Ukama pakati pomutevedzeri womutemo nedare hunoumba musimboti womuitiro woutsotsi muUnited States namamwe marudzi akawanda. Apo masangano anodzikamisa mutemo anonangidzira ngwariro pakunzvera mhaka, kuunganidza ufakazi, uye kusunga, matare ane mutoro wokududzira mutemo, kuvimbisa muitiro wakafanira, uye kuronga kuva asina mhaka. Uku kubatana hakusati kuri kusingoriwo zvako kubviswa kwemhosva asi kutsinhirano inopfuurira, inopfuurira inoumba kuti ruramisiro inoitwa sei. Kunzwisisa iyi rondedzero inokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi, nyanzvi dzemitemo, uye vagari vemo vanoda kunzwisisa kuoma kwokuchengeta nhevedzano apo vanochengeta maruramiro avanhu. Nyaya ino inogovera nzvero yakadzikano yakadzikama, denho, uye mhindumupinduko yeidzo yenhau iyoyi shongwe mbiri dzegadziriro yeruramisiro.

Kunzwisisa Kushandisirwa kwoMutemo

Masangano anochengetedza mutemo ndiwo mutsetse wehwaro hwegadziriro yemitemo youtsotsi. Basa rawo guru nderokuchengeta nhevedzano yavose, kudzivirira nokunzvera utsotsi, uye kudzikamisa mitemo inoitwa nevanogadza mitemo. Kuiswa kwemitemo kunosiyana zvikuru, kubva kumadhipatimendi emapurisa omunzvimbomo uye mahofisi ehurumende kumasangano ehurumende akadai seFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) neDrugment Administration (DEA). Sangano rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda pasi pemitezo yakananga nemitemo, asi vose vanogoverana nharidzano imwe chete yokudzivirira nzanga nehurumende.

Basa rokuchengetwa kwomutemo rinopfuura mhinduro dzoutsotsi. Mapurisa azvino uno anobatanidza zvirongwa zvinoshanda zvakadai sokuvimbisana nzanga, kudzivisa utsotsi kupfurikidza negadziriro yemhoteredzo, uye mapurisa anodzorwa nouchenjeri. Vakuru vakuru kazhinji kazhinji inhau yokutanga yeonano pakati pehurumende negadziriro yeruramisiro, uye zvisarudzo zvavo pakuongorora. Zvinenge zvakaita zvokurega, kunzvera, kana kuti kusungwa. Somuenzaniso, mutoo unounzwa unoratidza kuti ufakazi hwakaunganidzwa uye hunonyorwa hauna kushata mudare. Naizvozvo vakuru vakuru vakuru vemitemo vanofanira kuva nezivo dzinoshanda dzemipimo yemitemo, kubatanidza kudzivirira kunzvera kusina mufungo uye kubatwa nehosha, pamwe chete nezviteshiviso zvedare pamusoro pezvibvumirano zvechishanu uye chitanhatu pamusoro pezvibvumirano zvemitemo.

  • MaBato eProcte - Kazhinji anoshanda pamwero wemanisiparati uye anobata mabasa emitemo maererano nemiganhu yeguta.
  • Hofisi dzeMakurukota - Sangano reNhengo dzine mutoro wokuita kuti mutemo uteererwe munharaunda dzisina kubatanidzwa, majeri, uye kubatira magwaro edare.
  • [[NHAU: 0] Masangano anokosha akadai seFBI, DEA, ATF, uye DHS ayo anodzika mitemo yehurumende uye kazhinji kazhinji anoshanda pamwe chete namadhipatimendi omunharaunda mumasimba ebasa.
  • State Police/Hichoway Patrol mitemo yemotokari inomanikidza mumigwagwa mikuru yehurumende uye ingagovera tsigiro kumasangano omunzvimbomo.

Mwero mumwe nomumwe wokuchengetwa kwomutemo une zvinodikanwa zvokurovedza, zvimiro zvokuzvidavirira, uye ukama nematare. Somuenzaniso, vamiriri vehurumende vanowanzoshanda zvakananga namahofisi eAtttorney eU.S., nepo vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo vachibatira pamwe namagweta oruwa. Ukuru hwetsinhirano iyi inogona kutapura zvikuru miuyo nokuvimbwa navanhu.

Basa Redare

Gadziriro yedare inobatira somuiti asingasaruri weruramisiro, kuturikira nokushandisa mutemo kunhau dzakati. Matare akaumbwa nenzira inodzora kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvikanganiso zvinogona kudzokororwa uye kuti nheyo dzapamutemo dzinokura nguva dzose. MuUnited States, gadziriro yedare mbiri dzinoumbwa nematare ehurumende, rimwe nerimwe nechiremera charo rimene. matare ehurumende anobata ruzhinji rwemhosva dzoutsotsi, nepo matare ehurumende achikurukura mhaka dzinoputsa mitemo yehurumende, dzakadai sokutengesa mirimo yehurumende kana kuti kupambadza kwebhangi.

Matare anoita mabasa anoverengeka akakomba: anosarudza kana ufakazi hwakakwana hwokuva nomukwiridzirirwi nokuda kwokutongwa (chisakiso chinopanikirika chekutonga nematare makuru amatare); anotarisira muitiro wokutonga kuva nechokwadi chokururama; anoisa mitongo papwiswa; uye anonzwa zvikumbiro zvokururamisa zvikanganiso zvapamutemo. Kuchinja kwetsika dzemitemo yavose. (8) uko varovereri vemhosva vanotsinhirana vapa nharo dzenharo pamberi pomutongi kana kuti vatongi vane mhaka (hvhota) inoisa dare munzvimbo dzinoshandiswa namatare ebvunzurudza munyika dzakati kuti dzehurumende, umo vatongi vanotora rutivi runoshingaira zvikuru. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano yenheyo kunobetsera rwisano yechienzi pakati pomutemo nematare muUnited States.

  • [ Dare reChirevo - rinonziwo matare makuru kana kuti matunhu, aya ndiwo anotanga kutongwa. Anosarudza maidi enhau yacho ndokushandisa mutemo.
  • [ Dare reAppleta [[[FLT: 1] - Zvisarudzo zvokuhwirudzura kubva kumatare anotonga kuti aongorore zvikanganiso zvepamutemo, pasina kuongororazve maidi.
  • Dare repamusoro - matare makurusa ehurumende imwe neimwe (matare makurusa ehurumende neDare Rapamusorosoro reU.S.) ayo akagadza muenzaniso unowirirana.

Gadziriro yedare inobatanidzawo matare chaiwo akadai sematare emirimo, matare outano hwendangariro, uye matare enyanzvi dzendangariro, anosimbisa kurapa nokugadziridzwa pamusoro pechirango. Aya matare akasiana anoda batira pamwe yapedyo nemitemo namabasa enzanga, achienzanisira kuti ukama pakati pamapurisa nematare huri kuwirirana sei kupedza nhau dzenzanga dzakaoma.

Kupindira Pakati Pekumanikidzwa Kwomutemo Nematare

Kubatana pakati pemitemo nematare kunoitika panenge padanho riri rose repaipi yedare routsotsi.Kubvira panguva ino mukuru mukuru anopupurira mhaka kana kuti anotanga kunzvera, muuyo wokupedzisira wenhau yacho uchatsamira pakuti aya mapazu maviri anosanokurukurirana sei uye anonamatira kumipimo yapamutemo.

Kuongorora Nokusungwa

Nhambo yokutanga inobatanidza kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuunganidza ufakazi kupfurikidza nokunzvera, bvunzurudzo dzinopupurira, kunzvera kwezvemitemo, uye kunzvera. Vakuru vakuru vanofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti zviito zvavo zvinowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo, zvikurukuru Fourth Amendment. Kana ufakazi hukawanwa nenzira isiri yapamutemo, matare angashandisa mutemo unobvisa, achidzvinyirira ufakazi uye angadzivisa kutongwa. Uku kuoma kwemitemo kunoshanda uye kudzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo. Zvisakafanira kudzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo nezvinopesana nemitemo. Kana ufakazi hwakakwana hwaunganidzwa, kusungwa, kungaitwa. Kusungwa, kunopfurarira chisakiso chiteshi, kunova rugwaro rwokutanga urwo varovereridzi nematare. Kukosha kana kuti matare anogona kupfuudzira kunzi kupomerwa kana kuti kupanikidzwa.

Kurega Kuita Zvisarudzo

Pashure pokusungwa, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunopa mhaka kumuchuchisi. Muchuchisi, mukuru mukuru wedare, anosarudza kana kunyora mhaka dzakarongwa. Chisarudzo ichi chinobatanidza kuyera simba roufakazi, upambiso, urefu hwemhosva, nhau youtsotsi, uye chengeteko yavose. Nepo kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunowanzorumbidza pomero dzakananga, muchuchisi ane chiremera chokupedzisira. Kusabvumirana kunogona kuvapo kana muchuchisi akadavira kuti ufakazi hwakanyanyoneta zvikuru kana kuti kana kuti kana vachitsvaka nzira yakasiana yokupomera nayo. Kukurukurirana kwenguva dzose pakati pamapurisa navachuchisi kunokosha kuvaka mhaka dzakavimbika. Zvitendero zvizhinji zvakatanga "kupomera kwakananga" apo mushandiri wegwetasi woruwa anosanoshanda nenyanzvi dzenzveroko mumharadzi mumhara.

Kufambira Mberi Kutangira

Miitiro isati yatongwa inobatanidza kumira mberi kwedare. Kuwedzera, mishumo yemapurisa nekamera zvinotenderwa, kunzwika kwokutanga, uye kuwana. Vakuru vakuru vemitemo vanowanzopupurira pamavambo okutanga kuvamba chisakiso. Chipupuriro chavo chinogona kuva chinokosha mukupwisa mutongi kuti asungire mhaka nokuda kwokutongwa kana kuti kuisa migariro yebheyi. Kuwedzera, mishumo yamapurisa nekamera zvemuviri zvinotenderwa kudziviriro mukati mokuwana. Kururama uye kukwana kweizvi zvinhu zvinotapura zvakananga mano okudzivirira kugadziridza mhaka. Mitemo kana kuti zvisipo muzvinyorwa zvamapurisa zvinogona kutungamirira kuendesa kukusafamba kana kuti kudzorwa kwoufakazi. Dare rinovimba pakuvimbika kwemitemo inochengetwa; apo zvinyorwa izvozvo zvinobvunzwa, chinoitika chose chingashatiswa.

Kutongwa

Mukati mokutonga, vakuru vakuru vanoona nezvemitemo vanobatira sazvapupu zvikuru. Vanopupurira pamusoro pecherechedzo dzavo, ufakazi hwavakaunganidza, nemiitiro yakatevera. Kuyera kunonyanya: nzwisiso yedare redare redare routongi yokutendeseka nounyanzvi zvinogona kudzora chisarudzo. Vatambudzi vanoshanda navakuru vakuru kuvagadzirira nokuda kwokunzvera, kuvimbisa kuti uchapupu hwavo huwirirane noufakazi nemiraudzo yapamutemo. Nenzira inopesana, magweta anonzvera mapurisa nokuda kwetsika dzipi nedzipi, kusazvibata, kana kuti kuputswa kwemitemo. Mutevedzeri webasa rokugadza mutemo mumugwagwa wavose, uye matare anofanira kushanda savachengeti vemasuo kuti vasave noufakazi hwakaipa. Chikamu ichi chiteverwa chikwa chamagedhedhedhe mugadziriro ino.

Kutambirwa Uye Kukwirira

Pashure pokunge dare ratonga rapa mutongo. Mutemo ungagona kupa mashoko evanyajambwa kana kuti rumbidzo pamusoro petongerwo. Mumativi akawanda, madhipatimendi emapurisa anochengeta mapepa emashoko okupa mhaka anobatsira matare kuti aite zvisarudzo zvamashoko. Pashure pekunge vanzwa, kukumbira kuisa ngwariro pakuti zviito zvevatsigiri vomutemo zvakaputsa kodzero dzemukwiridziri. matare edare angaongorora chinyorwa chokutonga, kubatanidza uchapupu hwemapurisa nouchapupu hunotonga. Kuwanwa kwekusazvibata kwemapurisa kunogona kutungamirira kukuchinjwa kwemhosva, kusimbisa kuti ukama hwacho hunosanopfuudzira sei kudarika kutonga kwacho.

Matambudziko uye Kunetseka Kunovapo

Pasinei nokudiwa kwokushandira pamwe, kubatana kwemitemo nematare kwakazara nezvinetso.

  • Miscomnication and Record - Ledding formatitswo yokushuma, inononotsa kugadzirwa kwoufakazi, uye mapepa asina kukwana anoparira mhinganidzo nokuda kwavachuchisi. Mushumo wakanyorwa zvisina kutsarukana unogona kuita kuti nhau ive yakaoma kupomera, kunyange kana ufakazi hwakasimba.
  • Kubata zvisina kururama [[FLT: 1] - Sungedzero yekodzero yokuchengeta mwana yakakomba; paradzano ipi neipi inogona kupa ufakazi husinganzwisisiki. Marabhori emitemo akatarisana netsoropodzo dzinobatanidza kushandura kana kuti kunyengera, kuchitungamirira kuzvitendero zvakaipa nokusavimba.
  • Conficical Priests - Mapurisa angaisa pakutanga kusungwa kwokukurumidza nemwero yakakwirira yokujekeswa, nepo vachuchisi vanonangidzira ngwariro pagutsikano yapamutemo nenhau refu yenguva refu. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukupomera kunorambwa kana kuti kuderedzwa, kuchiparira kangaidziko mukuchengetwa kwomutemo.
  • Dare rinofanira kuyera kuvimbika kwevakuru vakuru nokusachinja zvinhu - Kuzivisa vakuru vakuru vari kumira panzvimbo (dzimwe nguva inonzi "kuedza") kwakaguma nokudzima mhaka nokuchinja. Matare anofanira kuyera kusanyengera kwomupurisa, uye nhau dzekuvimba dzinodzokororwa dzinogona kukuvadza mukurumbira wedhipatimendi.
  • Racial neMagariro ezvemari [[[FLT: 1] nenzvero dzakaratidza kuti miitiro yokuchengeta mutemo inotapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi nzanga shoma. Matare anofanira kukurukura iyi misiyano pakuyera miitiro yokudzvinyirira kana kuti mukati motongerwa, achiwedzera imwe nzvimbo yezvakaoma kuwirirana.

Idzi denho hadzisati dzichikurira asi dzinoda rovedzo inopfuurira, mitemo yakajeka, uye utarisiri hwakazvimirira. Somuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwemakamera akagadzirwa nomuviri kwakavandudza kuoneka nokuderedza gakava pamusoro pomufambiro wamapurisa mudare. Nenzira yakafanana, kutangwa kwekutendeseka kwemapoka eperero mukati mehofisi dzemuchuchisi kwakabetsera kururamisa kusaruramisira kwomunguva yakapfuura kwakavakirwa mubasa ramapurisa rakashata.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Yomutemo Kunomanikidza

Chiremera chazvino pakati pamapurisa namatare ichibereko chamazana efambiro mberi yapamutemo. Mumutemo wapakuvamba weEngland, mabasa eakaturiko namajaji aiwanzobatanidzwa (munhu mumwe cheteyo anganzvera, kusungwa, uye mutongi. Nokufamba kwenguva, kuparadzana kwamasimba negadziriro yebasa zvakatungamirira kunzvimbo dzakasiana. Kusikwa kweLondon Metrolitan Politan Police mu 1829 na 189 naSir Robert Pel kunodudzwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji sekuberekwa kwemapurisa anoshanda, kusimbisa kudzivirira utsotsi nebvumirano yavose. [FFFOK], muUnited States, zana ramakore rechi20 rakaona kukwira kwounyanzvi hwezvokudzora kwapamutemo uye gadziriro dzinofanira, zvikurukuru pashure pezvisarudzo zvapapo, zvikurukuru pashure pezvisarudzo zvenhau zvinodzoro zvepanguva inosariranwa mumitengo., [FLM]

Kuchinja uye Miitiro Yakanakisisa

Kuti vasimbise kukurukurirana kwemitemo nematare, vakachinja zvinhu vanoverengeka nemiitiro yakanakisisa zvakawanikwa:

  • [ Programs dzeMitemo yokurovedza - marusando okurovedza akabatanidzwa umo vakuru vakuru vamapurisa navachuchisi vanodzidza pamusoro pemipimo yapamutemo yomumwe nomumwe neganhuriro dzokushanda zvinogona kuvandudza kunzwisisana nemiuyo yenhau.
  • [ Kuongorora nokuongorora kwakazvimirira - Dare rekuongorora mapurisa nemakambani akagadzwa nedare zvinogona kuongorora miitiro yemapurisa uye kurumbidza kuchinja, zvichibatsira kuvaka chivimbo chavanhu mumasangano ose ari maviri.
  • Tsika dzakavakirwa paBhuku reProvice-rasika - Kushandisa mashoko kutungamirira gadziriro dzokuita kuti mutemo utevedzerwe kunogona kuwiriranisa mapurisa norudzi rwoufakazi hwakavimbika uhwo matare anofarira. Programu dzakadai se CompStat uye mapurisa anodeya kutaura, apo inoshandiswa mutsika, inogona kuvandudza budiriro.
  • .Body Camera and Transparency - Kugamuchirwa kwemakamera mumuviri kwakaderedza nyunyuto dzevagari vomunyika ndokugovera matare ane zvinyorwa zvenhau dzenhau dzemapurisa. Chinowirirana pamusoro pokushanda kwekamera nebudiso retsoka zvinofanira kuva zvakajeka kuva nechokwadi chokuti mamiriro ezvinhu akarurama.
  • .Procutorial Independence - Kupa mvumo yokuti vachuchisi vane rusununguko rwokuramba mhaka dzisina simba dzinounzwa namapurisa kunoderedza ngozi yezvitendero zvisina kururama. Mamwe mativi akagamuchira kuvimbika kwe "kubatanidza" zvikamu zvinohwirudzura mhaka dzekare.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve kwemiitiro yakanakisisa muukama hwedare rokuchengetedza mutemo, Bhereau of Justice help inopa zviwiro pamusoro peruramisiro inobatira pamwe. National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers inopa mirangariro pakudzivirira kodzero dzevakwiri. Mukuwedzera, [[FLT:]] ACLU' mutemo woutsotsi unoshandura peji [] kurukurirano nezvinokarakadzwa.

mhedziso

Kufambidzana pakati pomutemo negadziriro yedare iukama hunobatanidza zvakawanda hunorondedzera kushanda kwegadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi. Kubva pakunzvera nokusungwa kupfurikidza nokuedza nokutongerwa, nhano imwe neimwe inoda tsinhirano yokungwarira nokunamatira kumipimo yapamutemo. Nepo denho dzakadai sokusawirirana, ufakazi, uye kusaruramisira kwegadziriro zvinoramba zvichipfuurira, chinjo dzinopfuurira uye kuzvipira kuufakazi kukuva pachena zviri kubetsera kusimbisa uku kubatirana kunokosha. Vadzidzi navadzidzi, kunzwisisa aya masimba anokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti mitemo inodzorwa sei, kuti kodzero dzinodzivirirwa sei, uye kuti ruramisiro ichaitwa sei pakupedzisira. Nguva yemberi youkama ichava yakaumbwa sei nefambiro mberi kwemiitiro yezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye kusimbisa kuzvidavirira nokururamisira.