Table of Contents

Gadziriro yokutonga yeAmerica inoshanda kupfurikidza nemiitiro miviri yakasiana asi yakabatana yedare: matare ehurumende nematare ehurumende. Sezvo mutemo mukurusa wenyika, Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinogadzira gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende umo simba rinogoverwa pakati pehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nehurumende, uye zvose zviri zviviri hurumende yehurumende nehurumende imwe neimwe ine misiyano yazvo imene yedare. Kunzwisisa misiano pakati peiyi miitiro miviri inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofambisa nhau dzapamutemo, angave somutevedzeri, mupupuri, uchapupu, kana kuti zvake mugari wemo akadzidza. Iyi nhungamiro inonzvera misiyano mikuru pakati pematare omubatanidzwa nehurumende, kubatanidza dare rayo, gadziriro dzayo, miitiro, uye marudzi enhau imwe neimwe.

Kunzwisisa Kupomerwa: Hwaro Hwechiremera cheDare

Juriscion inonongedzera kuchiremera chedare chokunzwa mhaka ndokuita zvisarudzo zvedare. Iyi pfungwa inoumba nzwisiso huru yegadziriro yedare ichabata nhau yakati yemitemo. Musiyano pakati pehurumende nehurumende uchasarudza kwete bedzi apo mhaka ichatongwa asiwo kuti mitemo ipi ichashandiswa, miitiro ichateverwa, uye zvingaguma nei.

Dare Rehurumende Kutonga: Rine Miganhu asi Rine Simba

Matare ehurumende ane chiremera chakaganhurirwa uye anonzwa bedzi nhau dzinobatanidza mibvunzo yehurumende nebumbiro remitemo. Vagadziri vamagariro vanogadza gadziriro yedare rehurumende iyo inogona bedzi kunzwa mhaka mumigariro chaiyo, uye sezvo matare ehurumende achigona bedzi kunzwa marudzi akati enhau, mizhinjisa yenhau dzezuva nezuva idzo matare anobata nezvinoitika mumatare ehurumende. Iyi ganhuriro yakanga yakarongedzerwa kuchengetedza dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende nehurumende.

Matare eFederal anonzwa bedzi marudzi maviri enhau: ayo anomutsa "mubvunzo wemhosva" neanobatanidza "kuva mugari wemo," izvo zvinobatanidza Hurumende yeU.S., Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. kana kuti mimwe mitemo yehurumende. Hurukuro yeFederal inobatanidza mhaka dzinobatanidza kuputswa kwemitemo yehurumende, nhau dzebumbiro remitemo, uye nhau umo hurumende yeUnited States iri mubato. Izvozvi zvingabatanidza kukwirira mhaka kwapamhosva kwehurumende, kuputsa kodzero dzavagari vemo, kupesana kwapamutemo, kubhadhadharwa, uye nhau dzokupinda munyika.

Kudzorwa kwemarudzi kunoshanda kuzvinoitika umo masangano anobva kunyika dzakasiana - siana kana kuti nyika, uye chitsama chiri mugakava chinopfuura $75 000. Nhau yacho inofanira kubatanidza kutaura kweinenge $75 000 mukuvadziko – kana isati ichifanira ipapo kuiswa mudare rehurumende panzvimbo pezvo. Iyi gadziriro inobvumira vanhu vanobva kunyika dzakasiana - siana kuita kuti gakava ravo rinzwiwe muhurumende isingatori rutivi, ichidzivisa fungira mano akaipa angavapo mumatare ehurumende.

Dare reHurumende Kutonga: Kupa Mhaka Kwakafara Nokupa Mhaka

Dare rehurumende rine simba ravose, kureva kuti rine chiremera pamhaka dzose. matare ehurumende imatare e "hurumende" uye anonzwa mhaka dzose dzisina kusarudzwa zvakananga nokuda kwematare ehurumende. Ikoku kunoreva kuti matare ehurumende anobata mativi mazhinjisa enhau dzapamutemo muUnited States.

Inenge 90% yenhau dzose dzinonzwiwa mudare reAmerica dzinoitika pamwero wehurumende. Nhau dzedare, nhau dzemitemo yemhuri, uye kuputswa kwemigwagwa imhosva dzose dzehurumende. matare ehurumende anobatawo kurovererwa kwakawanda kwoutsotsi, kupara mhaka dzakashata kwomunhu oga, gakava rezvinhu, nhau dzebhizimisi, uye mhaka dzevatano dzomumba dzakadai sokurambana nekodzero yokuchengeta mwana.

Kuzvitonga uku kunobvumira nyika kuti dziite zvinhu zvinonetsa uye kuti dziratidze zvinodiwa nevagari vadzo asi dzichiramba dzichitevedzera mitemo yehurumende.

Kutsiva Kwenguva Yacho: Apo Magadziriro Ose Ari Ose Anoshanda

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, matare ehurumende neehurumende ose ari maviri ane simba, uye mapoka angasarudza kuti idare ripi richanzwa nhau dzavo.Mugariro uyu, unozivikanwa sehurumende, unoitika apo mhaka ingagona kuchengetwa zvakafanira mugadziriro ipi neipi. Somuenzaniso, kutaura kwekodzero dzavagari vemo, dzimwe gakava dzinobatanidza masangano anobva kunyika dzakasiyana, uye nhau dzinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri nhau dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzingakwanirisa nokuda kweimwe nzira ipi neipi.

Kana pakava nokudzorwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu enguva imwe chete, kazhinji kacho zvinhu zvakadai semitemo yemitemo, kuronga vatongi, unyanzvi hwokutonga, uye migumisiro inobvira zvingaita basa mukusarudza kwokunyora nhau. Nemhaka yemisiano yemisiyano inoshandura kumugariro wakakwana zvikuru wenhau dzemitemo, nhau dzakaedzwa mudare rehurumende kazhinji kazhinji dzinotora nguva refu kupfuura idzo dzinoitwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yehurumende.

Kuumbwa Kwematare Ehurumende

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende ine mwero mitatu mikuru: matare oruwa (dare rinotongwa), matare edunhu ayo ari mwero wokutanga wekwidza, uye Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States, mwero wokupedzisira wekwidzo mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa. Uyu mugadzirirwo wedare rinotonga unogovera mwero mizhinji yehwirudzuro uye unovimbisa kusachinja mukushanda kwomutemo womubatanidzwa munyika yose.

Matare Oruwa eUnited States: Mwero Wokutongwa

matare eruwa eUnited States matare edare rehurumende umo mhaka dzehurumende dzinotongwa, apo zvapupu zvinopupurira, uye matare ehurumende anobatira, uye kune matare eruwa 94 omubatanidzwa muUnited States. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine Dare Roruwa rimwe kana kuti anopfuura, zvichitsamira paukuru hwaro (California ine ina).

Matare eruwa matare edare rehurumende, dare rimwe nerimwe roruwa rine anenge Mutongi mumwe weRuwa weUnited States, akagadzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare nokuda kweshoko roupenyu, uye matare oruwa anobata matare mukati megadziriro yedare rehurumende – zvose zviri zviviri utsotsi. ava vatongi vanofarikanya upenyu hwose kuti vave nechokwadi chokuzvimirira kwokutonga uye kuvadzivirira mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mamwe mabasa edare roruwa anopiwa kuvatongi vedare rehurumende, avo vanogadzwa nedare roruwa nevhoti yoruzhinji yavatongi ndokubatira nokuda kweshoko ramakore masere kana nguva yakazara namakore mana kana achiva rutivi rwenguva, uye munhau dzoutsotsi, vatongi vedare vangava vanotarisira nhau dzakati, kunzvera nokusunga magwaro, kuitisa tendero dzokutanga, kuisa bhero, kuisa bhera, kusarudza mafambiro akati (zvakadai sokufambiswa kwokudzvinyirira ufakazi), uye mamwe mabasa akafanana.

Dare Rokukwirira reUnited States: Saizi Repamhesvura

Kune matare 13 edare anogara pasi peDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States, uye anonzi matare ezvikumbiro eUnited States, uye basa redare rinopa mutongo nderokusarudza kana mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama mudare rinotongwa kana kuti sangano rinodzora rehurumende. maruwa 94 eUnited States anotonga akarongwa kuva matunhu 12 ematunhu, rimwe nerimwe rine dare reUnited States rokukwirira.

Kune matare 12 eruwa, uye rimwe nokuda kwe "Federal Transfurent," rakatangwa neCongress kusunungura mimwe mitongo yeDare rapamusorosoro, uye kunzwa mhaka dzinokwidzwa kubva kumatare eruwa 94. Dunhu rimwe nerimwe rinofukidza nyika dzakawanda, uye zvikumbiro zvinobva kumatare eruwa mukati menzvimbo iyoyo inonzwika nedare redunhu rinowirirana. Somuenzaniso, Dare reFith5 rinobatanidza nyika dzeTexas, Louisiana, neMississippi, uye nhau dzomumatare eruwa enyika idzodzo dzinokwidzwa kuUnited States Court of the Findrentry, iyo inotaxhead shart muNew Orleans, Lounianton.

Kazhinji kazhinji, nhau pamberi peMatare Okukwirira eUnited States dzinonzwiwa nemapoka 3 evatongi, uye varasikirwi vanogona kukumbira kuhwirudzurwazve mudare rimwe chetero, umo chiverengero chikuru chavatongi vanobva muDare Rokukwirira chichanzwa nhau yacho, uye marusando ezvirambidzo haawanzowanzoitika asi kazhinji kazhinji anova apo pane rwisano pakati pezvisarudzo zvenzvimbo dzakasiana - siana mudunhu rimwe kana kuti apo nhau yacho ine revo yechienzi.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa reUnited States: Chiremera Chikurusa

Dare Rapamusoro reUnited States rinonzwa kutonga kunobva kuvatongi vehurumende uye idare rakakwirira zvikurusa mugadziriro yokutonga uye rinoita zvisarudzo zvokupedzisira pazvikumbiro zvose zvakabva kumatare akaderera.Bumbiro Remitemo reU.S. rakatanga Dare Rapamusorosoro, dare bedzi rinodudzwa zvakananga muchinyorwa ichocho, uye Bumbiro Remitemo rinopa Congress chiremera chokuita matare akaderera sezvinodikanwa.

Muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa, vakwikwidzani vanotsvaka nzvero pakwirira padare redare rehurumende kana kuti dare rakaderera rehurumende kupfurikidza nechikumbiro chechisarudzo chebumbiro recertiorari, uye Dare ipapo rine chisarudzo chokusarudza kuti inhi inokumbira kunzwa, vachigamuchira zviuru zvezvikumbiro nokuda kweceretori gore rimwe nerimwe uye nguva pfupi yapfuura vachipa certiorari mumhaka dzinenge 50 - 80 gore rimwe nerimwe. Dare Rapamusoro rinongonzwa bedzi nhamba duku zvikuru yenhau gore rimwe nerimwe (asati ari 100 mumakore achangobva kupfuura).

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rinogamuchira chaizvoizvo nhau idzo dzinopa mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo, rwisano pakati pematare edunhu akasiyana - siyana, kana kuti nhau dzoukoshi hukuru hwenyika. Kana Dare rangobvuma kutonga mhaka, rinova mutauriri wokupedzisira womutemo womubatanidzwa, uye zvisarudzo zvaro zvinosunga matare ose ehurumende akaderera nematare ehurumende panhau dzomutemo womubatanidzwa.

Matare Ehurumende Anokosha

Matare okutonga ehurumende akaumbwawo nokuda kwenharaunda shomanene dzakananga, ruwa rumwe norumwe rwehurumende runewo dare rokubhuroka nokuda kwenhau idzodzo, uye mamwe matare ane chiremera munyika yose nokuda kwenhau dzakadai semutero (United States Taxial Court of Federal Anties), anotaura mukurwisana nehurumende yeUnited States (Dare reFederal), uye kutengeserana kwamarudzi ose (United States Court of International Trade). Idzi matare dzounyanzvi dzinotarisira nhau dzezvoruzivo rwemiitiro yebasa dzinoda unyanzvi hwakananga uye dzinogovera kuzvipira nokuda kwemarudzi akati enhau dzomubatanidzwa.

Kuvakwa Kwematare Ehurumende

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende zvikurukuru inoratidzira chimiro chegadziriro yedare rehurumende mukuti yakaumbwa kazhinji kazhinji nemitengo mikuru mitatu: matare aitonga, matare ehurumende nedare rehurumende gurusa. Zvisinei, gadziriro dzedare rehurumende dzinosiana muhurumende nehurumende, uye imwe neimwe yakasiana zvishoma. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine chiremera chokuronga tsika yayo yokutonga mukuwirirana nebumbiro rayo remitemo nemiraudzo, zvichitungamirira kumisiano mumazita edare, zvivako, uye miitiro.

Dare Rokutonga reHurumende: Kunotangira Nyaya

Dare redare rinotonga mhaka zhinjisa pamwero wenyika uye kazhinji kazhinji rakakamurwa kuva matare ehurumende ehurumende ose namatare ehurumende akaganhurirwa (muchib., matare emhuri, matare ehurumende ehurumende ehurumende). matare makuru anotonga anonzwa mhatsa huru dzenhau, kubatanidza nhau dzoutsotsi dzakakomba, gakava guru ravagari vemo, uye kukwirira kwakabva kumatare akaderera. Matare ehurumende anoganhurirwa anonangidzira ngwariro pamarudzi akati enhau kana kuti kugadzirisa nhau pasi pezvikumbaridzo zvakati zvemari.

Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzine matare ehurumende kana kuti matare enisiparati anotonga mhosva duku, kuputswa kwemigwagwa, uye kupomerwa mhosva duku nehurumende, nepo matare ematunhu kana kuti matare makuru achibata nyaya dzakakomba zvikuru.

Dare Rokubvunzurudza

Haisi migariro yose ine izvozvi, asi uko izvo zviri, zvinohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare edare. matare e Intermediate appellate anobatira somwero wokutanga wekukwirira mugadziriro dzakawanda dzehurumende, achihwirudzura zvisarudzo zvedare nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvapamutemo. aya matare kazhinji kazhinji haaiti matare matsva kana kuti kunzwa ufakazi hwokuwedzera; panzvimbo pezvo, anohwirudzura chinyorwa chacho kubva kudare rokutonga kuti aone kana mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama.

Nyika dzine zviverengero zvavagari vemo zvikuru uye kukwira kwemhosva kune bviro huru zvikuru yokuva nematare anopfuurira anobetsera kudzora ukuru hwezvikumbiro ndokudzivisa dare rapamusorosoro rehurumende kukurirwa.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa reHurumende: Chiremera Chehurumende Chikurusa

Dare guru rehurumende rine kutaura kwokupedzisira pamusoro pemitemo yose yehurumende uye izvozvi i "matare ezvisarudzo zvokupedzisira" nokuda kwenhau dzehurumende. Hurumende Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa mugadziriro yokutonga yehurumende, kuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare apakati kana kuti zvakananga kubva kumatare anotonga mudzimwe mhaka.

Zvisarudzo zvadzo panhau dzemitemo yehurumende zvinosungirwa pamatare ose ehurumende epasi pevhu uye hazvigoni kukwidzwa kumatare okunze kunze kwokunge nhau yebumbiro remitemo yabatanidzwa. Panhambo dzisingawanzoitiki, chisarudzo pamusoro penhau dzehurumende dzinoitwa muDare Repamusorosoro rehurumende chichakumbirwa kuDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States.

Kusiyana Mudare Rehurumende

Manyuko enyongano mumatare ehurumende anonzwisisa ndiwo mhatsa mukuwadzana mazita kokorodzano. dare rakakwirira zvikurusa muNew York rinonzi Dare reAppres neDare rapamusorosoro rehurumende idare rinotonga napamusorosoro. Iyi gadziriro yokududza mazita inopesana neizvo vanhu vazhinjisa vangakarira uye yakasiana negadziriro yehurumende nedzimwe nyika zhinjisa. Misiyano yakadaro inosimbisa ukoshi hwokunzwisisa chimiro chakananga chedare munyika imwe neimwe.

Marudzi Emhosva Anonzwiwa Mumatare Echibharo

Kunzwisisa kuti marudzii emhosva ari mudare rehurumende kunobetsera kujekesa kukamukana kwesimba rokutonga mugadziriro yeAmerica.

Nhau Dzematsotsi Dzakaganhurirwa

Mitemo youtsotsi inodokuva mitemo yehurumende yakaganhurirwa, gadziriro yedare rehurumende inotonga mhaka nokuda kwavagari vemo, uye Hurumende yeUnited States inotonga vanhu vanopara mhaka mukurwisana nehurumende yehurumende.

Kupamba itsotsi mumunhu, kuchikuita utsotsi hwehurumende, asi kubira mutakuri wetsamba itsotsi rehurumende chifo chaapo rinobatanidza sangano rehurumende.mamwe matsotsi ehurumende anobatanidza kunyepedzera, kuputswa kwokutama, kunzvenga mitero, ugandanga, uye mhaka dzinoitwa panzvimbo dzehurumende dzakadai sezvivako zvehondo kana kuti paki dzenyika.

Pane dzimwe nguva, matare ehurumende anoshandisa simba kudzivisa nyongano mumatare ehurumende, uye mumhaka dzinopfuura miganhu yehurumende, dzakadai sokuba vanhu, matare ehurumende ane chiremera, naizvozvo hapana nhau yokuwedzera kana kuti nzvimbo yokutanga. Iyi chiremera chehurumende pamusoro pemhosva dzomunyika ino chinovimbisa kupiwa mhaka zvakafanana uye chingabvisa zvinetso zvingamuka apo mubato woutsotsi unopa zviremera zvakawanda zvehurumende.

Nhau Dzemitemo Nedzemitemo Yamagariro

Matare ehurumende anorangarira nhau yacho apo nhau yacho inoitira hanya mitemo yehurumende ingaputsa Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., uye mitemo yehurumende inoganhurira rudzidziso, kutaura, uye dzimwe maruramiro makuru inofanira kuhwirudzurwa neDare Rapamusorosoro. Nhau dzavagari vemo dzakavakirwa pamitemo yehurumende dzinobatanidza mitemo inorambidza kusarura mabasa, kana kuti mitemo inodzora kushambadzira kana kuti makwikwi (muvimbiso wesimba renyika).

Nyaya idzi dzinoita kuti mutemo wehurumende ushande nguva dzose munyika yose uye kodzero dzepamutemo dzinodzivirirwa pamwe chete.

Nhau Dzeboka Dzevanhu Chaidzo

Nharaunda yose, kunyoresa, mhaka dzekodzero dzehurumende, dzemaIndia eAmerica, uye dzengarava dzinova pasi pehurumende.Nzvimbo idzi chaidzo dzinoda kutarisirwa nehurumende nemhaka yorudzi rwadzo, kudikanwa kwekubatana, kana kuti gadziriro dzakananga dzebumbiro remitemo dzinopa chiremera chehurumende.

Nyaya umo United States iri mubato, dzakadai sezvinotaurwa neSocial Security kana kuti kuputswa kwemitero kwehurumende mbiri, uye nhau dzinobatanidza hurumende dzokumwe dzakadai sezvokutengeserana kwamarudzi ose kana kuti zvibvumirano zvokumwe dziriwo mudare rehurumende.

Marudzi Emhosva Dzinonzwiwa Mumatare Ehurumende

Dare rehurumende rinobata noruzhinji rwekakavadzano dzapamutemo muUnited States, richikurukura nhau dzinotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwavanhu uye rinoratidzira zvinodikanwa zvakasiana - siana zvapamutemo zvenzanga dzomunzvimbomo.

Kupomera Kwehurumende

Mubato woutsotsi wakawanda unowira muboka rokuputswa kwomutemo wehurumende, zvakadai soutsotsi, denho, kuponda, uye utsotsi hwakawanda hune chokuita nemirimo. Mitemo youtsotsi yehurumende inorondedzera mhaka dzinovambira pamitongo miduku sezvikanganiso zvomumugwagwa kusvikira kuutsotsi hwakakomba hwakadai sokuponda. vachuchisi vehurumende vanounza pomero dzehurumende, uye mhaka dzinotongwa mumatare ehurumende pamberi pavatongi vehurumende nematare amatare anobetsera matare.

Nyika imwe neimwe inorondedzera mhosva dzayo dzoutsotsi, inogadza zvirango, uye inosimbisa nzira dzokuroverera nadzo mhosva, kunyange zvazvo vose vanofanira kuwirirana nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzevanopomerwa mhosva.

Kusawirirana Kwevanhu Vose uye Nhau Dzemutemo Wavo Voga

Dare rehurumende rinobata nyaya dzakawanda dzehurumende, kusanganisira kupesana kwechibvumirano, kukuvara kwemunhu oga, kurwisana kwezvinhu, kurwisana kwemuridzi wenzvimbo, uye kupokanidzwa kwebhizimisi.

Dare rehurumende rinotarisirawo nhau dzemitemo yemhuri, kusawirirana, uye nhau dzezvinhu pasi pehurumende. Mitongo yemitemo yemhuri (hwunosanganisira chatanuro, kuchengetwa kwavana, kurerwa kwevana, uye masimba masimba omumba) inodokuva inotongwa chose chose mumatare ehurumende. Idzi nhau dzinotapura dzinobatanidza mitemo yehurumende inodzora roorano, kuva mubereki, uye ukama hwemhuri.

Gadzirisa Uye Nhau Dzezvikwereti

Dare rehurumende rinotarisira kutarisirwa kwezvivako, zvibvumirano zvenhaka, zvivako zvinochengeterwa zvinhu, uye masangano okushandira zvinhu izvi zvinosanganisira kodzero dzehurumende dzokutonga zvinhu, nhaka, uye kudzivirirwa kwevanhu vasina kudzivirirwa. matare ehurumende kana kuti mapoka ehurumende anoshanda mumatare anodzora nyaya idzi, achinyatsobata nyaya idzi, achishandisa mitemo yehurumende uye miitiro yakananga pakutarisira zvinhu.

Nhau Dzebumbiro remitemo reHurumende

Gakava rinomuka richibva mubumbiro remitemo kana kuti mimwe mitemo yehurumende rinonzwiwa mumatare ehurumende.Mitemo yehurumende inowanzogovera dziviriro dzinowirirana kana kuti dzinopfuura idzo dziri muBumbiro remitemo rehurumende, uye matare ehurumende anodudzira idzi gadziriro nenzira yakazvimirira. matare makurusa ehurumende anobatira sechiremera chokupedzisira pamibvunzo yehurumende yebumbiro remitemo, uye tsananguro dzawo hadzigoni kuchinjwa nematare ehurumende kutoti nhau dzebumbiro remitemo dzikabatanidzwa.

Kusarudza Kutonga uye Kutsiva

Mitoo yokusarudza nayo vatongi inosiyana zvikuru pakati pegadziriro dzehurumende nedzehurumende, inoratidzira uzivi hwakasiana - siana pamusoro pokuzvimirira kwokutonga, kuzvidavirira, uye kutora rutivi kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kugadza Kutonga Kwamasangano

Vatongi veFederal (uye Dare Gurusa "ruramisiro), vakasarudzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa "nezano nebvumirano" zveDare uye "vachachengeta mahofisi avo mukati momufambiro wakanaka," uye vatongi vangachengeta nzvimbo yavo kwoupenyu hwavo hwose, asi vazhinji vanorega kana kuti vanorega basa pakuvamba, uye vangabviswawo nokusatendwa neImba yavamiriri uye kupwiswa neDare.

Upenyu hwavatongi vehurumende hwakarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokuzvimirira kwokutonga kupfurikidza nokudzivisa vatongi padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuvabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pamutemo panzvimbo pemifungo yakakurumbira kana kuti mirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kuzvimirira kunorangarirwa kuva kunokosha kubasa redare rehurumende secherekedzo pamamwe mapazu ehurumende nedziviriro yamaruramiro ebumbiro remitemo.

Kumwe kusiiwa kugadzikiswa kwoupenyu hwose ndekwevatongi vemajaji, vanosarudzwa nevatongi voruwa uye vanobatira shoko rakajeka.Musiyano uyu unoratidza mabasa akasiyana - siyana nemitoro zvevatongi vemajaji, vanobata nhau dzokutanga uye vanobatsira vatongi veruwa asi vasina chiremera chakazara cheChikamu III.

Kusarudza Kutonga kweHurumende

Nepo vatongi vehurumende vachisarudzwa napurezidhendi, vatongi vehurumende vakasarudzwa kupfurikidza nemitoo yakasiana- siyana: kugadza kwemitemo yehurumende kana kuti sarudzo. Mitezo inoshandisa mitoo yakasiana- siyana yokusarudza nayo vatongi, kubatanidza sarudzo yaparudzo, kwete yapapatiti, inofanirwa nechisarudzo (inonziwo Missouri Plan), gubernatorial, uye kugadza kwomutemo. Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa mitoo yakasiana - siana nokuda kwemitezo yakasiana yematare.

Nzira imwe neimwe yokusarudza inoratidza mipimo yakasiyana nezvakanyanya kukosha.

Vatongi vehurumende vanowanzobatira mashoko akatsiga panzvimbo poupenyu, kunyange zvazvo urefu hwemashoko huchisiyana zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzinogovera mashoko marefu kana kuti sarudzo dzinopa chengeteko yebasa rakati, nepo dzimwe dzichida vatongi kutarisana namarusarudzo amakwikwi nguva dzose. Iyi misiyano inotapura kuzvimirira kwokutonga nokuzvidavirira munzira dzinosiyanisa matare ehurumende nedzawo akabatana ehurumende.

Misiyano Yemipimo Pakati Pematare Ehurumende Nehurumende

Kunyange zvazvo matare ehurumende neehurumende achigoverana kufanana kwakawanda kwemifungo, misiano inokosha iripo mumaitirwe ezvinhu mugadziriro imwe neimwe. iyi misiyano yemiitiro inogona kutapura zvikuru zvirongwa nemigumisiro.

Mitemo Yenhau

Miitiro nemirau mumatare ehurumende nehurumende zvinoratidzirawo misiano, miitiro yedare yomubatanidzwa yakarongwa zvikuru uye yakarongeka, uye zvinoshandisa zvakasimba mitemo youfakazi, nepo miitiro yedare rehurumende ingasiana zvikuru yakavakirwa pamitemo yehurumende imwe neimwe, kuiita inochinjika zvikuru uye inochinjika kuzvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo.

Dare reFederal Rinoshanda pasi peFederal Mitemo yeCivil Procediture, Federal Rul of Criminal Procediture, uye Federal Mitemo yeUfakazi. Iyi mitemo yakafanana inoshanda mumatare ose eruwa munyika yose, ichisimudzira kusachinja nokudeya kutaurwa. Matare eHurumende, mukupesana, anotevera mitemo yawo amene yetsika, ingasiana zvikuru nemitemo yehurumende uye nemitemo yedzimwe nyika.

Kuwana kuti / kuunganidza ufakazi hwapamberi pedare, (hwunowanzosiyana pakati pematare ehurumende nehurumende. matare eFederal ane mitemo yakakura zvikuru yokuwana, achibvumira mapoka kuwana mashoko akawanda pamberi pokutongwa. Uku kusanona kunogona kutungamirira kumhaka dzenguva refu asi kungasimudzirawo kuwiriraniswa kupfurikidza nokupa mativi chiono chakajeka choufakazi.

Muitiro Wenyengedzo Nefambiro mberi Yapamberi Pezvi

Matare ehurumende anowanzova nomuitiro wokufamba unoshingaira zvikuru, namapati kazhinji kazhinji anoronga miitiro yokudzinga, nhano dzokutonga kwokupfupikisa, uye mamwe mabasa edare rapamberi penhau. Vatongi vehurumende kazhinji kazhinji vanoshandisa kusvika kwamaoko akawanda kukutarisira mhaka, kuisa misangano yechimiro uye kugadza misi yokumira yapamutemo kuti mhaka dziende mberi nenzira inobudirira.

Miitiro yedare rehurumende inosiyana zvikuru. Mamwe matare ehurumende akagamuchira miitiro yakafanana nematare ehurumende, nepo mamwe achichengeta mitoo yakawanda yegamuchidzanwa negadziriro duku yenhau dzedare.iyi misiyano inogona kutapura kuti nhau dzinopfuurira nokukurumidza sei kutongwa uye mikana ipi iripo yokupedza nhau pamberi pokutongwa.

Kutongwa

Zvisinei, miitiro yakananga ingasiyana. Somuenzaniso, nhamba yedare redare, mirau, mitemo yokusarudza vatongi, uye mipimo yokusatonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi inogona kusiyana pakati pematare omubatanidzwa nehurumende uye pakati penyika dzakasiyana.

Matare ehurumende anowanzoda rutongeso rwedare rinobetsera vatongi mumhaka dzedare, sezvinorayirwa nedudziro yeDare Rechitanhatu. Matare eHurumende munhau akachinjika zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa remisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakawedzera chinodikanwa chisina kubatana kududza kutonga mhaka dzoutsotsiwo. Mhaka dzevagari vemo dzingava nezvinodikanwa zvakasiyana zvichitsamira pasimba.

Muitiro Wokuda Kuwana Chimuko

Nzira yokukwirira yakasiyana pakati pegadziriro dzehurumende nedzehurumende, kunyange zvazvo dzose dziri mbiri dzichigovera mikana yokuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvokutonga kwedare.

Kukwirira Kwehurumende

Musiyano mukuru muitiro wokupa mhaka, Dare Rokukwirira reUnited States rinonzwa zvikumbiro zvenhau dzehurumende, uye iyi mhaka ingagonawo kumira pamberi peDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States, dare rapamusoro zvikurusa munyika.

Dare redunhu rinofanira kunzwa zvikumbiro zvinobva kumatare oruwa mukati mesimba raro, kunyange zvazvo Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru rine chisarudzo pamusoro penhau dzipi dzarinogamuchira. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti inenge mwero mumwe wokuhwirudzura nepo ichibvumira Dare Rapamusorosoro kuisa ngwariro panhau dzoukoshi hworudzi.

Kukwirira kweHurumende

Mumiitiro yedare rehurumende, zvikumbiro zvinoenda kumatare ehurumende uye zvingasafambira mberi kudare rapamusorosoro rehurumende, iro rinosiana muhurumende nehurumende. Nyika nematare apakati dzinoda kuti matare iwayo anzwe zvikumbiro zvakabva kumatare anotonga, nepo dare gurusa rehurumende rine chisarudzo pamusoro pemhaka ipi yokugamuchira. Muhurumende pasina matare ehurumende apakati, dare rapamusoro rehurumende rinonzwa kukwirira kwose zvakananga.

Miitiro yehurumende inosiyana zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzine zvikumbiro zvechimbichimbi nokuda kwemhaka dzakati dzenhau, dzakadai senhau dzechirango chorufu, nepo dzimwe dzichipa matare chisarudzo chakafara. Mipimo yokupa hwirudzuro, zvinodikanwa zvokupfupikisa, uye miitiro yokutaura zvose zvinosiana pakati pehurumende.

Kukwirira kweSangano Romuchinjikwa

Kana rusununguko rwokutaura rweFirst Amendment rwakatongwa nedare rehurumende rakakwirira zvikurusa (kazhinji kazhinji dare rehurumende guru), nhau yacho yaigona kukwidzwa kuDare Gurusa rehurumende.

Kuganhurirwa uku kunoratidzira nheyo yokuti matare ehurumende ndiwo chiremera chokupedzisira pamibvunzo yomutemo wehurumende. Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States rinogona kuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvedare rehurumende bedzi apo zvinobatanidza nhau dzebumbiro remitemo rehurumende kana kuti dzemitemo.

Kutongerwa Uye Kupiwa Mubhadharo

Matare ehurumende neehurumende anoshandisa mativi akasiyana - siyana okutonga, kuchitungamirira kumigumisiro inobvira yakasiyana nokuda kwemhaka dzakafanana.

Kutongerwa Kunoitwa Panyika

Matare eFederal Sentensing Guideline anoshandisa Federal, iyo inogadzira zvirango zvinowirirana zvakavakirwa paukuru hwokupara mhaka nenhau youtsotsi, uye nepo idzi nhungamiro dziri dzomutemo panzvimbo pokusungirwa, vatongi vomubatanidzwa vachiri kudzirangarira apo mitongo inorema, uye mitongo yehurumende inoratidzika kuva yakareba zvikuru uye inodeya kujekeswa zvikuru kupfuura mitongo yehurumende.

Gadziriro yehurumende inodawo vakwirirwi kubatira inenge 85% yomutongo wavo vasati vava vanokwaniriswa nokuda kwokusunungurwa, uko kunosiana zvikuru negadziriro dzehurumende, uko kungapa mabanza akawanda nokuda kwokusunungurwa kwapakuvamba. Ichi chinodikanwa chokugamuchira zvokwadi chinoreva vasungwa vomubatanidzwa vanobatira zvikurukuru mitongo yavo kupfuura vasungwa vazhinji vehurumende.

Kutongwa Nehurumende

Gadziriro dzehurumende dzinosiyana zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzakagamuchira nhungamiro dzokutonga dzakafanana negadziriro yehurumende, nepo dzimwe dzichipa vatongi uchenjeri hwakafara mukati memitsetse yemitemo.

Misiyano iyi inogona kuguma nemitsetse yakasiyana zvikuru nokuda kwomufambiro wakafanana zvichitsamira pakuti kuroverera mhaka kunoitika mudare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende.

Ukama Huri Pakati Pematare Ehurumende Nehurumende

Matare ehurumende neehurumende anoshanda segadziriro dzakaparadzana, asi anoshanda munzira dzinokosha dzinotapura kuti nhau dzinopedzwa sei uye kuti mutemo unokura sei.

Uchangamire Hwakafanana

uchangamire hwechinzvimbo chimwe nechimwe hunoreva kuti uchangamire humwe nohumwe hune gadziriro yahwo humene yedare: hurumende imwe neimwe ine matare uye United States ine, ayo anonzi matare omubatanidzwa, uye matare ehurumende ari muUnited States yose. Iyi gadziriro miviri inoratidzira gadziriro yomubatanidzwa yehurumende yeAmerica, umo mose muri muviri hurumende yenyika nehurumende dzehurumende dzinoshandisa masimba ouchangamire mukati menzvimbo dzadzo dzakatsaukana.

Nheyo yenjodzi mbiri − yokuti munhu haagoni kutongwa nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo kaviri — haishandi pakati pehurumende nehurumende inodzora, uye kana mhaka yakachengetwa mudare rehurumende uye mukwirirwi asunungurwa, hurumende yehurumende inogona kuisa mhaka yakafanana mudare rehurumende kana mufambiro mumwe chetewo weutsotsi ukaputsa zvose zviri zviviri hurumende nemitemo. Iyi dzidziso yakaparadzana inobvumira zvose zviri zviviri hurumende nedare rehurumende nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo apo inoputsa mutemo wenyika nehurumende, kunyange zvazvo kupokanwa kuviri kwakadaro kusingawanzowaniki.

Kuhwirudzura Zvisarudzo Zvehurumende

Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States rinogona kuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvedare rehurumende mumamiriro ezvinhu akaganhurirwa, dare gurusa rehurumende iro rinobatanidza mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende kana kuti yomutemo. matare eruwa eFederal anogonawo kuhwirudzura kutendwa kwemhosva dzedare rehurumende kupfurikidza nokutongwa kwedare kwehabeas, umo vasungwa vomunyika ino vanodenha zvitendero zvavo zvakavakirwa pakuputswa kwemitemo.

Kuongorora uku kunoita kuti kodzero dzehurumende dzinoenderana nemitemo dzichengetedzwe munyika dzose asi dzichiremekedza chiremera chehurumende panyaya dzehurumende.

Matare Ehurumende Anoshandisa Mutemo Wemagariro

Apo mhaka mudare rehurumende inobatanidza nhau dzedare rehurumende kana kuti dzebumbiro remitemo, dare rehurumende rinofanira kushandisa mutemo wehurumende sezvinotsanangurwa neDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States uye, mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, nematare enharaunda. Ichi chinodikanwa chinovimbisa kuti mutemo womubatanidzwa unoshandiswa nguva dzose pasinei zvapo nokuti igadziriro ipi yedare inonzwa nhau yacho.

Matare ehurumende anogona kutsanangura mutemo mukuru zvikuru kupfuura matare ehurumende mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, zvikurukuru apo gadziriro dzemitemo dzinopa dziviriro huru zvikuru kupfuura dzawo dzomubatanidzwa.

Kuitira Hanya Kunoshanda Vari Kuunzwa

Kunzwisisa misiyano iri pakati pematare ehurumende nehurumende kune revo dzinoshanda nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mukutongwa kwapamutemo.

Kusarudza Nhungamiro Yakarurama

Apo kudzorwa kwebvumirano kunenge kuripo, kusarudza pakati pedare rehurumende nerehurumende kunoda kurangarirwa kwokungwarira kwezvisakiso zvakawanda. matare eFederal angapa betsero dzakadai semiitiro inodeya kuzivikanwa zvikuru, zviwanikwa zvikuru, uye vatongi vane unyanzvi mumutemo wehurumende. matare ehurumende angagovera betsero dzakadai sechisarudzo chokukurumidza, miitiro inochinjika zvikuru, uye vatongi vakarovedzana nemiitiro yomunzvimbomo nomutemo wehurumende.

Mitongo yedare redare rehurumende inogona kutorwa kubva munzvimbo dzakakura, zvichigona kupa pfungwa dzakasiyana pane dzimwe matare edare ehurumende anobva kuruwa rumwe chete. Misiyano iyi inogona kukanganisa nzira yokugadzirisa nyaya.

Kunzwisisa Mutemo Unopfaviswa

Kuziva kuti idare ripi richanzwa nhau kunobetsera kusarudza kuti mitemo ipi ichashanda. matare eFederal anoshandisa mutemo womubatanidzwa kumibvunzo yehurumende asi angashandisawo mutemo wehurumende mumhaka dzakasiyana - siyana. matare ehurumende anoshandisa mutemo wehurumende kumibvunzo yomutemo asi anofanira kushandisa mutemo womubatanidzwa kumibvunzo yomubatanidzwa. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano kunokosha nokuda kwokuyera simba renhau uye kutanga nharo dzapamutemo dzinobudirira.

Kusarudza Zvinodiwa Zvomusikirwo

Gadziriro yedare imwe neimwe ine mitemo yayo imene yetsika, zvinodikanwa zvokurongedza, uye miganhu. Kukundikana kuwirirana neizvi zvinodikanwa kunogona kuguma nokudzingwa kwenhau kana kuti muparadziri wekodzero dzinokosha. VaAttorney vanoshanda mudare rehurumende vanofanira kubvumwa kudanda redare rehurumende iroro chairo, iro rinowanzoda kugamuchirwa kwakaparadzana kupfuura mitezo yehurumende.

Kunzwisisa misiyano yetsika kunobetserawo vanhu vanowirirana kukarira nguva nendyiko dzechibvumirano. Nhau dzeFederal dzingabatanidza kuwana kukuru zvikuru uye muitiro wokufamba, kuchigona kuwedzera mari asiwo kugovera mashoko akawanda okutaurirana kugadziriswa. Miitiro yedare rehurumende inosiana, uye kurovedzana nemitemo nemiitiro zvomunzvimbomo kunokosha nokuda kwokuratidzirwa kunobudirira.

Basa Remberi

Dare rehurumende nerehurumende rinoshanda mudzidziso yokutarisisa, iyo inoda kuti matare atevere mienzaniso yakatangwa nematare makuru.

Chiedza Chenyika

Zvisarudzo zveDare guru reUnited States zvinosunga matare ose ehurumende nematare ose ehurumende panhau dzomutemo wehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvedare reFederal zvinosunga matare eruwa omudunhu iroro asi hazvisungiri matare oruwa mune mamwe matunhu kana kuti matare ehurumende. Iyi tsika inogona kutungamirira ku "kukamuranisa," umo matunhu akasiana - siana anodudzira mutemo womubatanidzwa, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anonyandura kuhwirudzura kukurusa kuti kugadzike rwisano.

Chinotangira Hurumende

Zvisarudzo zvikuru zvehurumende zvinosunga matare ose akaderera mukati mehurumende asi hazvisungi matare mune dzimwe nyika kana kuti matare ehurumende. zvisarudzo zvedare zvinobatanidza matare enhando mukati mesimba rawo asi zvingasasunga matare mumamwe maruwa ari munyika imwe cheteyo, zvichitsamira pagadziriro yehurumende.

Matare ehurumende angatarira kuzvisarudzo zvinobva kune dzimwe nyika nokuda kwechiremera chinonyengetedza pakupindura mibvunzo yemanovhero, asi haasungwi nedudziro dzedzimwe nyika dzemitemo yadzo dzimene.Uku kuzvimirira kunobvumira nyika kutanga dzidziso dzadzo dzimene dzapamutemo dzichidzidza muzvinoitika zvamamwe masimba.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Nezvinetso

Ukama huri pakati pematare ehurumende neehurumende huri kuramba huchichinja sezvo nyaya itsva dzematare dzinotanga uye nzanga inoda kuchinja.

Kushanda Muchikakavara Nehurumende

Kakavadzano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pehurumende dzinotapura dzikamo pakati pechiremera chehurumende nedare rehurumende. Mibvunzo pamusoro pomuganhu wakafanira wehurumende, tambanuko yehurumende yezvisarudzo zvedare rehurumende, uye dzikamo pakati pekubatana kworudzi nemhatsa yehurumende inoramba ichikakavadzana. iyi kurukurirano inotekeshera muzvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro, mutemo wedare, uye hurukuro yedzidzo.

Kusvika Kururamisiro

Matare ose ari maviri ehurumende nehurumende anotarisana nedenho mukuva nechokwadi chokuwana ruramisiro nokuda kwavagari vose. matare eFederal anobata chiverengero chiduku zvikuru chenhau asi anotarisana neganhuriro dzezvipingamupinyi nemhosva huru mumaruwa akati. matare ehurumende anobata chiverengero chikurusa chenhau asi kazhinji kazhinji anotarisana kunyange neganhuriro dzakakomba zvikuru dzezvishandiso, achitapura mano awo okugovera ruramisiro yakakodzera nguva nenobudirira.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nokuzvivandudza

Zvinhu izvi zvinogona kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka uye kukwanisa kuwanikwa asi zviri kumutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pokuva woga, kuchengeteka, uye kuchengetedzwa kwemakombiyuta.

Mabhuku Emamwe Mashoko

Vagari vanotsvaka kunzwisisa zvakawanda pamusoro pematare ehurumende nehurumende vanogona kuwana zviwanikwa zvakawanda. Website ye U.S. yedare inogovera mashoko akazara pamusoro pegadziriro yedare rehurumende, kubatanidza kuvakwa kwedare, miitiro, uye zvishandiso zvedzidzo. Hurumende imwe neimwe inochengeta website yayo yedare nemashoko pamusoro pemagadzirirwo edare rehurumende, mitemo, uye miitiro.

Masangano epamutemo anopa zvinhu zvemibato yeyamuro, masangano emitemo, uye maraibhurari emitemo nokuda kwemibatanidzwa yedare inofamba. Matare mazhinji anogovera nzvimbo dzinobatsira uye zvinhu zvemashoko nokuda kwezvizvimiriri vamene vasina magweta. Kunzwisisa mativi makuru edare nechiremera zvinopa vagari vemo simba rokutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira mugadziriro yemitemo uye vatsigiri nokuda kwamaruramiro avo.

mhedziso

Musiyano uri pakati pematare ehurumende nehurumende unoratidzira nheyo huru dzehurumende yeAmerica: kubatana kwehurumende, kuparadzana kwamasimba, uye dzikamo pakati pechinzwano chorudzi nemhatsa yenyika. matare eMasangano anodzora anoshandisa chiremera chakaganhurirwa panhau dzeitiro hanya yorudzi, kududzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo, uye gakava dzinopfuura miganhu yenyika. matare ehurumende anoshandisa chiremera chakafara pamusoro penhau zhinjisa dzegakava remitemo, achishandisa mutemo kunhau dzomutemo kuupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Kunzwisisa misiyano iyi kunokosha kumunhu wose anobatanidzwa mumatare, angava mubato, mutongi, kana kuti mugari wemo akadzidza.

Dare rehurumende nerehurumende rinoita mabasa anokosha mukushandisa ruramisiro, kudzivirira maruramiro, uye kuchengeta mutemo. Mabasa adzo akasiana asi anowirirana anoratidzira kuoma nokuoma kwegadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica, kuchigovera mikana mizhinji yokupedza mhatsa nemirangariro mizhinji pamibvunzo yapamutemo. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa kuti aya masangano anoshanda sei uye kuti anosiana sei, vagari vemo vanogona zviri nani kushandisa denho dzapamutemo, kutora rutivi muupenyu hwehurumende, uye kuonga dzikamo yakaoma yemasimba ayo anoratidzira hurumende yeAmerica.

Nokuda kwamashoko ane udzame zvikuru pamusoro pegadziriro yedare rehurumende, shanyira U.S. website yepamutemo. Kudzidza pamusoro pegadziriro yedare rehurumende yako, bvunza website yedare rehurumende yako kana kuti nyorera sangano redare rehurumende yako nokuda kwenhungamiro nezvishandiso.