Gadziriro yedare rehurumende yeUnited States inomira senheyo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica, ine mutoro wokududzira mitemo, kupedza gakava, uye kuchengetedza maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo. Pakati petsika ino pane vatongi navatongi vanotungamirira panhau, vanoita mitemo yapamutemo yapamutemo, uye vagadziri venzvimbo yepamutemo yorudzi. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi, kuwana nzwisiso huru yemashandire anoita mutongi wehurumende nemabasa akasiana emitezo yayo nokuda kwokudzidza novimbisana. Nyaya ino inogovera kuongororwa kukuru kwegadziriro yedare renyika, mitoro yevatongi, dare rakagadzwa, uye muuyo mukuru wezvisarunganiso zvenzanga.

Chivako Chengarava Chitatu Chomuzinda Wavatungamiriri Vehurumende

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende yakarongwa kuva mwero mitatu mikuru, imwe neimwe ine mabasa chaiwo nemitemo. Iyi gadziriro yedare yavakuru vakuru inovimbisa kuti kakavadzano dzapamutemo dzinobatwa zvakanaka uye kuti dare rapamusorosoro reUnited States (dare rapamusorosoro) rinowanika kururamisa nokujekesa nheyo dzapamutemo. Nhevedzano nhatu iMatare eruwa eU.S. (mwero wedare redare redare redare), Matare eU.S. eMitemo yeZvikumbiro (mwero yeAppelte), uye Dare rapamusorosoro reUnited States (dare rapamusorosoro remitemo). Kunzwisisa mabasa akasiana - simbiso kunzwisiswa nenzira iyo ruramisiro inodzorwa pamwero yehurumende.

Matare Oruwa eU.S.: Chiverengero Chokutonga

Dare reruwa ndiro matare edare ehurumende. Vanobata nyaya dzakafara, kubatanidza dzose dziri mbiri nhau dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine inenge dare rimwe roruwa, uye hurumende huru ingava neruwa rwakawanda (somuenzaniso, California ine mana: Northern, Eastern, Central, uye Southern). Kune maruwa 94 ehurumende muUnited States nenharaunda dzayo. Matare eruwa ane chiremera chapakuvamba, zvinoreva kuti ndiwo wokutanga kutonga mhaka. Matare mudare reruwa angasarudzwa nedare redare redare redare redare (kutongwa) kana kuti nomutongi oga (kutongwa kweBhenji).

Vatongi mumatare oruwa vane mutoro wokutarisira mativi ose okutonga, kubva pamatanho apamberi pokutonga uye ufakazi zvinotonga kusvikira kumirairidzo yedare rinobetsera vatongi nokutongera. Vanopawo rutongeso mukutonga kwebhenji, vanoyera kusashanda kwoufakazi, uye vanova nechokwadi chokuti nhau dzinoitwa zvakanaka. Vatongi voruwa vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu naPrezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare redare, pasi peChikamu III cheMitemo. Vanobetserwa navatongi vedare remitemo, avo vanobata nhau dzokutanga nenhau dzapamberi pedare, uye vatongi vanobhurotswa, avo vanotarisira nhau dzokuwa kwebasa. Zvisarudzo zveruwa zvinogona kukwidzwa kudare redunhuro rezvikumbiro.

Matare Okukwirira eU.S.: Chikamu Chezvitambudzo

Matare 13 eU.S. edare reZvikwiriso (anonziwo matare edunhu) anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakaitwa nematare eruwa mukati menzvimbo dzawo. Kusafanana nematare oruwa, matare edare reparamende haaiti mhosva kana kuti kunzwa ufakazi hutsva. Panzvimbo pezvo, anoyera kana mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama mumatare akaderera. Ipapo mhaka dzinonzwiwa neboka ravatongi vatatu vedunhu, kunyange zvazvo muzvinoitika zvisingawanzoitiki dare rakazara ringanzwa mhaka yacho inorambidzwa. Vatongi vedunhu vanohwirudzura chinyorwa chedare rinotonga, vanorava mipfupindukubva kumativi ose, uye vanoteerera kutsinhira kunotaurirwa. Ipapo vanopa murangariro wakanyorwa uyo unotsigira, kana kuti unoshandura, kana kuti unoshandura chisarudzo chedare choruwa.

Vatongi vedunhu vanoita basa rinokosha mukukudziridza muenzaniso wapamutemo. Zvisarudzo zvavo zvinosunga pamatare ose oruwa mukati medunhu uye ichiremera chinonyengetedza nokuda kwemamwe matunhu. Ikoku kunoumba mutumbi wenhau unotungamirira matare enyasi ndokubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokushanda kwemutemo wehurumende. Vatongi vedunhu vanonzwawo zvikumbiro zvinobva kumasangano ehurumende akati ehurumende, zvakadai seSecurities and Exchange Commission neNational Labor Relations Board. United States inokamurwa kuva matunhu ane nhamba 11, kubatanidza D.C.Frederary neFrederation, izvo zvine rezadziko pamusoro penhau dzakati chaidzo dzakafanana nomutemo weBregistery nebhizimisi renyika dzose.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa reUnited States

Dare rapamusorosoro idare rapamusoro zvikurusa munyika, rinoumbwa neruramisiro pfumbamwe: Mutongi mumwe Mukuru neVatongi vasere Vakabatana. Dare rine chiremera chakakwana panhau dzose dzehurumende nehurumende dzinobatanidza nhau dzehurumende, kubatanidza kududzirwa kweBumbiro remitemo nomutemo wehurumende. Rinewo chiremera chapakuvamba mumitongo yakaganhurirwa, zvakadai segakava pakati pehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro rinosarudza kuti imhakaidzoidzoidzoidzo kupfurikidza nokupa wemhaka dzecereraritari, inoda chibvumirano chezvinenge zvina (“ muraudzo wemiteo ye mana). Gore rimwe nerimwe, Dare rinogamuchira zviuru zvemikumbiro asi rinonzwa bedzi zviitiko 70 - 80.

Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa ndezvokupedzisira uye zvinosunga matare ose akaderera. Kutonga kwazvo kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakapararira panzanga yeAmerica, kuchinja mipimo yemitemo, kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu, uye kuumba muitiro wavose. Mutongi Mukuru anotungamirira panharo dzinotaurwa uye misangano yapachivande uye ane mutoro wokugovera kunyorwa kwemirangariro yakawanda apo iri muruzhinji. Vabatanidzisai rimwe nerimwe simba rokuvhota rakaenzana. Dare rinoshanda pashoko rinovamba muna October uye rinoguma chaizvoizvo muna June kana kuti July, nemirangariro inobudiswa munhambo yacho yose. Chivako cheDare Gurusarusabheri muWashington, D.C., rinobatira sechiratidzo chaichoicho chechiremera chebazu rokutonga uye kuzvitonga.

Matanho Akasiyana Avatongi Vehurumende Nevatongi

Nepo "rutongeso" ne"ruramisiro" zvinowanzoshandiswa zvakafanana mukurukurirano yapachivande, zvinoratidzira nzvimbo dzakati mukati medare rehurumende dzine mitoro yakasiana, kugadzwa, uye miganhu yechiremera. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano kunobetsera kujekesa kuti tsika yokutonga inoshanda sei pamwero mumwe nomumwe.

Vatongi Vehurumende: Mabasa, Kusarudza, uye Kutonga

Shoko rokuti "mutongi wedare" rinowanzonongedzera kuChikamu III chinogadza vatongi kumatare oruwa nematare ezvikumbiro, pamwe chete navatongi pamatare chaiwo akadai seDare reTrade reMarudzi ose neDare reFederal. Chikamu III chinotonga chinoshanda mukati me "tsika dzakanaka," revo yavanoita upenyu, uye mibhadharo yavo haigoni kuderedzwa pavanenge vari muhofisi. Iyi dziviriro inoitirwa kuvadzinga mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika ndokuvimbisa kuzvimirira kwedare.

Vatongi veruwa vanotungamirira matare avo, vanodzora vatongi vavo, vanotonga vakwiridzwa, uye vatongi vemitongo mumhaka dzoutsotsi. Vatongi vedunhu vanohwirudzura mhaka panhau dzekukwirira, kunyora mirangariro, uye kubetsera kuumba muenzaniso wemitemo wapamutemo. Vose vari vaviri vatongi voruwa neruwa vanobatawo zvikumbiro zvekurumidziro, zvakadai sezvikumbiro zvokuramba vaurawa kana kuti mirairo, kazhinji kazhinji pahwaro hunochinja. Kuwedzera kuChikamu III, kune vatongi vanobhurukirwa mari yokubhadharwa uye vanoshanda mumatare anobetsera kana kuti matare oruwa. Mabasa avo anokoshawo kumabasa anoshanda zvakanaka ematare ehurumende asi havapfuuriri vapa nduranyu yendura kana kuti bvumirano.

Vatongi veDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa: Mitoro Yechienzi

Vatongi veDare gurusa vatongiwo Chikamu III, asi basa ravo rakasiana muzvose zviri zviviri nopesvedzero. Nepo vatongi vedare rakaderera vachishandisa mutemo uripo kunhau dzakatemwa, vatongi kazhinji kazhinji vanorwisana nemibvunzo yakakomba yebumbiro remitemo inogona kuvandudza maruramiro epamutemo nokuda kworudzi rwose. Mutoro wavo mukuru kududzira Bumbiro remitemo, kuvimbisa kuti mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvinowirirana negadziriro dzaro. Vatongi vanokumbirwa kupedza nhau dzinokwikwikwidzana zvikuru dzakadai sesimba rehurumende, rusununguko rwomunhu, uye miganhuro pakati pamapazu ehurumende.

Ruramisiro imwe neimwe inonyora mirangariro nokuda kwenhau dzinogoverwa noMutongi Mukuru (kana kuti musonganiri mukuru muvoruzhinji kana Ruramisiro Hukuru iri mukusabvumirana). Kupinda nokupesana kwemirangariro kunoitawo basa rinokosha mukuumba hurukuro yapamutemo uye pane dzimwe nguva kuisa hwaro nokuda kwechinjo dzomunguva yemberi mumutemo. Vatongi vanotarisirawo mabasa omukati eDare, kusarudza kuti imhakai, ndokupinda mukukwidziridza kwapachena nedzidzo. Kugadzwa kwenduramo kwenduramo yeruramisiro kunovabvumira kutora murangariro murefu womutemo, unobviswa nezvirongwa zvedare.

Kuenzanisa: Vatongi vanopesana neruramisiro

Musiyano mukuru pakati pe "vatongi" ne"ruramisiro" mutsika yehurumende ndeimwe yenzvimbo nehurumende. "Ruramisiro" yakachengeterwa mitezo yeDare rapamusorosoro, nepo "rutongeso" rinoshanda kuzvimwe Dare III. Mudzimwe nyika, dare rapamusorosoro rinonziwo Dare gurusa nemitezo yaro iruramisiro, asi mutsika yehurumende bedzi vapfumbamwe vari paU.S. Dare guru rinochengeta zita iroro. Mitoro yeruramisiro yakafara nemhaka yokuti vanogadza muenzaniso nokuda kworudzi rwose, nepo vatongi vedunhu vanogadza muenzaniso mukati medunhu ravo bedzi. Vatongi veruwa, nepo vane pesvedzero zvikuru mumatare avo vamene, havasati vachiparira muenzaniso unotonga kupfuura chiitiko pachaitwa noruoko.

Gadziriro Yokugadza Nokuzvimirira Kwokutonga

Muitiro wokusarudza vatongi vehurumende nemitemo chinhu chinodenha chegadziriro yechekero nedzikamo. Inobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri mapazu evakuru vakuru neamawiro, kuratidzira vavariro yavaFramers kuvimbisa mutongi anozvidavirira asi anozvidavirira. Nzira yokuenda kubhenji ine ngozi uye kazhinji kazhinji inopomerwa mhaka yezvamatongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru nokuda kwenhau dzeDare Gurusa.

Kunyorwa uye Kusimbiswa

Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi nokuda kweChikamu III cheChikamu cheMitemo yose, kubatanidza vatongi vedare roruwa, vatongi veruwa, uye vatongi veDare rapamusoro-soro. Chisarudzo ipapo chinotumirwa kuDare reSamende reMutudia, iro rinotonga ndokuvhota kuti rirangarire kana kurumbidza kukwirira muDare rakazara. Voti yakapfava muDare redare reIndaneti inosimbisa mukuva nechemo. Kurangarira kweDare rePuremhene redare rinona, muitiro unokweva ngwariro huru yerudzi, nokunzwa kukuru nenharo. American Bar Association (ABA) inogovera kurangarirwa kusingatsigiriki kwechino chemubatanidzwa wedare, kunyange zvazvo kuri basa raro dukusa mumakore achangobva kupfuura. Kurangarira kwezvamatongerwe enyika, sokusatongwa kwechizivisofiro chedare rehurumende, uye kudzodzodzodzodzo, kazhinji kazhinji.

Upenyu Hwakanaka Nenzvimbo Yahwo

Chikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo chinopa vatongi vehurumende neruramisiro upenyu mu "mufambiro wakanaka". Iyi gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kudzivirira vatongi pakutsiva kwezvamatongerwe enyika ndokubvumira vatongi kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pamutemo namaidi, vasingatyi kurasikirwa namabasa avo. Alexander Hamilton akatsigira [[FL:0] mubatanidzwa wemagariro. 78 kuti upenyu hwakanga huchikosha nokuda kwomutongi akazvimirira uyo aigona kutsanangura zvakafanira mutemo uye kubatira sechekero pamapazu echibvumirano neakuru. Nepo upenyu hwegumi hunosimudzira kuzvimirira, kunorevawo kuti zviitiko zvinoitika zvisingarangwi nohunogona kuva nemiuyo miuyo mirefu pachiyero yematare.

Kuvavarira Nokuparadzana

Kunyange zvazvo vatongi vehurumende nemitemo yehurumende vane nzvimbo dzenduramo, havasati vari vadziviriro pakubviswa. Bumbiro reMitemo rinobvumira kupiwa mhaka neImba yavamiririri uye kupwiswa neDare nokuda kwe "kurangarira, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye zvikanganiso". Kupa mhaka hakuwanzo; vatongi 15 bedzi vehurumende vakapinzwa mhaka uye vasere vakawanirwa mhaka. Muenzaniso wazvino uno zvikurusa wakanga uri kubviswa kwaMutongi weRuwa G. Thomas Portestty Jr. muna 2010 nokuda kwouori. Kutyisidzira kwokusatendeseka kunoshanda sechekerwa pamufambiro unotonga, kunyange zvazvo kuchiitirwa kuti kushandiswe nenzira inoganhurirwa kuchengetedza kuzvitonga.

Kuongorora Kutonga uye Mhaka Dzakaratidzirwa

Chimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa panzvimbo yedare redare reSangano reMitemo, chakatangwa neDare reChikuru mumhaka yemafaro .C. chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvisiri pamutemo. Kubvira ipapo, Dare rakabudisa zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zvakaumba upenyu hweAmerica zvikuru.

Marbury v. Madison uye Simba Re Judicial Review

Mu Marbury v. Madison, Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akanyora murangariro unobvumirana uyo wakatanga chiremera cheDare rokuparadza zviito zveDare zvinoputsa Bumbiro reMitemo. Mhaka yacho yakabva mugakava rezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pokugadzwa kweruramisiro yorugare. Marshall akatonga kuti nepo William Marbury akanga ane maruramiro kubasa rake, Dare raisagona kubudisa mutongo wemandamus nemhaka yokuti mutemo waipa simba iroro (Kutonga 13 kwechiito chejadiciary cha 1789) wakanga usina kutongwa. Ichi chisarudzo chakabatanidza judiary sebazu rehurumende negadziriro yedare remitemo.

Dzimwe Mhaka Huru Dzakachinja Rudzi

Dare reSupreme dare rinobatanidza nhau dzinokurukura mibvunzo inokosha yekodzero dzevagari vemo, simba rehurumende, uye rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Zvimwe zvezvisarudzo zvine pesvedzero zvikurusa zvinosanganisira:

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – mitemo yehurumende inoziviswa inogadza zvikoro zvavose zvavose nokuda kwavadzidzi vatema navachena vasina kubatana, vachiputsa nenzira inobudirira "kuparadzanisa asi vakaenzana" uye kufambisira mberi sangano ramaruramiro avagari vemo.
  • Roe v. Wade [773]) – Akaziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kukubvisa pamuviri, achinyandura gakava rinopfuurira rapamutemo nerezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pamaruramiro okubereka.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) – Yakanyorwa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinovimbisa vakwanyina voutere vamwe chetevo maruramiro okuroora, kuchitambanudzira dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo.
  • McCulloch v. Maryland (119) – Afurended ukuru hwehurumende pamitemo yehurumende ndokutsigira kutevedzerwa kwebumbiro remitemo reBank reChipiri reUnited States, achitanga masimba anoreva zvakawanda nokuda kweChibvumirano.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (66) – kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunodikanwa kuzivisa vanonyumwira kodzero dzavo ("Miranda) pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero, kusimbisa dziviriro dzeFirefendment yeshanu.

Iyi nhau inoratidzira mano eDare okuchinjira kududziro yebumbiro remitemo kumipimo yenzanga, nepo ichiratidzawo tapuro isingagumi yezvisarudzo zvokutonga paupenyu hwezuva riri rose.

Masvikire Anoita Mhaka yeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Dare Gurusa rinogamuchira zvikumbiro zvinopfuura 7 000 nokuda kweshoko rimwe nerimwe asi rinopa hwirudzuro muinenge 1% bedzi yenhau. Muitiro unovamba apo vapapatika vanonyora chikumbiro vanokumbira Dare kuti vanzwe nhau yacho. Vatongi ipapo mumwe nomumwe vanohwirudzura zvikumbiro ndokuzvikurukura mumusangano wapachivande. Vatongi vana vanofanira kuvhota kupa ceretiori (Gumo revana) pamberi pokuti nhau ive yakarongerwa kutaurirwa. Dare rinobvumira chaizvoizvo kuhwirudzura apo kune kukamurananiswa pakati pematare edunhu panhau inokosha yepamutemo, apo mutemo wehurumende unoziviswa kuva usina kutongwa nedare rakaderera, kana kuti apo mhaka yacho inopa mubvunzo unokosha. Pashure pezvirevo zvapamutemo uye kurangarira mukati ruramisiro mirangariro yakanyorwa.

Kutapura Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa PaSosaiti Nedzidzo

Chisarudzo chayo chinotapura chinhu chiri chose kubva pakodzero dzevagari vemo nemitemo yokuvhota kusvikira kumitemo yezvemari neyoutsotsi.

Kubvisa Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokusunungurwa

Dare rapamusoro rave riri pakati penzvero hurusa dzenzanga. Muzvinoitika zvakafanana wn v. Boka reDzidzo, Gideon v. Wainwr [kururamira] [kurudyi kurumbidzo], uye [[FLT:] [[FLT]] v. Virginia [kuroorana kwechipo], Dare rawedzera ukurudziro kwedziviriro dzamabumbiro emitemo ndokubetsera kusaruramisira. Kunyange apo Dare rinokamuraniswa, zvisarudzo zvinotakura simba romutemo uye kudikamura kuhurumende yose. Iri simba rinoisa pachena kurangarira kupfurikidza nokuzviito zvakakoshamira pakodzero dzavose.

Kubatanidzwa Kunokurudzira Kwechikwata

Nokuda kwavadzidzi, kudzidza pamusoro pegadziriro yedare rehurumende kunopfuura kurovedza kwedzidzo yedzidzo, iko ihwaro hwokunzwisisa kuti maruramiro avo anodzivirirwa sei uye kuti vanogona kutora rutivi sei muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kupfurikidza nokufunda nhau dzemitemo, kunzvera kurangarira kwedare, uye kutevera zvisarudzo zvazvino uno, vadzidzi vanokudziridza unyanzvi hwokufunga hwakaoma uye kuonga kukuru nokuda kwemitemo. (zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvedzidzo, zvakadai se [[FLT: 0]] peji yedzidzo yehurumende yedzidzo yejidicalicary [, [[FLT:]], [[FLT:]]] Oyez.org [inogovera mhaka nenzwi rokuteerera mashoko ezvibvumikiso) na [FLT] dare repamutemo [FLT],[FFF], zvinopa zvishandiso zvinokosha nokuda kwezviwiso zvinobetsera kubetsera kupfuudza.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende, nechirongwa chayo chine mativi matatu chematare oruwa, matare ezvikwiriso, uye Dare Gurusa, zvinogovera gadziriro yakasimba nokuda kwokududzira mitemo nokuvimbisa ruramisiro. Vatongi navatongi vanoshanda muaya matare vane mutoro mukuru: vanofanira kushandisa mutemo, kudzivirira maruramiro emitemo, uye kudzikamisa zvinodikanwa zvinokwikwidzanwa zvechiremera chehurumende nechehurumende. Kunzwisisa mabasa akasiyana evatongi veruwa nevedunhu mukurwisana nedare guru redare, muitiro wokugadza, uye simba rokuhwirudzurudzura kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti gadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica inoshanda sei.

Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi, iyi zivo haisati ichingovawo zvayo yedzidzo yedzidzo yapamusoro-soro (inoita kuti kuve nokunzwisiswa kukuru kwemitemo noukoshi hwedare ramatongerwe enyika rakasununguka. Kupfurikidza nokufunda matare ehurumende, nhau dzezvinoitika, uye basa rezuva riri rose ravatongi navatongi, tinozvishongedzera timene kuva vagari vemo vakaziva zvikuru, tichikwanisa zviri nani kutora rutivi mumuitiro wedemokrati yehurumende yehurumende uye kudzivirira nheyo dzeruramisiro nokuenzana zvinotsigira Bumbiro remitemo. Mutongi wenyika anoramba ari muchengeti anokosha wenhevedzano yemitemo yorudzi, uye basa rake munzanga inoumba American acharamba achinzwiwa nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvichauya.