Table of Contents

Kunzwisisa Basa reDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Mugadziriro Yedare Rokutonga reAmerica

Dare rePamusorosoro reUnited States rinomira serinomusorosoro wegadziriro yokutonga yeAmerica, richibatira somupinyi wokupedzisira wemibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo nomutemo wehurumende.Kunzwisisa kuti nhau dzinosvika sei ichi chirongwa chine mukurumbira kunopa nzwisiso inokosha mukushanda kwehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji yeAmerica uye mutemo. Rwendo kubva kudare romunzvimbomo kuenda kuhoro dzemarble dzeDare Rapamusorosoro rwakaoma, runosarudza, uye runodzorwa nemiitiro yakananga iyo yakavapo kwaanopfuura mazana maviri amakore.

Mitongo mizhinjisa yeDare rapamusoro inowira musimba reDare panzvimbo pesimba raro rapakuvamba. Ikoku kunoreva kuti ruzhinji rwenhau dzinonzwiwa neDare rwatotongwa namatare akaderera, uye mativi ari kutsvaka kuhwirudzurwa kwemitongo iyoyo. Simba reDare Gurusa rechisarudzo kusarudza kuti imhakai ichanzwa inokuita kwakasiana zvikuru nematare anotonga, ayo anofanira kazhinji kazhinji anonzwa mhaka dzichiunzwa pamberi padzo.

Kusarudza kweDare kusarudza kutonga kunobatira donzo rinokosha. Panzvimbo pokungoruramisa zvikanganiso mumhaka imwe neimwe, Dare Rapamusorosoro rinonangidzira ngwariro pakupindura mibvunzo inokosha yemitemo ine revo huru zvikuru yomutemo nenzanga yeAmerica. Iri basa rinokosha rinobvumira Dare kuumba dzidziso yapamutemo, kupedza rwisano pakati pematare akaderera, uye kuva nechokwadi chokutsanangurwa kwakafanana kwomutemo womubatanidzwa munyika yose.

Zvikamu Zviviri zveDare Gurusa Zvinopomera Mhosva

Asati aongorora kuti nyaya dzinosvika sei kuDare Rapamusorosoro, kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti Dare rinoshandisa marudzi maviri akasiyana edzose: udzori hwepakuvamba nevhoriyamo. Marudzi aya anosarudza kana nyaya yacho ichigona kutongwa neDare Rapamusorosoro zvakananga kana kuti inofanira kutanga kupfuurira nomumatare akaderera.

Kupomera Kwapakuvamba: Kuwana Kwakananga kuDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa chiremera chapakuvamba paDare pamusoro penhau dzinotapura nhume, vamwe vamiririri vehurumende navakuru vakuru, uye avo umo hurumende ichava mubato, kureva kuti vangaiswa zvakananga muDare Rapamusorosoro panzvimbo pokusvika Dare pakukwirira padare. Iyi gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inowanwa muChikamu III, Chikamu 2, Clause 2 cheBumbiro reMitemo.

Nyaya dzokutonga dzepakuvamba hadziwanzoitiki mudare reDare rapamusorosoro. Nhau zhinjisa dzehurumende dzekare dzinobatanidza sututi pakati pehurumende semapati, kazhinji kazhinji pamusoro pekakavadzano dzenzvimbo kana kuti dzemvura. Somuenzaniso, gakava pakati pemiganhu yerwizi, mvura inogovera maruramiro, kana kuti muganhu wemuganhu unowanzova pasi pedzoro yapakuvamba yeDare.

Marudzi chaiwo ezviitiko zvinotanga kudzorwa anosanganisira:

  • Nhau dzinobatanidza nhume navamwe vakuru vakuru vemibatanidzwa yehurumende yokumwe
  • Magakava pakati pehurumende mbiri kana kuti dzinopfuura
  • Nhau pakati peUnited States nehurumende
  • Nhau pakati pehurumende navagari veimwe nyika (neganhuriro dzinotevera Hurumende Yegumi Negumi Neimwe)
  • Masangano anobatanidza nyika dzokumwe kana kuti vagari vawo nehurumende yeU.S.

Apo Dare Gurusa rinoshandisa simba rapakuvamba, rinoshanda sezvose zviri zviviri dare rokutonga nedare rokupedzisira rokukwirira. Hakuna dare rakakwirira rokuhwirudzura chisarudzo charo. Zvisinei, nemhaka yokuti iyi mhaka inozivikanwa zvikuru uye isingawanzoitwi, inomirira chikamu chiduku bedzi chebasa reDare.

Kupomera Mhaka: Nzira Yapakuvamba Kudare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Kutonga kunoreva kuti Dare rine chiremera chokuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvematare echiduku, uye zhinjisa dzenhau dzinotongwa neDare Rapamusoro zvikurusa kukwirira kunobva kumatare akaderera. Iri basa rokupa dare rinomirira ruzhinji rukurusa rwebasa reDare uye inzira iyo Dare rinoumba nayo mutemo weAmerica.

Kunyange zvazvo kukumbira zvakananga kwaizivikanwa navose, Dare Rapamusoro rakaganhurira nenzira inofambira mberi nzira iyi, richiita chikumbiro checertiorari kuti chikumbiro chezvisarudzo zvematare ehurumende nematare ehurumende epasi chive nzira yokuongorora nayo zvinhu: kukumbira uye kukumbira kuti pave nechekuita zvokukumbira.

Kudzorwa kwedare reDare Rapamusorosoro kunotambanukira kumhaka dzinobva kumanyuko makuru maviri: gadziriro yedare rehurumende negadziriro dzedare rehurumende. Milanu inogona kusvika Dare Rapamusorosoro kubva kumatare ehurumende ezvikumbiro, uye muzvinoitika zvisingawanzoitiki, kubva zvakananga kumatare eruwa. Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States rinogonawo kuhwirudzura nhau dzinobva kumatare makurusa ehurumende apo anosarudza mibvunzo yomutemo wehurumende, zvakadai seapo dzinotonga munhau dzinobatanidza mitemo yehurumende kana kuti maruramiro ehurumende.

Rwendo Mudare

Kunzwisisa kuti nhau dzinosvika sei kuDare Rapamusorosa kunoda kurovedzana negadziriro dzose dziri mbiri dzedare rehurumende nerehurumende. Nhau dzinotanga chaizvoizvo padare rinotonga ndokushanda kusvika muzvikamu zvakasiyana - siyana zvedare repamusorosoro renyika yacho risati rasvika pangagona kusvikwa nedare rapamusorosoro renyika.

Nzira yeDare Rehurumende

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende inoshanda mumugariro wakakomba une mhesano nhatu. Mhaka dzinovamba chaizvoizvo muimwe yematare 94 eruwa, ayo anobatira sematare okutonga egadziriro yehurumende. Aya matare anonzwa zvose zviri zviviri mhaka dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende, gakava pakati pavagari venyika dzakasiana - siana (kutonga kwehurumende), uye mhaka umo United States iri mubato.

Apo mubatanidzwa unenge usingagutswi nechisarudzo chedare roruwa, vanogona kukwirira kuimwe yematare enhunhu echikamu. Mhaka hurusa dzeDare rePuremist mes dzinobva kumatare ezvikumbiro eU.S., idzo dzinogara pamwero mumwe pasi peDare rePuremhesto ndokuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvamatare eruwa. Kune matare edunhu anofukidza nzvimbo 12 dzenzvimbo — somuenzaniso, Dare reU.S. reZvikumbiro zveNinth — kubatanidza Federal Transerstry yamarudzi akati enhau pamusoro penhau dzakadai sezvibvumirano nebhizimisi ramarudzi ose.

Ganhuriro kana kuti matare anoongorora chinyorwa chedare roruwa ndokutsvaka zvikanganiso zvedare. Mapati anowanzooneka pamberi peboka redare redare ramatare kuti ripe nharo dzokutaura, uye vatongi vanobvunza mibvunzo kuti vaedze rondedzero yepamutemo yemativi ose ari maviri. Boka rinobva ranyora pfungwa inotsanangura chisarudzo charo, icho pane dzimwe nguva chinoda kumirira kwakawanda. dare reAppellate harinangi mhosva kana kuti kunzwa uchapupu hutsva; panzvimbo pezvo, rinohwirudzura chinyorwa chedare kuti rione kana zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvakaitika izvo zvakatapura muuyo.

Pashure pokunge dare redunhu rapamhidza chisarudzo charo, mubatanidzwa unorasikirwa nechisarudzo chinoverengeka chine zvisarudzo zviviri zvokupfuurira kubudisa nhau yavo: chikumbiro chokuhwirudzurazve "en brank," kureva dare redunhu rakazara (kana kuti boka guru rematare se 29 Dare rePureant Ninth Transturder) rinonzwazve zvibvumikiso zvokutaura ndokupa nharozve ndokupa mumwe murangariro, kana kuti murwi anorasikirwa angasarudza kutyora nhano iyi ndokuenda zvakananga kuDare Gurusa.

Nzira Yapamugwagwa Wakarongwa Kupinda Mudare reHurumende

Mitemo yematare ehurumende ine zvirongwa zvayo zvoutongi, zvinosiyana - siyana munyika nehurumende asi kazhinji kazhinji zvinotevera mutoo wakafanana. Mhaka dzinovamba mumatare ehurumende anotonga, anganzi matare makuru, matare ematunhu, matare eruwa, kana kuti mamwe mazita zvichitsamira pahurumende. matare aya anobata hove hurusa dzemitemo muUnited States, kubatanidza kupomerwa mhaka dzoutsotsi, nhau dzemhuri, kubvumirana, uye mhaka dzakakuvara dzomunhu oga.

Nyika dzakawanda dzine matare anoverengeka anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare okutonga. dare rapamusoro zvikurusa munyika imwe neimwe (8) nenzira inofananidzirwa rinonzi dare rehurumende rapamusorosoro, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzichishandisa mazita akasiyana - siyana — anobatira somupi wemibvunzo yokupedzisira yomutemo wehurumende mukati moudzori ihwohwo.

Kuti nhau ibviswe kubva mugadziriro yedare rehurumende kuenda kuDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States, inofanira kubatanidza mubvunzo wehurumende(8) nhau inomuka muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., mirau yehurumende, kana kuti zvibvumirano. Dare Rapamusoro harina kuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvedare zvehurumende zvinotsamira pazvikonzero zvehurumende. Uku kuganhurirwa kunovimbisa kuti matare ehurumende anoramba ari chiremera chokupedzisira panhau dzomutemo wehurumende nepo achibvumira Dare Rapamusoro kuchengeta kuwirirana mududziro yomutemo womubatanidzwa.

Kukwirira Kwakananga Kunobva Kumatare Oruwa

Congress yakabvumira kudzokororwa kwakananga kwemitemo yedare rehurumende mumhaka dzakaganhurirwa. Muiyi migariro yakaganhurirwa, mutemo wehurumende unogovera kuti mhaka dzinogona kudarika matare ezvikumbiro. Kunyange zvazvo isingawanzoitiki, iyi mhaka inowanzova nenzvimbo yenzvimbo huru nemhaka yokuti inobatanidza chaizvoizvo nhau dzakadai sekuchinja kana kuti maruramiro okuvhota akasarudzwa nematare chaiwo oruwa edare rinotonga matatu.

Uku kukumbira kwakananga kunomirira chikamu chiduku asi pane dzimwe nguva chinokosha chenzvimbo yedare. Zvinobvumira chisarudzo chakarongwa chemibvunzo yapamutemo inokosha zvikuru kana kuti inotapurika yenguva pasina kuraira kuti vanhu vapfuurire nomuitiro wenguva dzose.

Chikumbiro Chedare reCertiorari: Nzira Yokuenda Kuchikamu Chedare Chapamusorosoro

Nokuda kwenhau zhinjisa, nzira bedzi yokusvika nayo Dare Rapamusorosoro iri kupfurikidza nokunyora chikumbiro nokuda kwechikumbiro checertiorari, chinozivikanwawo sechikumbiro chechibharo, pashure pokunge dare redunhu rehurumende kana kuti dare rapamusorosoro rehurumende ratonga. Kunzwisisa muitiro wecertiorari kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuti nhau dzinosvika sei Dare Rapamusorosoro.

Chii Chinonetsa Checertiorari?

Shoko rokuti "certiorari" rinobva muchiLatin, rinoreva kuti "kuziva zvizere. Chinyorwa checertiorari inhau yeDare apo rinobvuma kunzwa mhaka. Apo Dare Rapamusoro rinopa certiori, kuri kuraira dare rakaderera kutumira chinyorwa chenhau yacho nokuda kwokuhwirudzura.

Chikumbiro checertiorari chikumbiro chakanyorwa chichikumbira Dare Rapamusoro-soro kuhwirudzura chisarudzo chedare rakaderera. Chinyorwa ichi chinofanira kutsanangura zvakajeka nei mhaka yacho ichifanira kutarisirwa neDare uye kazhinji kazhinji inobatanidza zvikamu zvikuru zvinoverengeka:

  • Mashoko emibvunzo inokurukurwa kuti ihwirudzurwe
  • Ndaza yamativi kuMagumo
  • Ndaza yezviri mukati nezviremera zvakadudzwa
  • Mashoko anobva papfungwa uye mirayiro iri pasi apa
  • Mashoko ehurumende anotsanangura chikonzero nei Dare Repamusorosoro rine chiremera chokunzwa nhau yacho
  • Gadziriro dzeBumbiro reMitemo nemitemo zvaibatanidza
  • Mashoko enyaya yacho achitaura zvinhu zvinoenderana nenyaya yacho uye nhoroondo
  • Zvikonzero zvokupa chikamu chenhau yacho chakakomba zvikurusa chinotsanangura chikonzero nei nhau yacho ichifanira kuhwirudzurwa muDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Mitemo yeDare Rapamusoro Inoganhurira zvikumbiro zvecerest kuurefu hwakati hwepeji nokuumba zvinodikanwa, ichimanikidzira magweta kubudisa nharo dzemitemo dzakaoma kunzwisisa mumharidzo dzakajeka, dzinogombedzera.

Nhamba Dzinowedzeredza: Zvikumbiro Zvingani Zvinoiswa Panzvimbo Yazvo?

Dare Rapamusoro rinogamuchira nhamba huru yemikumbiro gore rimwe nerimwe, asi rinobvumira kuhwirudzura kuchikamu chiduku bedzi. Shoko rimwe nerimwe, nhau itsva dzinosvika 5 000 7 000 dzinochengetwa muDare Rapamusorosoro, uye kuhwirudzura, nenharo dzinotaurwa nagweta, zvinopiwa munenge 80 dzenhau idzodzo. Nhengo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzinoratidza mhatsa yakati muidzi nhamba, asi chinhu chaichoicho chinoramba chiripo: Kuwana mhaka inonzwiwa neDare Rapamusorosoro kwakaoma zvikuru.

Shoko rimwe nerimwe, Dare rinogamuchira zviuru zvezvikumbiro zvehwirudzuro asi rinopa hwirudzuro yemhaka isingasviki 100(a mari inopa mari inotenderera mu 1% nokuda kwemikumbiro yose uye 3-5% nokuda kwezvikumbiro zvinobhadharwa. Uku kusarudzwa kunoratidzira basa reDare kwete sedare remhosho, asi sesangano rinonangidzirwa pakupedza mibvunzo yepamutemo inokosha zvikurusa yakatarisana norudzi.

Nhamba dzinozivisa kuti Dare razova rinosarudza sei chaizvo. Pari zvino, nhau dzeDare Rapamusorosaina pamhaka dzinenge 60 pagore. Izvozvo zvaderera kubva painopfuura 160 muma1980 uye zvakaderera zvikuru kupfuura nhamba yenhau dzakasarudzwa makore 15 chete apfuura. Uku kuderera kwedare kunoratidza zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana, kubatanidza kuchinja kwezvinonyanya kufungwa neDare, mamiriro enhau dzinoda kutongwa nedare, uye zvisarudzo zvine musoro pamusoro penhau dzakakodzera kudzokororwa.

Kunokosha kusiyanisa pakati pemarudzi akasiyana- siyana ezvikumbiro. Zvikumbiro zvakawanda zvecertiorari zvinoiswa padivi, kazhinji kazhinji mumhosva. Zvikumbiro zvinonzi pro se. / Avo vanochengetwa nemapoka vanozvimirira vasina magweta ($___va nemwero yakaderera zvikuru kupfuura mikumbiro inoiswa nevarapi veDare guru reMvuru. Kuisa pfungwa pakukumbira kunodzokororwa kwegweta, mwero webudiriro uri pedyo ne6%, mwero unopa kana tichiti ipo tariro.

Mudaviri Anokurumidza Kushora

Pashure pokunge chikumbiro checertiorari chachengetwa, mubato unoshora (anonzi mutsivi) une banza rokupindura. apo chikumbiro checertiorari chinochengetwa, mupinyi ane mazuva makumi matatu okunyora pfupi muchishoro (kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vanosarudza kubvisa iri maruramiro ndokumirira kuona kana Dare richikumbira mhinduro).

Chinopa chigaro chipfupi chinotaura chikonzero nei Dare richifanira kuramba certiorari, chingataura kuti nhau yacho haitauri nhau dzinokosha dzinotaurwa nomutengi, kuti dare rakaderera rakasarudza nhau yacho zvakarurama, kuti hapana kurwisana kwechokwadi pakati pematare epasi pevhu, kana kuti kuti nhau yacho imotokari isina kusimba yokupindura nhau yepamutemo nemhaka yezvinetso zvepamutemo kana kuti maidi akakwana.

Dzimwe nguva, vamwe vangafunga kuti kuisa mashoko mapfupi muchikumbiro chacho kunongoita kuti vafunge kuti kukumbira kwenguva pfupi kunokosha, nepo mune dzimwe, vangafunga kuti kushora kwakasimba kunodiwa kuti Dare risadzore.

Kusarudza Kunoita Dare Repamusorosoro Mhaka Dzinofanira Kutongwa

Muitiro wokusarudza mhaka weDare rapamusoro unobatanidza nhano dzakawanda uye vatori rutivi vakasiana- siyana. Kunzwisisa uyu muitiro kunojekesa kuti Dare rinobata sei dare raro uye jambwa renhau dzehwirudzuro.

Ndaza Yokukurukura Nokuongorora Kwokutanga

Hachisi chikumbiro chiri chose chinorangarirwa zvizere nemitemo mipfumbamwe yose. Dare rinoshandisa gadziriro yokuongorora inonzi "madhekisi" kuti ritarisire kuwanda kukuru kwemikumbiro. 3 muzana bedzi yenhau dzinokuita kuti kuve pandaza inokurukurwa, kureva 97 muzana yezvikumbiro zvinorambwa pasina kukurukurirana.

Kana pasina kukumbira kutongwa kwedare kuti chikumbiro chikurukure, Dare rinobvumira kuti chikumbiro chacho chikurumidze kuraswa chinenge chisina kukodzera kuhwirudzurwa, chichipa nguva nezvinhu zvokushandisa kuti chinyatsoongorora nyaya dzinovimbisa.

Ndaza yekurukurirano yakaderera zvikuru munguva. Ndaza yekurukurirano nhasi inomirira kuderera kukuru kubva pamakumi maviri amakore kana kuti matatu apfuura. Mutongi mukuru Rehnquist akataura kuti kana pamusangano wakati paine zvikumbiro zvine zana nokuda kwecertiori pandandanda yemusangano, nhamba inokurukurwa pamusangano ichavambira pagumi namashanu kusvikira kumakumi matatu. Nhamba yazvino inomirira kuderera kukuru kubva kuiyi miitiro yapakuvamba.

Basa Ramapfura Omutemo

Mabharani vedare repamusorosoro vanoita basa rinokosha mumuitiro wecertiorari. Vatongi vazhinjisa vanotora rutivi mu "dziva rechert," umo vanamabharani vemitemo vanobva mudzimba dzakasiana - siana vanoshanda pamwe chete kuhwirudzura zvikumbiro ndokugadzirira rondedzero yewiro bhurungweidzo uye kurumbidza kana certiorari ichifanira kupiwa kana kurambwa.

Mabasa aya anoitwa nechepakati pechipfupiso anogovera ruramisiro nenzvero dzakadzama dzezvikumbiro, kubatanidza kupetwa kwemaidi, nhau yenhau, mibvunzo inokurukurwa, uye nharo nokuda uye mukurwisana nokudzokororwa. Nepo ruramisiro inoita zvisarudzo zvokupedzisira, aya mabasa anovabetsera kuronga nenzira inobudirira zviuru zvemikumbiro zvakachengetwa nguva imwe neimwe.

Vamwe vatongi vanotora zvikumbiro zvavo voita kuti zvikumbiro zvose zvidzokororwe vari voga uye vanobva vaona kuti zvimwe zvikumbiro zvacho zvinonyatsoitwa mudzimba dzacho.

Kutonga Kwevana

Maererano nemirau yeDare Gurusa, vana vevatongi vapfumbamwe vanofanira kuvhota kuti vagamuchire nyaya. Iyi tyro iyi yeV4" igamuchidzanwa rakaremara rinobvumira vashomanene veruramisiro kuhwirudzura kunyange kana voruzhinji vachipanikira pakutanga.

Mutemo waVana unobatira madonzo anoverengeka anokosha. Unodzivisa voruzhinji vasina vanhu kudzora chose chose chiteshi chedare, unovimbisa kuti mibvunzo yapamutemo inokosha inogamuchirwa kurangarirwa kunyange kana pakutanga isingarayiri tsigiro yoruzhinji, uye unobvumira vatongi vanodavira mhaka yacho kuidzokororwa pamberi peDare rakazara nokuda kwenharo nechisarudzo.

Zvisinei, kupa certiorari hakuvimbisi kuti vatongi vana ivavo pakupedzisira vachavhota nzira imwe cheteyo pazvakanaka. Mutemo waVana unoshanda bedzi kuchisarudzo chokunzwa nhau, kwete kuchisarudzo chokupedzisira. Mhaka inopiwa nemitemo mina ingasarudzwa pakupedzisira mukurwisana nenzvimbo yavo kana ruramisiro shanu kana kuti kupfuura dzikapesana nezvikwaniriso zvacho.

Kurongazve Mhaka

Vanoongorora vanoratidza kuti vamwe vatongi vanoda kunyatsoongorora nyaya yacho, kazhinji kacho chiratidzo chavangada kudzokorora kana kuti zvimwe kuita chiito chokupfupikisa panyaya yacho.

Apo chikumbiro chinodzokororwa, kunoreva kuti vatongi vakasarudza kusapa kana kuti kuramba certiorari pamusangano wavo wazvino asi vachachirangarirazve pamusangano wakatevera. Kunyora kunogona kuitika nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiana - siana: vatongi vangave vachimirira mashoko okuwedzera, vachirangarira kana vangadana nokuda kwemirangariro yoMutungamiriri wehondo, kana kuti kukurukura pakati pavo vamene pamusoro pokuti vohwirudzura here.

Nyaya dzinozoongororwazve kakawanda kazhinji kazhinji dzinokwezva ngwariro inobva kuvanzveri veDare nemhaka yokuti dzinokarakadza rangariro yakakomba kupfurikidza nemitemo. Zvisinei, kunyorwazve hakuvimbisi kuti certiorari ichapiwa, -- nhau zhinji dzinonzi dzinorambwa pakupedzisira dzinorambwa.

Kukumbira Maonero Omutungamiriri Wezvinhu Zvenyika

Dare racho rinowanzokumbira Mutungamiriri weSolicitor kuti anyore pfungwa pfupi dzeUnited States, richiziva se "daviro yemirangariro yeSolicitor General" kana kuti CVSG. Kokero idzi hadziwanzowaniki asi dzine revo zvikuru dzinoratidza kuti pakupedzisira zvichapiwa.

Mutungamiriri weSangano reSangano reMitemo rinomirira United States pamberi peDare Gurusa uye rinowanzonzi "Ruramisiro yeTendiro" nemhaka yepesvedzero yerevo yehofisi. Apo Dare rinokumbira mirangariro yaSolicitor General pachikumbiro, kunoratidzira fariro yakakomba mumhaka yacho uye kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pokuti ungapa hwirudzuro here.

Mhinduro yaSolicitor General inogona kuva inotsiva. Kana Mutungamiriri wehondo akarumbidza kupa certiorari, Dare rinowanzotevera rumbidzo iyoyo. Nenzira yakapesana, kana Mutungamiriri wehondo akapikisa, Dare rinowanzoramba chikumbiro chacho. Dare rine bviro huru yokunzwa mhaka apo hwirudzuro inokumbirwa nehurumende yehurumende, iyo inobatanidzwa munenge mitatu miviri yenhau dzose dzeU.S. Dare gurusa rinosarudza pamusoro pezvinodikanwa gore rimwe nerimwe.

Mupimo Wokupa Certiorari

Mutemo weDare Gurusa 10 unodudza zvinhu zvinorangarirwa neDare pakusarudza kana kubvumira certiorari. Nepo Dare rine chisarudzo chakakwana uye risina kusungwa neizvi zvinhu, rinogovera nhungamiro inokosha pamusoro pemhaka dzemhaka idzo kazhinji zvikuru dzinoda kuhwirudzurwa.

Kuparadzana Kwematunhu: Chinhu Chinokosha Zvikuru

Mitemo yeDare Gurusa yakaronga zvisarudzo zvinorwisana pakati pematare ehurumende akasiyana- siyana ezvipo zvenhau inokosha sechinhu chokutanga chinorangarirwa mukuti kugovera ceretari. Mutongi Ruth Bader Ginsburg akafungidzira kuti inenge 70% yechiteshi chedare reDare rapamusorosoro inomuka kubva muzvikamu zvedunhu.

Kukamuraniswa kwematunhu kunoitika apo matare akasiyana - siyana ehurumende anosvika mhedziso dzinorwisana pamusoro penhau imwe cheteyo yapamutemo.

Zvisinei, havasi vose vanoti miganhu ndeyechokwadi. Vatongi namakabharani vavo vakanaka zvikuru pakusvuta zvinoparadzana izvo zvisati zviri chaizvoizvo uye zvisati zviri. Kukamuranisa shoko mumifungo yehwirudzuro yeDare Rapamusorosanofanira kushanda. Vakumbiri vanofanira kuratidzira kuti matare akasvika mhedziso dzinorwisana dzenhau imwe cheteyo yapamutemo mumigariro yakafanana.

Kukamuraniswa kwetunhu kunogombedzera zvikurusa kunobatanidza zvakajeka, kunobvuma kusabvumirana pakati pamatunhu akawanda pamubvunzo wapamutemo unokosha. Apo matunhu anokamuraniswa zvakati kuti — somuenzaniso, matunhu mana akatora nzvimbo imwe uye mana akatora imwe — nhau yehwirudzuro yeDare Rapamusorosoro inova yakasimba zvikuru.

Mibvunzo Inokosha Yeboka

Dare kazhinji kazhinji rinongotonga bedzi kana mhaka yacho ingagona kuva noukoshi hwenyika, ingatsinhirana zvisarudzo zvinorwisana mumatare eNdunhu ehurumende, uye kana kuti ringagona kuva noukoshi hwakatanhamara. ukoshi hwenhau yapamutemo irangariro yakakomba mumuitiro wecertiorari.

Kubva pachiteshi chedare, Dare rinokombamira kutsvaka mhaka dzinobatanidza mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti mitemo yehurumende inokosha, zvikurukuru idzo dzinotapura maruramiro avagari vemo kana kuti kuparadzana kwamasimba. Mitauro inomutsa nhau itsva dzebumbiro remitemo, kuturikira mirau huru yehurumende, kana kuti kupindura mibvunzo ine miuyo yakafara nokuda kwemibato yehurumende kana kuti maruramiro omunhu mumwe nomumwe sezvingabvira zvikuru kukwezva ngwariro yeDare.

Dare rinofarira zvikuru nhau dzicharibvumira kujekesa kana kuti kutanga dzidziso yapamutemo. Dare haripindi mu “kururamisa kwokukanganisa. ” Chinonzvera Aichimbova Mutongi Mukuru Rehnquist ndechokuti Dare rapamusoro riri kutsvaka mhaka idzo dzinopa mibvunzo ino "hosha yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende kana kuti remitemo". Kunyange kana dare rakaderera rikaita mhosho, Dare rapamusoro kazhinji kazhinji harina kubvumira kuhwirudzura kutoti mhaka yacho ikapa mhaka yacho yakafanirwa nenhau yapamutemo.

Zvivako Zvakachena uye Kuchengetedzwa Kwakafanira

Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rinosarudza mhaka umo nhau yacho inofanira kusarudzwa inochengetwa zvakafanira, inopiwa nenzira yakachena, uye inoparira muuyo. Kana nhau inoparadzanisa matare akaderera yakaparadzwa, kana kuti kurota, kana kuti kana mhaka yacho ingagona kusarudzwa nenzira iri nyore pazvikonzero zvokutsiva, certiorari sezvingabvira icharambwa.

Dare rinodzivisa nyaya dzemhosva nenyaya dzinokonzerwa nenyaya dzepamutemo, dzingavhara nyaya yacho, kana kuti zvimwe zvikonzero zvingaita kuti Dare risaita kuti nyaya huru ipere.

Kuchengetedzwa kwakafanira kunoreva kuti nhau yapamutemo yakamutswa ndokukamuraniswa mumatare akaderera. Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa harisati richizorangarira nharo dzisina kupiwa pasi apa, sezvo kuchida kuva nebetsero yokunzvera kwakaderera kwedare risati rapindura mibvunzo yakaoma yapamutemo.

Zvisarudzo Zvakaderera zveDare Zvinorwisana Nechikanganiso Chedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Apo chisarudzo chedare chakaderera chinoratidzika kuva chinorwisana nemutoo wakaitwa neDare Rapamusorosoro, Dare rine bviro huru yokupa mhedziso. iyi nhau inobvumira Dare kusimbisazve chiremera charo, kujekesa mienzaniso isina kunzwisiswa, kana kuti kurangarira zvisarudzo zvomunguva yakapfuura mukurangarira migariro yakachinjwa.

Zvisinei, Dare haringoerekani rapa hwirudzuro munhau iri yose apo dare repasi rinoti dare rapashure rinoshandisa zvisina kufanira muenzaniso weDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa.

Nhau Dzinochinja Zvishuvo Zvehurumende

Mitongo umo United States iri mubato inogamuchira ngwariro yakawedzerwa kubva kuDare Rapamusorosoro. Kubatanidzwa kwehurumende yehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kunoratidzira kuti fariro dzinokosha dzehurumende dziri mungozi, uye hofisi yeSolicitor General yenhau yokungwarira pamberi pokutsvaka hwirudzuro yeDare Rapamusorosoro.

Mwero webudiriro wehurumende mukuwana certiorari wakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura uyo wamapoka avanhu voga. Ikoku kunoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri kunaka kwokusarudza mhaka kwaSolicito General uye kuziva kweDare kuti mhaka dzinobatanidza fariro dzehurumende yehurumende yehurumende dzinowanzomutsa mibvunzo inokosha yomutemo wehurumende.

Zvinoitika Pashure Pokunge Certiorari Yabvumwa

Apo Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rinopa certiorari, nhau yacho inovamba rutivi rutsva runobatanidza kupfupikisa kukuru, nharo dzinobvira, uye pakupedzisira chisarudzo chinoitwa navatongi.

Kupfupikisa

Maererano nemirau yeDare Gurusa, mutendi ane chitsama chakati chenguva chokunyora chipfupi, kwete kupfuuresa mapeji 50, achiisa mhaka yake yepamutemo pamusoro penhau iyo Dare rabvumira. Pashure pokupfupikisa kwomutengi anyorwa, mumwe mutendi, anozivikanwa sedavi, anopiwa chitsama chakati chenguva chokunyora mashoko mapfupi. Iyi nhambo pfupi haisatiwo ichipfuura mapeji 50.

Kusiyana nezvikamu zvechidhinha zvinosimbisa kuti nei Dare richifanira kunzwa nyaya yavo, kupfupikisa uku kuripo, uye kusimbisa kuti nei Dare richifanira kutonga richivatsigira. Kukodzera kwomupinduri wacho kupfupi pane imwe nguva pashure pekunge akumbira.

Zvikamu zvipfupi zvipfupi inharo dzemitemo dzine revo dzinopindura mibvunzo miduku inokurukurwa munhau yacho.Izvo zvinowanzobatanidza kurukurirano dzakadzama dzegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo rakakodzera, mirau, mirau, uye mienzaniso.

Pashure pokunge zvikumbiro zvokutanga zvanyorwa, mupemhi wacho nemhinduro anobvumirwa kunyora mipfupi mipfupi yourefu hupi hunopindura kunzvimbo yomumwe munhu. Iyi mhinduro inobvumira vanhu kukurukura zvibvumikiso zvitsva zvinomutswa muchidimbu chinopikisana uye kusimbisa mapfundo azvo akasimba zvikurusa.

Mitauro Mipfupi yeAmicus Curiae

Amicus curiae jhenings(chiLatin nokuda kwe "shamwari yedare"") inoiswa navanhu kana kuti masangano ayo asati ari vatendi venhau yacho asi ane fariro mumigumisiro yayo. Masangano okunze ane rimwe banza rokunyora manyoro okutsigira chisarudzo munyasha dzebato. Amicus angabatanidza zvikonzero zvakasiana kana kuti zvokuwedzera nei Dare richifanira kutonga mukuda kwebato.

Mifungo mipfupi inogona kugovera mifungo inokosha iyo mapati angasavapo amene. Angagovera unyanzvi hwemichina, mashoko akafuridzirwa, mashoko akapoteredza enhau, kana kuti nzwisiso dzinoshanda pamusoro penzira iyo chisarudzo chingatapura nayo maindasitiri akati, nzanga, kana kuti fariro. Muzvinoitika zvakakwirira, mifungo mipfupi mizhinji ingachengetwa, inomirira mhatsa yakafara yemirangariro.

Mutungamiriri wehurumende weSolicitor anowanzonyora mashoko mapfupi muzviitiko umo United States isati iri mubato asi ine fariro mumibvunzo yapamutemo yakapiwa.

Kutaura Kwemashoko

Dare rinonzwa nharo dzokutaura mumhaka kuvambira muna October kusvikira kuna April, nharo dzinonzwika mukati mevhiki mbiri dzokutanga dzomwedzi mumwe nomumwe. Kuvambira muna January kusvikira kuna April, nharo dzinonzwika pamavhiki maviri okupedzisira emwedzi mumwe nomumwe. Mukati morusando rumwe norumwe rwamavhiki maviri, nharo dzokutaura dzinonzwiwa paMivhuro, Zvipiri, uye Chitatu bedzi (zvisina kurongwa neDare).

Panenge pachitaurwa nyaya mbiri dzepachikwata chimwe nechimwe, nyaya imwe neimwe inopiwa awa kuti pave nenharo.

Magumo anenge ari pamberi peDare Repamusorosoro akasiyana chaizvo nemagakava ari mumatare epasi, kazhinji kacho achivhiringidza magweta kuti aongorore kusawirirana munharo, kuongorora zviitiko zvokufungidzira, kana kuti kukurukurirana pakati pavo. VaAttorney vanofanira kugadzirira kupindura mibvunzo yakaoma uye kukurumidza kutenderera sezvo vatongi vanochinja kurukurirano yacho.

Kubvunza kunogona kuzivisa funganyo dzevatongi namashoko anobvira, kunyange zvazvo nharo dzokutaura dzisingafanonguri migumisiro. Vamwe vatongi vanoshandisa mibvunzo kuedza mirangariro yavo vamene isina kutendeseka, nepo vamwe vangashandisa mutsigiri waDhiabhorosi kana kuti kubvunza mibvunzo nokuda kweshamwari.

Nharo dzinotaurwa dzinobvumirwa nevoruzhinji. Mitezo yavose inogona kupinda nharo dziri dzoga, uye Dare zvino rinoita kuti marekodhi enziyo awanike pawebsite yaro nokukurumidza pashure pokunge nharo dzaguma. Uku kujeka kunobvumira vagari vemo kucherekedza muitiro weDare wechisarudzo ndokunzwisisa kuti ruramisiro inoita sei mibvunzo yakaoma yepamutemo.

Musangano Nekuzvipa Mhosva

Misangano iyi inoitirwa pachivande, nematare mapfumbamwe chete aripo.

Mukati momusangano, Ruramisiro Huru inowanzotaura pakutanga, ichiteverwa navamwe vatongi munhevedzano youkuru.ruramisiro imwe neimwe inoratidzira mirangariro yavo panhau yacho ndokuratidzira nzira yavanoronga nayo kuvhota. Pashure pekurukurirano, vatongi vanotanga vhoti.

Vhoti yemusangano inotema mugumisiro wenhau yacho, asi haisi mugumo webasa. Vatongi vangachinja mavhoti avo sezvo pfungwa dzinonyorwa nokuparadzirwa, uye kurongwa kwokupedzisira kungasiyana nevhoti yemusangano wokutanga.

Kunyora Mafungiro Nokukurudzira

Kana inopfuura hafu yemitezo yeDare ikabvumirana pamuuyo, chisarudzo chavo chakanyorwa nomumwe weVatongi (vakasarudzwa neMutongi mukuru pakati pavazhinji). Murangariro woruzhinji unova Murangariro weDare. Kana Mutongi Mukuru ari muvoruzhinji, Mutongi Mukuru anopa murangariro; kana kupesana, ruramisiro hurusa muvoruzhinji inoita mugove wacho.

Mutongi akagadzwa anoronga pfungwa dzinotsanangura mafungiro eDare. Panenge pachiitwa kunyora, dzimwe pfungwa dzingadzokororwa kagumi nembiri kana kupfuura dzisati dzaziviswa. Kudhinda kwacho kunotumirwa kune vamwe vatongi, vangataura kuti kuchinja, kumutsa zvinetso, kana kuti kuratidza kana vachizobvumirana papfungwa yacho.

Kuparadzirwa kweropa kungava kwakareba uye kunobatanidza kurukurirano inokosha. Munyori wemifungo anofanira kuchengeta ruzhinji apo anenge achirangarira izvo zvicharaira ruremekedzo ndokugovera nhungamiro yakajeka kumatare maduku. Dzimwe nguva vatongi avo pakutanga vakasarudza voruzhinji vangaramba kukumbanira murangariro wacho kana vakasabvumirana nokurangarira kwacho, sezvingabvira vachisiya Dare pasina mufungo woruzhinji.

Mirangariro Inowirirana Neisibvumirana

Kana ruramisiro ichibvumirana nomuuyo woruzhinji, asi kwete mufungo wavazhinji, iye anganyora murangariro unowirirana. Mafungire anowirirana anogona kuva akasiana - siana. Ruramisiro ingabvumirana bedzi murutongeso, ichibvumirana nomugumisiro asi kwete kurangarira. Kana kuti ruramisiro ingabvumirana murutivi rumwe uye isingabvumirani murutivi, ichibvumirana namamwe mativi omurangariro wavazhinji asi ichiramba vamwe.

Kana Vatongi vashomanene vakadavira kuti chisarudzo chakasiana chinofanira kuva chasvikwa, murangariro wokusabvumirana unganyorwa neRuramisiro (uyo akasarudzwa neRuramisiro huru pakati pavapanduki).

Nepo vasingabvumirani vasingapinyi pamutemo, ivo vanoita mabasa anokosha. Vangapesvedzera nhau dzomunguva yemberi, vangapa dzimwe rondedzero idzo matare gare gare angagamuchira, uye chiratidzo kuCongress kana kuti kuruzhinji kuti chisarudzo cheDare chakanga chiri chenharo. Kumwe kusabvumirana kwakakurumbira pakupedzisira kwazova mutemo apo Dare rakatonga mitoo yapakuvamba.

Kuzivisa Chisarudzo

Mutsika, vatongi vanoverenga mashoko okupeta ezvavanofunga kubva pabhenji pamazuva echisarudzo.

Zvisarudzo zveDare zvinogona kuita zvimiro zvinoverengeka:

  • Afting: chisarudzo chedare repasi chakanga chakarurama uye chinofanira kuramba chichishanda.
  • [ Tsvakai dare repasi chisarudzo chakanga chisina kururama, uye chisarudzo cheDare chinofanira kuitwa.
  • Vacate na Remand:[ chisarudzo chedare repasi chakanga chisina kururama uye hachisati chichisiri kushanda; dare rakaderera rinofanira kunzverazve mhaka yakavakirwa pamirairidzo mumurangariro weDare.

Dare racho ringapawo mamwe marudzi ezvimiro zvendangariro, kubatanidza kufuratira nhau sedzinopiwa nenzira isina kufanira (apo Dare rinosarudza pashure pokupfupikisa uye kutaura kuti harina kutongotora nhau yacho) kana kuti kunyora kupfupi kwokupfupikisa pasina kupfupikisa kwakakwana nokurangarira.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Chaiwo Nenzira Dzinotsiva

Nepo muitiro wecertiorari uchimirira nzira inotarisirwa kuDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa, zvimwe zvinhu zvinoverengeka zviripo nokuda kwokuendesa nyaya kuDare kana kuti kuwana rubatsiro rwekurumidziro.

Zvirongwa Zvekurumidziro uye Kugara

Vashanu vevatongi vapfumbamwe vanofanira kuvhota kuti vape kugara, somuenzaniso, kurambira mumhaka yechirango chorufu.

Zvikumbiro zvepanguva yapfuura zvawedzera kukurumbira mumakore achangopfuura.

Kuwedzera kwekutsvaka kwokukurumidzira kwakaparira gakava, navatsoropodzi vachitaura kuti Dare riri kuita zvisarudzo zvinokosha pasina kupfupikisa kwakakwana, kutaura, kana kuti kurangarira kwakajeka.

Kupiwa gwaro

Dare rehurumende rinotungamirira ringasimbisa mibvunzo yomutemo kuDare Rapamusorosoro, richikumbira Dare kupindura mibvunzo yapamutemo chaiyo ichasarudza muuyo wenhau dzakamira mumatare akaderera. Uyu muitiro hauwanzoshandiswa asi unogovera mutoo wokuwana nawo nhungamiro yeDare Rapamusorosoro pamanovhero kana kuti zvikurukuru mibvunzo yapamutemo inokosha pasina kuraira kuti mapati apinde mumuitiro wakazara wecertiorari.

Mazango Anoshamisa

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru rine chiremera chokupa manyuko akasiyana - siyana, kubatanidza magumo emandamus (achiraira dare rehurumende kana kuti rakaderera kuita basa) uye kurambidza (pamberi pokuita dare rakaderera kubva pasimba raro rinopfuura). aya mabhinya anopiwa nenzira inoganhurirwa uye bedzi mumigariro yechienzi.

Kuzivikanwa Kwaiitwa Dare Repamusorosoro

Kufunga nezvenyaya kunoitwa nematare kunobatsira kuziva kuti inyaya dzipi dzinotongwa neDare Gurusa uye kuti dzinoitwa sei.

Nguva Nechisarudzo Chemhosva

Varapi veDare Rapamusoro Vane Ruzivo Rukurusa vanorangarira nokungwarira pakusarudza kana vachizotsvaka Dare rezvino uno kuti vaparadzane kuti vakurire zvizere zvikuru, kuti nhau dzokuwedzera dzivepo mumatare akaderera, kana kuti kuti kuumbwa kweDare kuchinjike.

Masangano anobatanidzwa mukurwisana kazhinji kazhinji anova nenhau dzakarongedzerwa zvakananga kusvika Dare Rapamusorosoro.

Kukosha Kwokuzivikanwa Kwedare Repamusorosoro

Dare reDare rapamusoro zvikurusa isangano chairo revagweta rine ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rukuru rinoshanda pamberi peDare. Magweta aya anonzwisisa zvinoda Dare, uzivi hwedare, uye mifungo yemiitiro yeDare Rapamusoro. Unyanzvi hwavo hunowedzera zvikuru bviro yokuwana certiorari uye kukurira pamipimo.

Nenzira yakafanana, mapoka anotsvaka kubhadhara nyanzvi dzinokumbira kunyoresa zvikumbiro zvawo, achiziva kuti muitiro weDare Rapamusoro unoda unyanzvi hwakasiyana kupfuura kutongwa kana kuti kupiwa zano mumatare akaderera.

Basa Remasangano Okuva Mufundisi

Masangano ezvirongwa zvefariro, masangano ezvokutengeserana, uye masangano okutengesa vanhu anoita mabasa makuru muDare repamusorosoro. Masangano aya angatsigira nyaya, mafaira, kana kuti nzira dzokubatanidza pamhaka dzakawanda. Kubatanidzwa kwawo kunogona kugovera zvinhu, unyanzvi, uye maonero akakura ayo vadyi vega vangashayiwa.

Masangano akafanana ne Chivil Libersion Union yeAmerican , [ Pactified Legacy Foundation [, uye mamwe mapoka akasiana-------mbikidhi akakudziridza gadziriro dzeDare gurusa reProto. Vanozivisa nhau dzinovimbisa, vanogovera mirau yapamutemo, uye vanosimudzira tsigiro kufambisira nharidzano dzavo dzemitemo kupfurikidza nematare.

Mafungiro Anozivikanwa Navose Akaipa Pamusoro Pokusvika Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Kunzwisisa mirangariro yakasiana - siana pamusoro pomuitiro wokusarudza mhaka weDare Gurusa kunopfuurira pakati pavanhu vose zvavose uye kunyange magweta.

Murangariro Usina Kururama: Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Rinoruramisa Zvikanganiso Zvose Zvapamutemo

Vanhu vakawanda vanodavira kuti kana dare rakaderera rikaita chikanganiso, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa richapindira kuti riruramise.Chokwadi, Dare harina hanya zvikurukuru nokururamisa kukanganisa.

Nzira iyi inoratidza basa redare. Zviuru zvezvikumbiro zvinoiswa gore rimwe nerimwe uye simba rokunzwa nhau dzinenge 60 - 80 bedzi, Dare rinofanira kunangidzira ngwariro panhau dzichava noukoshi hwemuenzaniso ndokupedza mibvunzo yapamutemo inokosha, kwete kungoruramisa zvikanganiso mumhaka imwe neimwe.

Kufunga Kusina Kururama: Kuzvidza Kunoreva Kuti Dare Rinobvumirana neDare Rakaderera

Apo Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rinoramba certiorari, kunoreva bedzi kuti Dare rakasarudza kusahwirudzura nhau yacho. Hakusati kuchiratidzira tendero yechisarudzo chedare rakaderera kana kuti bvumirano nerangariro yaro. Dare rinoramba certiorari nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda zvisina kufanana nezvakanaka, kubatanidza kushaikwa kwekamuraniso, zvinetso zvechitunhu, kana kuti nemhaka bedzi yokuti dzimwe nhau dzinopa nhau imwe cheteyo zvakachena zvikuru.

Vatongi pane dzimwe nguva vanonyora mashoko pamusoro pekuramba certiorari kana kuti kupesana nokuramba kuti kuramba kwacho hakuratidzi mirangariro yavo pazvakanaka kana kuti kuratidzira kuti vanodavira kuti nhau yacho inofanirwa nerangariro yomunguva yemberi.

Murangariro Usina Kururama: Mhaka Ipi Nei Inogona Kusvika Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Nepo mubato upi noupi uchigona kunyora chikumbiro checertiorari, kwete mhaka iri yose yakakodzera nokuda kwehwirudzuro yeDare Rapamusorosoro. Nhau yacho inofanira kubatanidza mubvunzo wehurumende(w) nhau inomuka muBumbiro reMitemo, mirau yehurumende, kana kuti zvibvumirano. Dare harigoni kuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvedare izvo zvinotsamira pazvikonzero zvomutemo wakakwana nowakazvimirira wehurumende, uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji haro risingagoni kuhwirudzura nhau idzo dzakakomba kana kuti dzisati dzakwana nokuda kwechisarudzo.

Mukuwedzera, vatsigiri vanofanira kuva vakamira kuti vape kutaura kwavo, uye nhau dzinofanira kupa nharo chaidzoidzo panzvimbo pemibvunzo yokufungidzira.idzi zvinodikanwa zvokururamisa zvinoganhurira marudzi enhau idzo Dare rinogona kunzwa.

Kuchinja Muitiro Wedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Muitiro weDare guru unopfuurira kuchinja mukupindura kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu emitemo, kufambira mberi kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, uye kuchinjana mumagadzirirwo nezvinokosha zveDare.

Chinodzikira

Chiteshi chedare reDare guru chakaderera zvikuru mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Tsananguro dzakasiyana- siyana dzakapiwa nokuda kweiyi kombamiro, kubatanidza bvumirano yakawedzerwa pakati pematare akaderera (anoramba achiparadzana kwemidungwe), kusarudzwa kwokungwarira zvikuru neDare, chinjo mumutemo womubatanidzwa idzo dzakapedza nhau dzegakava dzaichimbova, uye zvisarudzo zvemitemo pamusoro pebasa radzo rehurumende.

Kana shoko rimwe nerimwe rikasasarudzwa, mimwe mibvunzo inokosha yapamutemo ingasapedzwa kwenhambo refu, uye matare akaderera angava nenhungamiro shoma panhau dziri kumuka.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakareruka

Dare repamusorosoro rakabvumira ruzivo rwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu kuti ruwedzere kujeka uye kuti vanhu vakwanise kupinda. Dare rava kuisa pfungwa, mirayiro, uye mashoko ezvibvumikiso pawebsite yaro. Murakatira weCOVID-19, Dare rakaramba richitaura norunhare uye rakapa michina mipenyu yemashoko, miitiro yakaramba ichichinja.

Iyi chinjo yoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu yakaita kuti basa reDare risvike zvikuru kuvanhu, vatori venhau, uye nyanzvi. Zvisinei, Dare rakadzivisa kutaura pafoni, richichengeta kuti mashoko anowanikwa anogovera kujeka kwakakwana apo rinochengeta chiremera netsika zvenhau.

Chidhindo

Ngwariro yakawedzerwa yanangidzirwa pa "shopu yedare"(") kukumbira kwokusangwarira nedzimwe nhau zvakasarudzwa pasina kupfupikisa kwakakwana uye kutaura. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti Dare riri kuita zvisarudzo zvinokosha kupfurikidza neiyi nzira yakarongwa pasina kujeka kwakakwana kana kuti kurangarira. Vadziviriri veDare vanotaura kuti kusunungurwa kwekurumidziro pane dzimwe nguva kuri madikanwa uye kuti mumvuri wave uri rutivi rwebasa reDare.

Kukurukurirana uku kunoratidza mibvunzo yakakura pamusoro pebasa reDare uye dzikamo yakakodzera pakati pokunyatsofunga uye chisarudzo chakakodzera chemibvunzo yepamutemo yokukurumidzira.

Mazano Anoshanda Emapati Anorangarira Kuhwirudzura Kwedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Nokuda kwamapoka anorangarira kana achifanira kutsvaka hwirudzuro yeDare Gurusa, kurangarira kunoverengeka kunoshanda kunofanira kutungamirira chisarudzo chacho.

Kunzvera Kubudirira Chaizvoizvo

Kana vachifunga nezvemari shoma zvikuru inopiwa, vanhu vanofanira kunyatsoongorora kana nyaya yavo ichipa rudzi rwenhau iyo Dare ringangoda kuhwirudzurwa.

Funga Nezvezvibhadharo Nebetsero

Kupa mhaka kweDare guru kunodhura uye kunopedza nguva. Mapati anofanira kuyera ndyiko dzokugadzirira chikumbiro, kuchengeta zano chairo, uye sezvinobvira kupfuurira nokupfupikisa kwakazara uye kurangarira pamusoro pebviro yebudiriro noukoshi hwenhau dzacho dziri pangozi.

Pane dzimwe nguva nzira yakanakisisa ndeyokuparadza mhinduro uye kutarisira kuti Dare rinoramba kudzokorora pasina kukumbira mhinduro, kana kuti kunyora chitsama chipfupi mukupesana nechikumbiro.

Tsvaka Mazano Ane Unyanzvi

Muitiro weDare gurusa ndoweunyanzvi zvikuru. Misangano yakakomba pamusoro pokutsvaka hwirudzuro inofanira kubvunza kana kuti kuchengeta magweta ane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira runokosha rweDare Gurusa. Idzi nyanzvi dzinogona kugovera nzvero dzechokwadi dzokukodzera kwechibereko uye, kana dzikahwirudzurwa, mikumbiro younyanzvi iyo inowedzera bviro dzebudiriro.

Funga Nguva Refu

Dzimwe nguva nzira yakanakisisa ndeyokumirira pane kukurumidza kutsvaka kuongororwa neDare Repamusorosoro.

Revo Yakawanda Yomuitiro Wokusarudza Mhaka weDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Muitiro unosvika nawo Dare Rapamusorosoro une revo huru nokuda kwomutemo weAmerica nenzanga. Mutongi weDare rinotonga anoubvumira kuumba kukura kwapamutemo nenzira yakakodzera, achinangidzira ngwariro pamibvunzo inokosha zvikurusa uye achisiya vamwe kuti vapedzwe namatare akaderera kana kuti kupfurikidza nomuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Uku kusarudza kune zvose zviri zviviri betsero nedzisina betsero. Kunobvumira Dare, rinobvumira kutarisira basa raro, kuisa ngwariro panhau umo kupindira kwaro kuchave netapuro hurusa, uye kudzivisa kupinda mumagakava angazvipedza amene kana kuti asati achiri kuda chisarudzo chakajeka. Dare rinogona kumirira nhau kuti dzikure, kuti matare akaderera atange mitoo yakasiana - siana yemitemo kuva yakajeka.

Kurutivi rwakaipa, kusasarudza kweDare kunoreva kuti mimwe mibvunzo yapamutemo inokosha ingasapedzwa kwenhambo dzakarebesa. matare maduku angasvika mhedziso dzinopesana, achiparira kusatendika nokuchinja mumutemo wehurumende. Mapati anganyimwa ruramisiro nemhaka yokuti mhaka dzawo, pasinei zvapo nokuti dzinofanirwa, hadzikodzeri mipimo yeDare nokuda kwokuhwirudzura.

Gadziriro yecertiorari inomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pokusvika kururamisiro. Ndyiko dzakakwirira dzeDare Rapamusorosoro nebetsero dzinofarikanywa navanodzokorora vatambi namapoka anosanosimudzirwa zvingadzivisa chiteshi cheDare kumarudzi akati enhau neritauro. Nepo Dare rinogovera miitiro yemapoka anopindira kuti apfuurire mudanho remapaupers, idzi mhaka dzinotarisana nechinetso chakatokura zvikuru chokuwana hwirudzuro.

Mugumo: Dare Rapamusorosa Somurindi

Kunzwisisa kuti nhau dzinosvika sei kuDare Rapamusorosoro kunozivisa basa reDare somuchengeti wesuo anongwarira, kushandisa chisarudzo kusarudza mhaka dzichaumba mutemo weAmerica. Rwendo kubva kudare rokutonga kuenda kuDare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rwakareba, rwakaoma, uye haruna kuvimbwa. Maruwa asingagutswa nechisarudzo chedare rakaderera anofanira kukumbira Dare Gurusa reUnited States kuti ritonge mhaka yavo. Asi kubudirira kunoda zvinopfuura kusagutsikana kudarika kusagutsikana kunoda kupa mhaka inowirirana nemipimo yeDare rezvokuongorora.

Muitiro wecertiorari, nenhano dzawo dzakawanda dzehwirudzuro, kurangarira kwakarongwa, uye kuderera zvikuru, unovimbisa kuti chikamu chiduku bedzi chenhau chinowana ngwariro yeDare. Ikoku kusarudzwa kunobvumira Dare kuisa ngwariro pabasa raro guru: kupedza mibvunzo inokosha zvikurusa yomutemo wehurumende, kuvimbisa kufanana mukududzirwa kwapamutemo munyika yose, uye kuchengetedza nheyo dzemitemo.

Nokuda kwamagweta navanopa mhaka, kunzwisisa uyu muitiro kunokosha pakuita zvisarudzo zvoruzivo pamusoro pokuti kunotsvaka kuhwirudzurwa kweDare Rapamusoro uye nzira yokupa nayo nhau nenzira inobudirira zvikurusa.

Muitiro wokusarudza mhosva weDare Gurusa unoratidza zvisarudzo zvikuru pamusoro pebasa redare rehurumende inosarudzwa nevagari veAmerica. Nokusarudza nokungwarira kuti imhaka dzipi dzokunzwa, Dare rinoumba kwete bedzi kutanga kwedzidziso yepamutemo asiwo kufambira mberi kwemitemo yeAmerica nenzanga. Muitiro unosvika kuDare //Pultlex, anosarudza, uye anotonga.

Ungave uri nyanzvi yepamutemo kufambisa mativi akaoma eDare guru, mudzidzi anotsvaka kunzwisisa gadziriro yedare reAmerica, kana kuti mugari wemo anofarira kuti Dare rinoshanda sei, anonzwisisa kuti nhau dzinosvika sei Dare Gurusa reAmerica dzinokosha kunzwisisa mutemo weAmerica. Basa rokuchengeta masuo, rinoshandiswa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wecertiorari uye rinotungamirirwa nokurangarira ukoshi hwemitemo, rwisano dzetunhu, uye rudzi rwenhau, zvinovimbisa kuti zviwanikwa zveDare zvakaganhurirwa zvakatsaurwa zvakatsaurirwa kunhau idzo dzine chokuita nokukura kwomutemo womubatanidzwa wehurumende nedziviriro yemitemo.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pemiitiro yeDare rapamusorosoro nenhau dzazvino, shanyira pawebsite yeDare rapamusorosoro kana kuti kunzverwa pa SCOUSTUSlog[, kunogovera kufukidzwa kwakazara kwebasa reDare.