Kugadza vatongi muIndia ikombiri yechidhimoni chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, inotapura zvakananga kuzvimirira, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kuvimbika kwedare. Muitiro wacho, zvisinei, hausi wakapfava(inobatanidza gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, rondedzero dzedare, uye kurukurirano dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa uyu muitiro unokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi, nyanzvi dzemitemo, uye vagari vemo vanoda kunzwisisa kuti dare rehurumende rakakwirira rinoramba richidzivirirwa sei padzvinyiriro yehurumende nepo richiva rinozvidavirira kuvanhu vose. Nyaya ino inobvisa gadziriro yemitemo yemitemo, kushanduka mamiriro ezvinhu emitemo, kurongwa kwedare guru reCollegium, kuranga kupfurikidza nenhano kweda kutevera nokuda kwedare gurusaresa neDare Rapamusoro, zvinetso, uye nharo dzinopfuurira kushandura.

Muitiro Webumbiro reMitemo Wokusarudza Kutonga

Bumbiro reMitemo reIndia rinoisa mitemo yenheyo yokugadza vatongi kuDare Rapamusorosoro neDare Rapamusoro muZvikamu 124 ne217 zvakatevedzana. Chikamu 124 (1) chinotaura kuti Purezidhendi weIndia achagadza mutongi ari wose weDare Gurusa pashure pokubvunzana navatongi vakadaro veDare Gurusa neDare Rapamusoro sePurezidhendi. Nenzira yakafanana, Chikamu 217 chinodzora kugadzwa kuDare Rapamusoro, chichida kubvunza naMutongi Mukuru weIndia, uye Mutongi Mukuru weDare rapamusoro rinoitira hanya. Bumbiro reMitemo rakasiya shoko rokuti “makwikwikwi okutonga" sePurestalth Countrostrity , iro rakabvumira kududziro dzakasiana nenguva uye rakatungamirira kushanduka yakasiana - chitarisiko kwegadziriro yemagariro yehurumende.

Nokuda kwokugadzwa kweChiratidzo chikuru cheIndia, kokorodzano ndeyokugadza mutongi mukurusa weDare rapamusorosoro, kunyange zvazvo ichi chisati chiri murairo webumbiro remitemo. Dzikamo pakati pokubvunza kwevakuru vakuru nechiremera chokutonga yave iri musoro unodzokororwa munhau yedare reIndia. Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo reMitemo reSangano reChirungu vaivavarira kupa mukuru mukuru mukuru basa mugadziriro yokuvimbisa kuzvidavirira, asi vaidawo kuchengetedza kuzvitonga. Uku kuoma kwakaparira kumwe kwemiitiro yesangano rinokakavadzana zvikurusa muhurumende yeIndia yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Chikamu 124( 2) Nebasa raPurezidhendi

MuChikamu 124(2), Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi veDare guru “nekodzero yake nechiratidzo.” Mutungamiriri wedare anosungwa nezano reDare reVafundisi pasi peChikamu 74, asi kubvunza dare kunofanira kuitwa. Mukuru mukuru haagoni kukurira murangariro weMutongi Mukuru weIndia neCollegegium, sezvinotangwa nemitemo yeDare Repamusorosoro. Muitiro wacho unovamba neCollegium inorumbidza mazita, pashure pawo Ushumiri hwoMutemo noRuramisiro hunotungamirira kunzvera (kubatanidza kunzvera marutongeso, peperero, uye kuvimbika kwakafanira). Kugadzwa kwokupedzisira kunoitwa naPrezidhendi, uyo anoita maererano nezano ezano reDare guru reDare rePrime naVaKmaster.

Chikamu 217 Nekugadzwa Kwedare Rapamusoro

Nokuda kweDare Rapamusoro, Chikamu 217 chinoda kurangana neMutongi Mukuru weIndia, Gavhuna wehurumende, uye Mutongi Mukuru weDare Rapamusoro. Gadziriro yeCollegegium inoshanda panowo. Dare Rapamusoro rinoumbwa neDare Gurusa reDare rapamusoro navatongi vaviri vakurusa. Vanorumbidza mazita kuDare Repamusorosoro, iro ipapo rinotendera kana kuti kuvaita kuti vawane. Muitiro unobatanidza mibatanidzwa mizhinji kuvimbisa kuti bedzi vatendi venhau neperero zvemitemo zvinotenderwa. Gavhuna nehurumende vanogona kumutsa kupesana, asi chisarudzo chokupedzisira chinova necollegium naPustriegent.

Mhindumupindu Yecollegium System: Chikamu Chenhau Chekare

Gadziriro yecollegium yakanga isipo muchimiro chayo chazvino apo Bumbiro reMitemo rakatanga kushanda. Kwamakumi matatu amakore okutanga, mukuru mukuru akanga ane basa guru mukugadza kwokutonga. Chinjo yakavamba nechiratidzo che “Vatongi vatatu” yakasarudzwa neDare Rapamusorosoro pakati pa 1981 na 1998. Iyi mitongo yakadudzirazve shoko rokuti“ wirirano” muZvikamu 124 ne217 se “kutonga,” nokudaro kupa ukuru hwevatongi mugadziriro.

Vatongi Vokutanga Case (1981)

Mu P. Gupta vs. Union of India, Dare rapamusorosa rakataura kuti kurangana hakurevi kubvumirana, uye murangariro womukuru mukuru waigona kukurira. Ikoku kwakapa udzori hwakasimba hwehurumende pakugadzwa. Zvisinei, rutongeso rwakatarisana netsoropodzo yakapararira nokuda kwokusekesa kuzvitonga. Mukati nhambo yeEmergency, vhiringidziko yemukuru wehurumende yakanga iri pakakwirira, kuchiguma nokudikanwa kwokuvandudza.

Vatongi Vepiri Mhaka (1993)

Mu Dare reIndiya Vatsigiri vedare reRecord Association vs. Union yeIndia, bhenji rine vatongi vapfumbamwe rakapidigura Vatongi Vokutanga Case. Dare rakasarudza kuti “kutonga” neChiratidzo chikuru cheIndia kunofanira kupiwa chiremera uye kuti Mutongi Mukuru anofanira kutanga murangariro wake pashure pokubvunza kollegium yavatongi vaviri vakurusa veDare gurusa. Uku kwakaratidzira kuberekwa kwegadziriro yecollegium. Mukuru mukuru wacho aisagona kuramba rumbidzo dzecollegium kunze kwezvikonzero zvikuru, izvo zvakanga zvaifanira kunyorwa muchinyorwa.

Mhaka Yevatongi Vechitatu (1998)

Gadziriro yeCollegegium yakanatswazve nenongedzero yaPurezidhendi muna 1998. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakakudzawo koronium kuva iumbwa neMutongi Mukuru weIndia navatongi vana vakurusa veDare Rapamusorosoro. Kugadza kweDare Rapamusoro, collegium kunobatanidza Mutongi Mukuru weDare rapamusoro uye vatongi vakuru vaviri. Dare rakaisawo nhungamiro pakujeka, kujeka, uye muitiro wokutumira rumbidzo kuhurumende. Idzi nhungamiro dzichiri kuteverwa nhasi, nezvinogadziridzwa.

Kuedza Kuranga Kwomutongi Wenyika Yose (NJAC)

Muna 2014, hurumende yakapfuudza Mutemo we99 weConstitution Amendment Act neNJAC Act, yaitsvaka kutsiva collegium nenhengo nhanhatu. NJAC ingadai yakabatanidza Mutongi Mukuru weIndia, vatongi vaviri vakurusa, Mutongi weDare, uye vanhu vaviri vakakurumbira. Zvisinei, muna 2015, dare dare shanu reDare Rapamusoro raidzosa NJAC mu Vatongi Vatongi vedare [[FLT: 1] (Sabata reSangorime-N.UNITE-NHAU) raidzosa kupfurikidza nokudzosera kupfurikidza nokutumira (PUR.NU.U.)

Muitiro Nenzira Yokugadza Vatongi veDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Muitiro wokugadza mutongi weDare Repamusorosoro unorongwa uye unobatanidza matanho akawanda.

  1. Kuitwa kweChibvumirano chaMazita: Mutongi Mukuru weIndia, mukubvunza navakuru vakuru vana vamatongero, vanozivisa vadaviri vakakodzera. Ava vanodaro kazhinji kazhinji iMatongi makuru eDare rapamusoro kana kuti vatsigiri vakuru vane unyanzvi hwemitemo hunoshamisa. Collegeutium vangarangarirawo magweta avo vakaita muDare Rapamusorosoro kwamakore akawanda.
  2. Kubatanidza kupfurikidza neCollegium: Collegium inoisa ndaza yezita ndokuriendesa kuMinistry of Law and Justice. Rumbidzo inobatanidza ndaza yakakwirira, udzame hwechinyorwa chapamutemo chomutengi, uye tsinhiro dzipi nedzipi dzinowirirana.
  3. Kusimbisa kwapakarepo neUministration yoMutemo: Ministry yoMutemo inonzvera zvirevo zvokutonga zvomukwikwidzani, mufambiro, perero, uye zvinyunyuto zvipi nezvipi. Inotsvakawo zvitendi kubva kuIntelligence Bureau (IB) uye mamwe masangano. Ufakazi ndihwo hwakavanzika uye hunofanira kupedzwa mukati menguva yakatarwa (zvinowanzova mavhiki 4-6).
  4. Dzora kana kuti Kugamuchirwa neHurumende: Kana hurumende ine ganhuriro dzipi nedzipi, ingatumira rumbidzo kucollegium nokuda kwokurangarirazve, kududza zvikonzero zvecogenti. Collegium inogona kudzokorora chisarudzo chayo chapakuvamba kana kuti kuchinja rumbidzo. Kana rumbidzo yacho idzokororwa, hurumende inosungirwa kuigamuchira, sepane Dare rechipiri nerechitatu Cases.
  5. Ruraviro runoitwa naPurezidhendi: Kana hurumende yangogamuchira rumbidzo, faira inotumirwa kuPurezidhendi nokuda kwokugadza kwapamutemo. Purezidhendi anopa maruramiro okugadzwa pasi peChikamu 124(2). Mutongi mutsva anopika basa rinoitwa naMutongi Mukuru weIndia kana kuti Purezidhendi.
  6. Kuzivikanwa uye Kukwira Kudenga kweUNITES: Kugadzwa kunobudiswa muGazette yeIndia, uye mutongi anogara muhofisi nokukurumidza kana kuti pamusi wakatarwa. Muitiro wose wakavanzika, asi zvisarudzo zvecollegium zvinobudiswa panzvimbo yepaIndaneti yeDare rePamusoro kuti pave nokujeka.

Mupimo Nokuda Kwochisarudzo

Collegium inotevera mipimo yakati isina kunyorwa: Kukura pakati pavatongi veDare Rapamusoro kurangarirwa kukuru, asi runako nemhatsa (kubatanidza kuratidzirwa kwavakadzi, nzanga shomanene, uye nharaunda dzakasiana - siana) kunoyerwawo. Mukwikwidzi anofanira kuva nomukurumbira nokuda kwokuzvimirira, hunhu hwakakwirira hwetsika, uye pasina nhau yerutongeso rwakaipa kana kuti zviito zvokuranga. Collegium ingarangarirawo kudikanwa kwokuva navatongi vanobva muMadare Akakwirira akasiana - siana kuti ave nechokwadi chemurangariro worudzi.

Kugadzwa kwaVatongi veDare Rapamusoro: Kutariswa Kwakakwana

Muitiro wevatongi veDare Repamusoro wakafanana newaiva nedare asi unosanganisira vamwe vanozvipinza mungozi, kazhinji kacho unononoka nemhaka yokubatanidzwa kwehurumende nemagavhuna.

  1. Kuiswa kwaMazita: Mutongi Mukuru weDare Rapamusoro anogadzira ndaza yavakwaniri, kubatanidza vatongi vapapuisne (kana vakagadzwa kubva mudare roruwa) uye magweta. Dare Rapamusoro Collegegium (Ruramisiro nevatongi vakuru vaviri) vanotendera ndaza.
  2. Kubvumira kuDare reChikurusa Collegium: Dare Rapamusoro rinotumira rumbidzo dzaro kuMutongi Mukuru weIndia, uyo anozozviisa pamberi peDare Gurusa reCollegegium. Dare gurusa reCollegegium ringabvumira, kugadziridza, kana kuti kuramba zvikarakadzo.
  3. Kubatanidza naGavhuna neHurumende: Dare Gurusa rinotumira mazita akatenderwa kuUshumiri hwoMutemo. Ushumiri ipapo hunobvunza Gavhuna wenyika, uyo anorairwa nedare rehurumende. Hurumende inogona kumutsa zvirambidzo, asi murangariro wecollegium unopiwa uremu hwakafanira.
  4. Seki yeInterelgence Bureau: IB inonzvera mutengi mutsva wose, zvikurukuru pakungwarira nepomero dzouori. Mishumo yakashata inogona kunonotsa kana kuti kudzongonyedza kurangana.
  5. [[[Nto:0] Kujekeswa naPurezidhendi woMutemo: Pashure pokubviswa kumativi ose, Ushumiri hwoMutemo hunogadzirira chibvumirano nokuda kwesigini yaPurezidhendi. Purezidhendi anogadza mutongi.
  6. [[[FOT: 0] Chiziviso neOath: Chibvumirano chinoziviswa, uye mutongi anopika pamberi poMutongi kana kuti Ruramisiro Mukuru weDare Rapamusoro.

Kukurumidza Kufamba uye Kukwidziridzwa Kwechigarire

Vatongi veDare Rapamusoro vanogona kugadzwa munzira mbiri: kukwirira kwechigarire kwoMutongi woRuwa kana kuti murevereri mukuru kuDare Rapamusoro, kana kuti mutongi wehodhi uye vamwe vatongi nokuda kwenhambo dzechinguvana. Bumbiro reMitemo rinogoverawo kugadzwa kwavatongi vokuwedzera kuti vabate navaoni. Muitiro wecollegium unoshanda zvakaenzana kumapoka ose ari maviri.

Denho Netsoropodzo Zvegadziriro Yecollegium

Pasinei zvapo nebasa rayo mukuchengetedza kuzvimirira kwokutonga, gadziriro yekolitori yakatarisana nokutsoropodzwa kwakakomba.

  • Rack of Transparency: Collegium inoshanda seri kwamasuo akavharwa. Mipimo yokusarudza, zvikonzero zvokurambwa kwamazita, uye muitiro wokurangarira hazvizarurwi pachena kutozosvikira chisarudzo chabudiswa. Uku kubereka kushaikwa kwechipoka nerusaruro.
  • Kunonoka muMarangano: Muitiro wacho unogona kutora mwedzi kana kuti kunyange makore, kuchitungamirira kunzvimbo dzinopfuurira. Kubvira muna 2024, Dare rapamusoro rine vatongi vanenge 34 mukurwisana nesimba rinobvumirwa, asi Dare Rapamusoro rinotarisana neperevedzo ye 40% yesimba raro rinotenderwa. Kunonoka kunonzi kunoitika kujeka nehurumende nokusabvumirana pakati pecollegium nemukuru wehurumende.
  • Kupindira kwepanguva imwe:[[FT:1] Kunyange zvazvo collegium ine ukuru, hurumende inogona kunonoka kana kuti “kutora pa” rumbidzo pasina kudziramba pamutemo. Ikoku kunoparira pfundo renyanduko uye kunogona kushandiswa kupesvedzera miuyo yedare nenzira isina kunanga.
  • Rack of Division: Collegium yakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokusamirira zvakakwana vakadzi, Madhindindi Akarongwa, Marudzi, uye Mamwe Makirasi Ashure. Nzvero ya2023 yakaitwa nePRS Legislative Research yakaratidza kuti muvatongi 26 vakakwirira kuDare Rapamusoro pakati pa2022, 4 bedzi vakanga vari vakadzi uye hapana vakabva munzanga dzeSC/ST.
  • Ufakazi hwenhau: Collegium haingapindurwi kumuviri upi noupi wokunze. Hapana nzira inoshanda yokuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvayo kana kuti kuita kuti mitezo yayo izvidavirire nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvakaipa. Ikoku kunoita kuti tsika ive inotapurwa nezvamatongerwe enyika zvomukati.

Kuchinja Kwezvinhu Nokufambira Mberi Kwemazuva Ano

Kuda kupedza izvi zvinetso, chinjo dzinoverengeka dzakakarakadzwa mumakore apfuura. Chakatanhamara zvikurusa kudzorerwa kweChibvumirano che Judications (JAC) chakafara icho chinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri mitezo inotonga neisiri yomutemo, yakafanana neUK’s Judicial Relactives Commission. NJAC yakanga iri kuedza kumwe kwakadaro, asi kwakaparadzwa. Kubvira ipapo, Dare Rapamusoro nehurumende zvave zvichitaurirana neMerrandum itsva yeProcediture (MoP) kusimbisa muitiro wacho uye kuwedzera zviedzo zvokujeka.

Muna 2022, Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rakagamuchira chisarudzo chokubudisa zvisarudzo zvecollegium panzvimbo yaro yepawebsite, kubatanidza zvikonzero zvokurumbidza mazita nendaza yakakwirira inorangarirwa. Iri rakanga riri nhanho yokuona. Mukuwedzera, Dare rakatanga kukurudzira zvirambidzo zvavose pamberi pokugadzwa kwokupedzisira, kunyange zvazvo muitiro wacho uchiri muduku. Minisionari weMutemo wakagadzawo “Dare rinonzvera” kukarakadza vaikwirira nokuda kwokugadzwa kweDare Rapamusoro, asi basa raro isangano.

Chimwe chinjo huru i All India Judicial Service (AIJS) chikarakadzo, icho chingaparira nzvero yamakwikwi yavose nokuda kwokupinzwa kunzvimbo dzapashure pehurumende, nevavariro yokuvandudza tsime retarenda nokuda kwemaDare makuru. AILJS yave iripo kwamakumi amakore asi yawana fambiro mberi pashure pekukumbira kwomukuru mukuru mukuru Narendra Modi’s kuti igadziridze chinjo muna 2023.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa

Nyika dzakafanana neUnited Kingdom, Canada, uye South Africa dzine zvirongwa zvokugadza zvamagariro zvedare zvakazvimirira izvo zvinobatanidza mitezo isiri yapamutemo uye zvinoda kubvunza vanhu vose.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yokutonga muIndia inoratidza dzikamo yakaoma pakati pezvigaro zvokutonga nokuzvidavirira. Gadziriro yedare rinotonga, pasinei zvapo nezvikanganiso zvaro, yakadzivisa udzori hwehurumende padare reSangano rePurediary, chidzidzo chadzidzwa muNhambo yeEmergency. Zvisinei, kukurumidza nokunonoka kwegadziriro yacho kwakabvisa chivimbo chavose uye kwakagovera kumirano yedare inoremedza kuendesa ruramisiro. Nzira iri mberi mukuchinja kwakabatana: Metriandum yeProcediture yakananguro yakanatswa inobatanidza nguva dzakajeka, basa rapamutemo roushumiri hwoMutemo, uye mhatsa huru zvikuru mumitengo. Pakupedzisira, vavariro yacho ndeyokuvimbisa kuti ndangariro dzapamutemo dzibatire pabhendiro bedzi asi dzisingangogoni kubatirawo nzanga.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, vadzidzi navadzidzisi vanganongedzera ku Kunzvera kwePRS Legislative Research yemitongo inotonga , Courtal Court of India nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvecollegium, uye [[FLT]] IS petafish yekurukurirano yecollegium vs NJAC.