Kudavira Mashura Kunomborevei?

Kududzira pakuvamba uzivi hunopesvedzera hunoti rugwaro rweUnited States Constitution runofanira kunzwisiswa maererano nerevo yarwo yapakuvamba yavanhu vose panguva yokuvaka. Iyi nzira inotsvaka kutsigira kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo murevo dzakatsiga dzenhau panzvimbo pokubvumira vatongi kuisa rugwaro nemipimo yezvinowirirana. Uzivi hwakabuda muchimiro chazvino uno mukati ma 1970 na 1980 semhinduro kuidzoro yezvinoitwa navatsoropodzi mumi vedare ramagariro akadai se Roe v. Wade. uye [FLT:] Miranda] na [2] na [V. Arizonalve].[FLT]

Kune mitaro miviri yemifungo mikuru yedzidziso yapakuvamba. donzo rapakuvamba re inonangidzira paizvo vagadziri vourongwa vamene vakada kuti vareve. Iyi shanduro inonzvera manyoro akavanzika, kurukurirano, uye mirauni yemifungo mikuru yakadai saJames Madaime, Alexander Hamilton, naGeorge Washington. [[FLT:]] revo yavose revo yapakuvamba yezvakarehwa nerevo hurusa reGenetic sylm [[[FLT], iyo yakawana revo huru zvikuru mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura, panzvimbo pezvo inotarisa kuti muravi ane revo yavose sei panguva yeratiotistikidzo. Iyi mitoo inotsamira pamaduramazwi, mapepa anozivikanwa namashoko anozivikanwa napamutemo.

Chirevo chaClaus: Mashoko Nechinangwa

Mvumo yaClaus inooneka muChikamu I, Chikamu 9, Claus 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo. Rugwaro rwayo rwakazara runorava, kuti: " Hapana musoro woUteradziri uchazopiwa neUnited States: Uye hakuna Munhu ane Hofisi ipi neipi yeInigvotion kana kuti Trust pasi payo, achagamuchira kutendeseka kupi nokupi kwechipo, Emolument, Hofisi, kana kuti Zita, rorudzi rupi norupi norwupi, kubva kuna Mambo upi noupi, Muchinda, kana kuti Hurumende yokumwe nyika.. Iyi igadziriro yemitengo inobatira kudzivirira perero yehurumende yomubatanidzwa yehurumende uye varindi vedzimwe nyika.

Chikamu chamashoko chinobatira basa chairo regadziriro yebumbiro remitemo. Chinorambidza vamiriri vehurumende kugamuchira zvipo, mibhadharo, mazita, kana kuti zvinzvimbo kubva kuhurumende dzokumwe pasina kutenderwa. Donzo nderokudzivisa kuoneka kwedzongonyedzo yokumwe mukutonga kweAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokuda kubvumira kwedare, chitsama chinoparira gadziriro yokutarisira kwourongwa inovimbisa kuva pachena nokuzvidavirira mukubata pakati pavakuru vakuru vehurumende namasimba okumwe. Chinodikanwa ichi chinotambanukira kuna Purezidhendi, Mutungamiriri wehurumende, uye vakuru vakuru vose vebazu, pamwe chete nemitezo yeCongressssion uye vatongi vehurumende.

Emoluments Clausse ine chokuita zvikuru nedzimwe gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzakagadzirirwa kudzivisa uori nezvinopingirirwa kunze kwenyika. Mabumbiro okunze akasiana nePlaus yeMusha Claus, iyo inooneka muChikamu II, Chikamu 1, Claus 7 uye miganhu ingagamuchira Purezidhendi kuhurumende kana kuti nyika imwe neimwe. Pamwe chete, aya mashoko anoumba gadziriro yakakwana yokudzivirira vakuru vakuru vehurumende papesvedzero dzisina kufanira, vangava vokumwe nyika kana kuti vomunyika.

Nhoroondo Yakanyorwa Yakatangira Claus

Munguva dzokutanga uye dzokupandukira, vatungamiriri veAmerica vakanyatsoona zvaiitwa neEurope kuti zvishande pakupesvedzera zvematongerwe enyika kuburikidza nezvipo uye mudyandigere. Vakuru vakuru veBritain neFrance vaigara vachiedza kumanikidza vatungamiriri veAmerica kuti vabhadhare mari, vape mazita okuremekedza, uye vamwewo.

Alexander Hamilton akataura izvi zvinonetsa zvakananga mu Murongi weFederal No. , umo akanyevera kuti pesvedzero yokumwe yakanga iri tyisidziro ine ngozi zvikurusa kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Akarangarira kuti masimba okumwe aigona kushandisa zvishuvo zvomunhu oga namakaro kubvumiranisa pasi peperero yavakuru vakuru veAmerica. Emoluments Claus yakarongedzerwa kubvisa uku kuva kwoutere kupfurikidza nokuita chirambidzo chakajeka chinotsigirwa nezvinonzvera zvesangano. James Madimasiti akadzokorora izvi itiro muDare reMitemo, achiramba kuti hurumende inofanira kuva ne "simba rokubvisa panzvimbo ipi neipi inofanira kuva munzvimbo yomunhu ari mumugariro wokumwe."

Chinyorwa chenhau chinozivisa kuti vagadziri vamafaro vakanga vachiitira hanya zvikuru pamusoro pepesvedzero inoshatisa yehurumende dzokumwe dzinopa mazita echiremera kuvakuru vakuru veAmerica zvakaonekwa sezvine ngozi zvikuru nemhaka yokuti zvaigona kuparira boka ravagari vemo vane ruvimbiko kunze kweUnited States. Emoluments Claus anotaura iyi tyisidziro zvakananga kupfurikidza nokurambidza kugamuchirwa kwamazita okuremekedza anobva kunyika dzokumwe. Kurambidzwa kukuru pazvipo nezvinoyera kunovimbisa kuti chitsauko chacho hachingoviki rukudzo rwapamutemo bedzi asiwo betsero ipi neipi yokunyama iyo ingagona kupesvedzera mufambiro wapamutemo.

Chizvarwa chakavamba chakawanawo mienzaniso yenhau kubva kuRoma nedzimwe hurumende dzapakuvamba.

Kududzira Kwepakutanga Chitendero chaClaus

Kududzira kweEmoluments Claus kunoda kunyatsoongorora mashoko enhau akanyorwa maari. Muitiro uyu wokududzira unobva mumabhuku akasiyana - siyana, kusanganisira maduramazwi epanguva yokutanga, zvinyorwa zveConvention yeBumbiro remitemo, nharo dzemadhinditi, uye manyoro evanonyanya kuzivikanwa vakadai saHamilton, Madison, naJohn Jay.

Revo ye “Kusunungurwa ”

Mubvunzo mukuru unodudzira munharo dzazvino uno pamusoro peEmoluments Claus irevo yeshoko ". Mukuvamba nokushandiswa, "rurimi" runonongedzera kupurofiti, mhindu, kana kuti betsero inobva munzvimbo kana kuti basa. Disicurio renhau renhambo, Samuel Johnson’s’s Dictionary of English Language, inorondedzerwa "idzo" se "pinduro; betsero;." iyi rondedzero yakafara inokarakadza kuti chirevo chinofukidza betsero ipi neipi yezvinhu, kwete kubhadharo kwakarongwa kana kuti chibhadharo. Nyanzvi dzechinyakare yakawanwa kuti chitsaro chakafara mumutauro wapamutemo uye mune zvematongerwo enyika, mipiro, mari, uye mari.

Zvisinei, ukuru hwe "kuyananisa" hwave huri nhau yekurukurirano inokosha. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzemavambo dzinotaura kuti shoko racho rakanzwisiswa zvishoma zvikuru mumashoko akapoteredza eEmoluments Claus kuti rinonongedzera bedzi kumubhadharo wemibayiro yemabasa anoitwa kana kuti betsero dzinopiwa musimba rehurumende. Vamwe vanotaura kuti chitsama chacho chaiitirwa kuti chisvike betsero ipi neipi kunyika yokumwe, kubatanidza mhindu mumibato yebhizimisi. Chisarudzo chomubvunzo uyu chine revo huru yokuti chinoshanda sei kumigariro yazvino uno, zvikurukuru apo vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vehurumende vanogona kubetserwa nechiito chehurumende yokumwe nyika.

Vari Kuronga Kufurira Vanobva Kune Dzimwe Nyika

Vagadziri vemiitiro yezvirongwa zvemiitiro yemiitiro yemiitiro yedzimwe nyika vanopa mashoko anokosha nokuda kwedudziro yepakutanga. Zvinyorwa zveConstitution zvinoratidza kuti nhume dzaiitira hanya zvikuru pamusoro pekukwanisa kwehurumende dzokumwe kushatisa vakuru vakuru veAmerica nezvipo, mari, nezvimwe zvinovakurudzira. Charles Pinkney weSouth Carolina akakarakadza gadziriro yakava Emoluments Clause, uye chikarakadzo chake chakagamuchirwa nekurukurirano duku, ichikarakadza bvumirano yakafara pakudikanwa kwechirambidzo chakadaro.

Chizvarwa chakavamba chakanga chapupurira zvakananga kuti masimba eEurope akashandisa sei zvipo nemidyandigere kupesvedzera vakuru vakuru muhurumende dzakaneta. Chinoitika cheAmerica pasi peSpeats of Confederation chakaratidzira kuvadziko yehurumende yakapfachuka kudzimwe nyika kupfurikidza nokushandisa zvisina kufanira. Emoluments Claus akarongedzerwa kubvisa uku kukanganisa kupfurikidza nokugadzira chirambidzo chakajeka, chokuzvideredza icho chaisadazve mutemo kuti chishande. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende havagoni kugamuchira betsero dzokumwe nyika kutoti Dare rivabvumidze kuita kudaro, kuita chibvumirano chinorwisana nokugamuchirwa kwakadaro chingagona bedzi kukurirwa nechiito chokubvuma kuvhotera.

Kushanda Kupurezidhendi

Mubvunzo unokosha mukududzira kwepakuvamba ndewokuti Emoluments Claus inoshanda kuna Purezidhendi. Chikamu chinoreva "Munhu upi noupi ane Hofisi ipi neipi yeInifashifiti kana kuti Trumbidzo pasi payo," kunongedzera kumahofisi pasi pechiremera cheUnited States. Rugwaro harusati ruchisiya pachena Purezidhendi, uye gadziriro yeBumbiro reMitemo inokarakadza kuti kuva mutezo wePresiparamendi inzvimbo pakati pechikamu. Muteshi wePuri weProfesa Clausceswo II muChikamu II zvakananga paripiso chapurezidhendi, kuratidzira kuti vabati vemitengi vanorangarira Purezidhendi kuti vadzo kuva vanodzorwi vemitemo kudzoradzo.

Magakava mukati menhambo yokuparadza anogovera tsigiro yokuwedzera yokushandisa chitsama chemashoko kuna Purezidhendi. Mu Mugadziri weFederal No. 69, Alexander Hamilton akaenzanisa Purezidhendi naMambo weGreat Britain ndokucherekedza kuti Purezidhendi aizova anobhadharwa nokubviswa nokuda kwokugamuchira zvipo zvokumwe kana kuti mari. Uku kuenzanisa kunokarakadza kuti vagadziri vanzwisisi Emolus Clause kuti vashande kuhofisi yakakwirira zvikurusa mubazu. Nyanzvi dzeCrediary dzakanzvera mubvunzo uyu dzinogumisa kuti Purezidhente afukidzwa norugwaro, kunyange zvazvo pane kurukurirano pamusoro pokuvara kwakananga kwokurambidza sokushanda kuna purezidhendi.

Kuongorora Zvirwere Nokushandisa Kwemazuva Ano

Mitemo yaClaus yakaramba iri isina kujeka zvikuru nokuda kwenhau zhinjisa yeAmerica, ichiparira kupiwa mhaka kushomanene kana kuti ngwariro yenyanzvi. Ikoko kwakachinja zvikuru mukati moutarisiri hwaPrezidenti Donald Trump, ane bhizimisi rakakura nokuramba kubvisa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pokushandiswa kwechikamu pamusoro pezvitsama pamusoro pechitsama chemashoko kuna Purezidhendi uyo anopfuurira kushandisa mabhizimisi akavanzika. Nguva yeTrump yakaparira kupomera mhaka kwakawanda nekurukurirano huru yapamutemo pamusoro perevo nerevo neukuru zveEmoluments Claus.

Kuzivisa Kwevamiririri veTrump

Idzi nhau dzakataura kuti apo hurumende dzokumwe dzakatsigira Trump hotera, maresitorendi, uye zvimwe zvinhu, dzakanga dzichipa mitongo paPurezidhendi pasina kubvumirana nedare. Vatongi vaibatanidza mitezo yeCongregation, hurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende, uye mabhizimisi ehurumende dzedzimwe nyika dzaikwikwidzanisa nzvimbo dzeTrump nenzvimbo dzeTrump.

Dare reNhengo Yechina reDare reTsvene reZvikumbiro rakamutsa mibvunzo inokosha yokumira nokururamisa, matare achisvika mhedziso dzakasiana pamusoro pokuti vapurisa vakanga vatambura kuvadziko yakakwana kuunza kutaura kwavo.

Trump yakasimbisa kusawirirana pakati pedudzira yapakuvamba nezvemari yazvino uno. Vagadziri vaisagona kuve vakakarira Purezidhendi uyo akachengeta mabasa makuru ebhizimisi omunhu oga munyika dzakawanda. Vatongi nenyanzvi dzezvorudzidziso vakaparapatika kuti vashandise mutauro wedare wezana ramakore gumi namasere kugadziriro dzamabhizimisi dzapakati namakumi maviri okutanga. Vamwe vakarangarira kuti revo huru ye "kushandira" mukuvamba kushandiswa kwakafukidza mhindu dzinobva mumitengowowo zvayo yebhizimisi nenyika dzokumwe, nepo vamwe vakaomerera kuti chitsamanyuko chacho chakanga chakaitirwa bedzi kusvika zvimiro zvamagamuchidzanwa zvezvipo, mibhadharo yapamutemo, uye rukudzo rwapamutemo, kwete kurukurirano dzebhizimisi dzakareba.

Kunetsa Kwakafara Nenharo Dzinopfuurira

Gakava rakapoteredza Emoluments Clausse rinotambanukira kupfuura mutarisiri weTrump ndokumutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pedudziro yebumbiro remitemo, tsika dzehurumende, uye chimiro cheAmerica. Kunzvera kwoutongi hwechidimbu kunofanira kurwisana neidi rokuti pesvedzero yokumwe yazvino uno inoshanda zvakasiyana nomuzana ramakore rechigumi namasere. Hurumende dzedzimwe nyika nhasi dzinogona kupesvedzera vakuru vakuru veAmerica kupfurikidza nenhimberi, kunyandura, uye mamwe masangano ayo akanga asingakarirwa navagadzirisi. Mubvunzo ndewo kana Emoluments Clausspe angagadziridzwa kuti asvike zvimiro zvazvino uno zvepesvedzero apo inoramba yakatendeka kurevo yapakuvamba.

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzepakutanga dzakataura kuti chitsama chacho chinofanira kutsanangurwa zvakafara kuti chizivikanwe kuti chitsama chacho chipfuure marudzi ose ezvipo zvemari kuhurumende dzokumwe, kubatanidza mhindu dzinobva mumabhizimisi, nokuti vagadziri vacho vakanzwisisa ngozi yokupesvedzera kwedzimwe nyika muzvimiro zvacho zvose. Vamwe vakaitirana nharo kuti kutsanangura kwakaganhurirwa kumashoko okupa zvipo zvegamuchidzanwa nokubhadhara, vachifunga kuti vagadziri vacho vaida chitsama chezvibvumirano kuti vadzivise uori hwavakanga vawana muumambo hweEurope.

Kutsoropodza Nekupomera

Nyanzvi dzinoda nzira mhenyu dzinotsigira nayo nzira dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoti dzidziso dzepakuvamba dzinoita kuti pave nemigumisiro inopesana noutongi hwemazuva ano netsika. Vanopikisa kuti kunzwisisa kwomuvambi wepesvedzero dzokumwe kwakanga kwakaganhurirwa kuzvimiro zveuori zvavakanga vawana somunhu oga, zvakadai sezvipo zvakananga uye mazita okuremekedza ehurumende, uye kushandisa kunzwisisa izvozvo kugadziriro dzebhizimisi dzemazuva ano dzinooma kunzwisisa kupesana. Vatsoropodzi ava vanoti matare anofanira kutsanangura Emoluments Claus achinzwisisa uori hwazvino uno uye simba rokumwe vanhu, panzvimbo pokuva akasungirwa nezvinoreva zvenhau.

Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanodenha kunyorwa kwegadziriro dzetsika nepokutangira. Vanopikisa kuti chinyorwa chenhau kazhinji kazhinji hachisi kujeka uye kuti vatongi vemavambo vanogona kutsamira nenzira inosarudzwa pamanyuko kuti vasvike mhedziso dzakafanorongwa. Gakava pamusoro perevo ye "revo" rinoratidzira iyi rondedzero, nenyanzvi dzapakuvamba dzichisvika mhedziso dzakasiana dzakavakirwa paufakazi hwenhau humwe chetehwo. Vatsoropodziwo vanonongedzera kuti chizvarwa chakavamba chakanga chine mirangariro inorwisana panhau dzakawanda, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuziva revo yapakuvamba imwe cheteyo yegadziriro dzemitemo.

Vadziviriri vedzidziso yapakuvamba vanopindura kuti uku kutsoropodza kusati kuri kunzwisisa rudzi rwedudziro yemavambo. Vanopikisa kuti mavambo haadi zivo yakakwana yerevo yokuvamba asi panzvimbo pezvo nhamburiko yokutendeseka kuvakazve nzwisiso ine mufungo zvikurusa yorugwaro rwakavakirwa paufakazi huripo. Nepo pachava nokusabvumirana kwenhau nguva dzose, varongi vanoramba kuti mutoo unodzivisa kururamisa uye unoita tsananguro dzapamutemo kupfuura zvinobvumira vatongi kuti vapinze mipimo yavo vamene. Emolus Claus, mumurangariro uyu, inopa chirambidzo chakajeka icho matare anogona kutsigira paufakazi hwenhau pamusoro peizvo chinoreva apo yakagamuchirwa.

mhedziso

Emoluments inomirira imwe yedziviriro dzinokosha zvikurusa dzeBumbiro reMitemo papesvedzero yokumwe muhurumende yeAmerica. Kududzira kwokutanga kwemashoko egadziriro yacho kunosimbisa rugwaro nemamiriro enhau, kutsvaka kushandisa revo yayo yapakuvamba kumamiriro ezvinhu enguva ino. Iyi mitoo ine tsigiro inokosha kubva kuufakazi hwenhau, kubatanidza zvinyorwa zveConstitution yeConstitution, kurukurirano dzechikamu, uye manyoro avavambi vanokosha vakadai saHamilton naMadison. Revo huru ye "Emolument" mukuvamba kushandiswa kunokarakadza kuti chitsauko chakafara chebetsero inobva kunyika dzokunze, kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo chaiyoiyo ichiri musoro wekurukurirano inopfuurira.

Kuparwa kwemashoko kwazvino uno kwakapoteredza Emoluments Claus kwasimbisa zvose zviri zviviri simba neganhuriro dzedudziro yapakuvamba. Nepo mavambo achigovera gadziriro yenheyo yokunzvera rugwaro, kunoratidzirawo denho dzokushandisa mutauro wegumi namakumi maviri-kutanga. Chisarudzo chapamberi perevedzo cheiyi mibvunzo inodudzira chichada kurangarirazve kwedare nedzidzo. Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kunzvera musoro, [[FLT: 0] rugwaro rwakazara rweBumbiro-mitemo[ runowanika kubva kuNational Archivers, uye [FLT] Fict:] Finformation's formation's, sezvinoteverwawo nzwisiso yapa.[5]

Kupfuurira kurukurirano dzapamutemo nedzenyanzvi pamusoro peEmoluments Clause kuenzanisira kusawirirana kukuru mumutemo wemitemo yeAmerica pakati pokuvimbika kurevo yapakuvamba nokuchinjika kumigariro yazvino uno. Chitendero chorudzidziso chinogovera gadziriro ine simba yokunzwisisa Bumbiro remitemo sorugwaro rwakagadzwa rwapamutemo, asi kushandiswa kwaro kumashoko matsva kuchapfuurira kuparira gakava. Emoluments Claus, yaichimbova gadziriro yakakanganwirwa zvikuru, yazova nzvimbo yokuedza nokuda kwemiitiro yemavambo yetsika nechiyeuchidzo cheitiro yeitiro yokuchengeta kutendeseka kwehurumende yeAmerica mukurwisana nepesvedzero yedzimwe nyika. Chisarudzo cheiyi mibvunzo yokududzira chichapfuurira kuva nerevo zvisingagumi nokuda kwenzira iyo Constitution Classional Republic inodzivirira nayo mamiriro ezvinhu okunze ouchangamire hwayo.