera zvapamusoro, kuva nechokwadi chezvikanganiso zvinogona kururamiswa.

Iyi dziviriro yetsika haisati iri yakakwana; inochinjika uye inotsamira pamigariro. Somuenzaniso, mudzidzi akatarisana nefariro yezuva rimwe angada miitiro mishomanene kupfuura munhu anotarisana nokurasikirwa nekodzero dzake dzomubereki. Kuedza kwakadzikama kubva Mathes v. Eldridge inoramba iri mupimo: matare anoyera fariro yomunhu oga, ngozi yokurasikirwa nekodzero dzavo dzenhema mumiitiro yazvino, uye fariro yehurumende mukuita zvakanaka.

Muitiro Wakafanira: Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzinokosha

Muitiro wakafanira wakakomba unopfuura miitiro yokudzivirira maruramiro akati pakudzongonyedzwa nehurumende chose chose, pasinei zvapo neruramisiro yomuitiro. Inoshanda sedziviriro kumitemo inodzvinyirira, inodzvinyirira, kana kuti inodzongonyedza rusununguko inorangarirwa kuva inokosha kunzanga yeAmerica. Iyi maruramiro makuru anobatanidza:

  • Kururama nokuva woga: inodzivirira zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga pamusoro peroorano, kubereka, kudzivisa kubata pamuviri, ukama hwemhuri, uye kurera mwana. Iyoyi yakanga iri fandesheni ye Obergefell v. Hodges [2020], iyo yaibvuma roorano imwe cheteyo youkuru hwetego seyapamutemo.
  • Kururama Neperero YeBodily: Forbids miitiro yokurapa isina kukodzera, kuvhara kubereka kunomanikidzirwa, kana kuti kupindira kwehurumende kunovhozhokera kuzvidzora kwomuviri kwomunhu.
  • Kurudyi Rwokutaura Kworusununguko Nokutaura: Paunenge wakavakirwa muFirst Amendment, muitiro wakafanira unosimbisa dziviriro yomutauro usingadikanwi kana kuti unopesana.
  • [[[FT:0] Kugona kufamba: Kukwanisa kufamba wakasununguka pakati penyika pasina ganhuriro dzakafanira.
  • Kurudyi ku Vote: Kunyange zvazvo yakadzivirirwa zvakajeka zvikuru kune imwe nzvimbo, Dare Gurusa rakashandisawo mutoo wakafanira kuparira kuputsa ganhuriro dzokuvhota idzo vagari vemo vanoremedza zvisakafanira.

Muitiro wakafanira wakakomba unomutsa nharo nemhaka yokuti kazhinji kazhinji unobatanidza matare kutsanangura iri kodzero “mumurangariro worusununguko rwoudzori.” Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti vatongi vangaisa mipimo yavo vamene, nepo vatsigiri vanoomerera pakuti dzimwe maruramiro anokosha zvikuru zvokusarerekera kumifungo yemitemo.

Mavambo Enhau: Kubva kuMagna Carta Kuenda Kuuzivi Hwazvino Uno

Mavambo egadziriro yakafanira anosvika shure mazana amakore, kare pamberi pekuvambwa kweAmerica. Murangariro unogona kurondwa kusvikira kuChitsauko 39 che Magna Carta [1215], iyo yakataura kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka aigona kuiswa mutorongo, kudzingwa, kana kuti kutapwa “kunze norutongeso rwapamutemo rwevaenzani vake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika.” Chitsama ichocho "“ mutemo wenyika" [[12] [12]

MuUnited States, Findth Amendment (1791) yakabvumira muitiro wakafanira hurumende yehurumende, asi kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira Hurumende ye 14 yabvumidzwa muna 1868 kuti hurumende dzakanga dzakasungwa zvakafanana. Muzana ramakore rakatevera racho, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru rakashandisa zvishoma nezvishoma chinozivikanwa se “kupesana,” kuita kuti Bill of Rights adzivirirwe akawanda aipiwa kupfurikidza neGuerment Classiace of the 144th Amendment.

Tava kutevedzerwa: Zvirongwa zveNyika Chaizvo

Muitiro wakafanira hausiwo zvawo murangariro wefungidziro; unoita zuva nezuva mumigariro isingaverengeki: madare, zvikoro, masangano ehurumende, uye kunyange ukama hwavashandi vanoshandira (apo hurumende iri mushandirwi).Kunzwisisa uku kukumbirwa kunobetsera kuenzanisira ukuru hwedziviriro dzakafanira.

Gadziriro Yeruramisiro Yeutsotsi

Vadziviriri mumhaka dzoutsotsi vanofarikanya dzimwe dzedziviriro dzakasimba zvikurusa, kubatanidza murangariro wokusava nemhaka, kodzero yokutongwa nokukurumidza uye kwavose, maruramiro okunangana nezvapupu, uye dziviriro pakuzvishora. Kundikano ipi neipi yokutevera iyi miitiro inogona kutungamirira kukupidigura zvitendero kana kuti kurambira pomero.

Kupfuurira Kwevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete

Munhau dzevagari vemo − zvakadai sokukwirira mhaka pamusoro pezvibvumirano, kukakavadzana kwezvinhu, kana kuti nhau dzemhuri zvinoda kuti vaparidzi vagamuchire ziviso nebanza rokutongwa pamberi pedare. Kunyange masangano okutarisira, sechengeteko yenzanga kana kuti zviremera zvokutamira kune dzimwe nyika, anofanira kuwirirana nemipimo inokosha yemipimo inodikanwa pakuita zvisarudzo zvinotapura betsero dzevanhu kana kuti mugariro.

Dzidzo Nechirango Chomudzidzi

Mu Gos v. Lopez [77], Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakataura kuti vadzidzi vechikoro chenyika vane kodzero yepamutemo yedzidzo yavose semhindu yezvinhu, zvinoreva kuti havagoni kuturikwa pasina rudzi rwakati rwegadziriro. Nepo miitiro yekudzikisiwa kwenhambo pfupi iri duku yakaderedzwa zvishoma / kunyorwa kwemashoko kana kuti mukana wokutsanangura kuti "remreter kudzingwa kungava kunoda kutongwa kwapamutemo. Vatarisiri vechikoro vanofanira kudzikamisa kudikanwa kwenhevedzano nekodzero dzevadzidzi.

Basa Nehurumende Zvinobatsira

Hurumende painenge iri mushandirwi, muitiro wakafanira ungashanda usati wapfura mushandi wehurumende ane kariro yapamutemo yebasa rinopfuuridzirwa. Nenzira yakafanana, vanhu vanogamuchira garikano, urema, kana kuti dzimwe betsero dzehurumende havagoni kubviswa betsero idzodzo pasina kutonga kwakarurama. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro mu Goldberg v. Kelly (1970) chakavamba kuti vagamuchiri vegari veyamugaro vanopiwa kodzero yokunzwa pachena pamberi pokubviswa kwemibayiro.

Kufambira Mberi Kunoenderana Nezera Racho

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruri kumutsa denho itsva dzinoda kutemwa. Kana sangano rehurumende rikamisa bhangi kana kuti bhodhi rezvisarudzo zvinogadzirwa neatomupiyuta, uye kubvunziswa kwezvinhu zvemakombiyuta (zvakadai secherekedzo kana kuti nhau dzepaIndaneti) zvinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro peziviso, kusasarurana, uye kodzero yokunzwika. Kana sangano rehurumende rikamisa bhangi kana kuti bhodhi rokusvika kunhau dzenzanga pasina tsananguro, ko izvozvo zvinoputsa muitiro wakafanira here? Matare achiri kurwisana nenhau idzi, asi nheyo huru dzinoramba dziripo: vanhu vanofanira kuudzwa chikonzero nei chiito chiri kuitwa ndokupiwa mukana wokupindura.

Imwe nzvimbo iri kubuda kushandiswa kwe maatomu anotaurwa kana kuti kunyora kwakavanzika kana kuti kukanganisa kwapakarepo nzanga dzevana. Nepo aya maturusi achigona kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka, anogonawo kuita migumisiro ine revo kana kuti inovhurira. Muitiro wakafanira womugadziri wechisarudzo asingasaruri ungabvumiraniswa pane zvisina kufanira kana kuti kunzwisisa kwearutimende iri chinhu chakavanzika kana kuti kana kuchitapura zvikuru nzanga shomanene. Vatsigiri vari kukumbira kuti vaonezve zviri nani, vatasvikiri vemi vemitemo yemitemo.

Mafungiro Anowanzotaurwa Asina Kunaka Pamusoro Pemaitiro Akakodzera

Heano mamwe mashoko anowanzoruramiswa:

  • “Muitiro unodikanwa unoshanda bedzi mudare routsotsi.” Nhema. Muitiro wakafanira unoshanda papi kana ripi apo hurumende inotorera mumwe munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu(kubatanidza mugadziriro dzehurumende, dzokutarisira, uye dzedzidzo.
  • “Muitiro unodikanwa unoreva kuti unogona kuita chipi kana chipi chaunoda. A. Muitiro wakafanira dziviriro yetsika, kwete vimbiso yorusununguko rusingaganhurirwi. Inovimbisa kuti ganhuriro dzipi nedzipi parusununguko rwako dzinoiswa bedzi pashure pemiitiro yakarurama uye nokuda kwezvikonzero zvapamutemo.
  • “ Kana wapiwa kunzwa, mutoo wakafanira unogutswa. Hakufaniri hako kuva nerevo. Kunzwa kunofanira kuva kune revo: unoda ziviso yakakwana, maruramiro okupa ufakazi, uye muiti wechisarudzo asingasaruri. Kunzwa kwechishama hakusviki mipimo yakafanira.
  • “Muitiro wakafanira wokuzvitsiva chinhu chichangobva kuitwa.” Nepo chimiro chayo chazvino uno chakabuda muzana ramakore rechi 20, pfungwa yokuti dzimwe maruramiro anokosha kwazvo zvokuti hurumende haigoni kuadzosa ine mavambo makuru enhau, anodzokera shure kurondedzero dzomutemo dzomusikirwo dzinogamuchirwa naVavambi.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzako Dzokuronga Zvinhu: Matanho Anoshanda

Heino rumbidzo dzinoitwa nokuda kwavanhu vangatarisana nechiito chehurumende icho chinogona kutapura upenyu hwavo, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu:

  1. Rava zviziviso zvose nokungwarira. Kana ukagamuchira tsamba inobva kusangano rehurumende, dare rinoraira, kana kuti chiziviso chokuranga chechikoro, iverengei nokungwarira. Cherechedza nguva dzinotarwa, rudzi rwepomero, uye maruramiro ako okupindura.
  2. Kukumbira kunzwa nokukurumidza. Muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa, une maruramiro okukumbira kuti unzwe pamberi pechisarudzo chokupedzisira. Usanonoka; kundikano yokupindura inogona kuguma nerutongeso rwapanguva yakagadzwa kana kuti chirango chinoshanda.
  3. [[FT:0] Chengeta zvinyorwa. Rugwaro kurukurirano dzose, zvisarudzo, uye ufakazi. Izvi zvinokosha pakukwirira kupi nokupi kana kuti kukwirira.
  4. Mutongi. Kodzero dzinofanira kuitwa dzinogona kuva dzakaoma. Kana ukatarisana nemigumisiro yakakomba yakadai sokurasikirwa nebasa, kuchengetwa kwamwana, kana kuti rusununguko rwako(kutsvaka zano rapamutemo. Masangano mazhinji emitemo anopa betsero yapachena kana kuti yakaderera.
  5. Ziva mupimo wechibvumikiso. Munyaya dzoutsotsi, mupimo wacho uri “kupfuura kupanikira kune mufungo.” Munhau dzehurumende nedzehurumende, ingava“ kungwarirwa kwoufakazi” kana kuti “ufakazi hwakajeka nohunopwisa.” Unonzwisisa icho hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa.
  6. rusaruro. Kana ukanyumwira mugadziri wechisarudzo ane rusaruro (mutoo, vane ukama hwomunhu oga nepati kana kuti vanomira kuti vawane kubva mumuuyo), nyorai chiito chokuzvidzosera.

Nhau Dzedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Dzinoshatisa Gadziriro Yakafanira

Kudzidza nyaya idzi kunotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti chokwadi chacho chinoshandiswa sei:

  • Marbury v. Madison (1803): Zvikurukuru pamusoro pehwirudzuro yokutonga, mhaka yacho yakaziva kuti vanhu vane maruramiro ayo matare anofanira kudzivirira, hwaro hwomuitiro wakafanira.
  • Gos v. Lopez (1975): yakasimbisa kuti vadzidzi vechikoro chavose vakatarisana nemhete vanofanira kuziviswa uye banza rokunzwiwa.
  • Mathews v. Eldiridge (1976): Yakagadzira kuedza kudzikamisa mativi matatu nokuda kwokuziva kuti idziviriroi dzetsika dzinodikanwa mumiitiro yokutarisira.
  • Goldberg v. Kelly (70): Akarangarira kuti betsero dzegarikano hadzigoni kumiswa pasina kunzwa kwenhambo yapamberi penguva.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Akaziva maruramiro makuru okuroora varoorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano pasi peChiitiko chapamberi peProgramu neFegial Protection Clauss.
  • Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (202): Mutongo wakapiwa Roe v. Wade uye akadavira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo haripi maruramiro kukubvisa pamuviri, rinoganhurira nomutoo unocherekedza zvikuru muitiro wakafanira mumugariro wamaruramiro okubereka.

Kufambira Mberi Kwakafanira Nomutemo Wemarudzi Ose

Muitiro wakafanira hausati uri woga kuUnited States. Nyika zhinji nezvishandiso zvamarudzi ose zvekodzero dzavanhu zvinobatanidza nheyo dzakafanana. Chiziviso cheUniversal Declaration of Human Rights (Mathyle 10) (Mazita 10) inovimbisa kodzero yokunzwa zvakanaka, uye International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [] [D] [FCP]]] [ANTLE 14) inopa miganhuro yedziviriro yadzo yemipimo yenyika yose. Kunzwisisa somupimo wapasi pose kunosimbisa ukoshinwa kwayo soukoshi yenyika yose, kunyange sezvo miitiro yakati inosiana kupfurikidza nebvumirano.

Mugumo: Nei Kuronga Kwakafanira Zvichikosha Zvikuru Kupfuura Kare

Munhambo yokuwedzera masimba ehurumende, chinjo yeruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika yakaparadzana, nheyo yegadziriro yakafanira inobatira sechitsigiso chokururama. Inotiyeuchidza kuti hurumende, pasinei zvapo nokuti inosanofungwa sei, inofanira kushanda mukati memiganhu yomutemo ndokuremekedza chiremera chomunhu ari wose. Kuvadzidzisi, muitiro wakafanira unoreva kushongedzera vadzidzi nezivo nokuziva kusaruramisira uye maturusi okuda kuzvidavirira. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, kunzwisisa muitiro wakafanira chinhu chinokosha chokugona kurava nokunyora nokunyora nokusasarura uye hwaro hwenzanga umo ruramisiro isati iri chinhuwo chakarurama asi chaichoicho chaichoicho chinoshanda.

Kupfurikidza nokuramba tichiziva, kutaura apo kodzero dzinotyisidzirwa, uye masangano anotsigira muitiro wakafanira, mumwe nomumwe wedu anogona kubetsera kutsika yapamutemo inokoshesa rusarurano panzvimbo pokutaurirwa.

nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera Cornell Information Institute yemuitiro wakafanira, kunzvera kwemuitiro wakafanira munhambo yemitengo [[FLT:], uye [[FLT:] Fidi] Jediciary jiro pamiitiro yakafanira.