Chibvumirano cheGood Weshanu, chakasainwa pana 10 April 1998, chinorangarirwa zvikuru sechimwe chezvibvumirano zvorugare zvikuru zvezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. Chakagumisa rwisano yamasimba masimba yetatu yenguva refu muNorthern Ireland inozivikanwa se “ Zvinetso, ” izvo zvakanga zvauraya upenyu uye zvakakamuranisa zvikuru nzvimbo nemubatanidzwa wemibatanidzwa wenyika. Nokuti vatangi, chibvumirano chacho chinogona kuoneka sechakaoma, asi gadziriro dzacho dzinovakirwa panheyo dzakapfava: simba rinovanzarika, kubvumirana, batira pamwe chete, uye kodzero dzavanhu. Nyaya iyi inoputsa gadziriro dzeChishanu mumutauro wakapfava, kutsanangura kuti vanoshanda sei uye nei.

Mamiriro Akaita Chibvumirano

Kunzwisisa Good Friver Augness, kunobetsera kuziva chikonzero nei kwakanga kuri madikanwa. Northern Ireland yave iri nharaunda yakakwikwidzwa chifo chokukamuraniswa kweIreland muna 1921. Nzanga yemubatanidzwa, zvikurukuru yePurotesitendi, yaida kuramba iri rutivi rweUnited Kingdom, nepo nzanga yezvourudzi, zvikurukuru yeKaturike, yakashuva kuti Ireland yakabatana. Rusaruro rwezvamatongerwe enyika nerwenzanga rwakaita kuti pave nekakavadzano, kuchitungamirira kukuvamba kwamasimba masimba kubvira mukupera kwama1960 zvichienda mberi. Nhamo dzaibatanidza mapoka emauto ehondo anobva kumativi ose ari maviri .( iriphablikian Army (I), mapoka echiR. Mapoka akavimbika, uye chiBritish Army, uye British Army.

Pakasvika mavambo ama1990, muitiro worugare wakavamba kuvambwa, uchitungamirirwa nezviverengero zvakadai saJohn Hume, Gerry Adams, David Trimble, uye vamwe, netsigiro inobva kuhurumende dzeBritain neIreland uye varevereri vamarudzi ose saUS Mutungamiriri George Mitchell. Pashure pamakore ekurukurirano, hurukuro dzakawanda dzakaguma muBelfast Agreement, gare gare dzakazivikanwa seGood Wearth Agreement, yakasainwa nokuda kwezuva rayakasainwa. Yakatenderwa nerendimasi muzvose zviri zviviri Northern Ireland neRepublic of Ireland muna May 1998, nenhau huru zvikuru.

Nheyo Dzemitemo Dzomubvumirano

Pamwoyo payo, Chibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu chiri panheyo dzinokosha dzinoverengeka dzinotungamirira gadziriro dzacho dzose.

Kubvuma

Nheyo yebvumirano inoreva kuti chinjo ipi neipi kumugariro webumbiro remitemo weNorthern Ireland inogona bedzi kuitika nokubvumira kwavanhu vayo. Uku kwakanga kuri kubvumirana kunokosha: vatsigiri venyika vakagamuchira kuti Ireland yakabatana haisati yaizoitika kutoti vazhinji vomuNorthern Ireland vakabvumirana, uye vabatanidzwa vakabvuma kuti vaifanira kupinda mukubatira simba navarwi. Chibvumirano chinotaura zvakajeka kuti Northern Ireland rutivi rweUnited Kingdom kutozosvikira panguva yakadaro sevhota vazhinjisa.

Kushandisa Simba

Panzvimbo pokuwana gadziriro yose, chibvumirano chinoraira hurumende yakaderedzwa uko vose vari vaviri vabatanidzwa navane nyika vanogoverana simba rehurumende. Ikoku kunoreva kuti hakuna nzanga imwe inogona kudzora hurumende, uye zvisarudzo zvinofanira kuratidzira bvumirano huru.

Kuyera Ruremekedzo

Chibvumirano chacho chinobvuma kodzero yevanhu vokuNorthern Ireland yokuziva seBritain, Ireland, kana kuti zvose zviri zviviri, uye chinoremekedza tsika dzavo, zvematongerwo enyika, uye mitauro yavo.

Gadziriro Huru Dzinotsanangurwa Muudzame

Chibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu chakaumbwa panzvimbo nhatu “strands, ” chimwe nechimwe chinobata namativi akasiyana okudzora nebatira pamwe.

Mubatanidzwa Wokutanga: Gungano Rokuchamhembe kweIreland uye Kutungamirira

Strand Omwe akatanga chirongwa chemitemo nehurumende muNorthern Ireland, chinozivikanwa seNorthern Ireland Assembly neNorthern Ireland Identigation. Gungano iparamende ye 90 yemitezo (pakuvamba, yakaderedzwa) yakasarudzwa kupfurikidza nemirariro yewirirano. Mitezo yayo, inonzi MMAS (Masangano eLegislative Assembly), inotorwa munzanga dzose dziri mbiri dzechibatanidzwa nedzenyika.

Kuvimbisa kufambisa simba, Gungano rinoshandisa gadziriro inonzi kuvhota kwechikamu. Zvisarudzo zvikuru zvinoda voruzhinji vemitezo yose pamwe chete noruzhinji rwemativi ose akasarudzwa omubatanidzwa nourudzi, kana kuti 60% yose zvayo ane inenge 40% kubva paboka rimwe nerimwe. Ikoku kunodzivisa boka rimwe nerimwe kubva pamutemo unokakavadzana.

Mukuru mukuru anotungamirirwa noMutungamiriri wehurumende wokutanga nomutevedzeri woMufundisi wokutanga (nongedzero yapaduku “d ” kuratidzira mugariro wakaenzana pasinei zvapo namazita. Idzi nzvimbo mbiri dzinosarudzwa nebato gurusa revvumbidzo renyika nebato renyika yose. Masimba avo anobatirana, kureva kuti havagoni kuita vari voga pasina mumwe mu’ zvinobvumira. Mukuru weSangano anobatanidzawo vashumiri vanobva kumamwe mapoka akavakirwa pasimba ravo muGungano (kushandisa d’ Hondt), achivimbisa kuti nzanga dzose dziri mbiri dzine inzwi muhurumende.

Gungano iri rave richingoramba richichinja vanhu pavainge vasingachavimbani, kunyanya kubva muna 2002 kusvika muna 2007 uye muna 2017 - 2020.

Strand II: Dare Roushumiri Rokumaodzanyemba Kwakadziva kuMaodzanyemba

Strand II akatanga mutumbi wakarongeka webatira pamwe pakati peNorthern Ireland neRepublic yeIreland: Dare roUshumiri reNorth-South neNSMC. NSMC inounganidza vashumiri vanobva Northern Ireland Idepatice neHurumende yeIreland kuti varongedze purogiramu panhau dzefariro imwe. Izvozvi zvinobatanidza kurima, dzidzo, utano, zvakapoteredza, zvokufambisa, uye zvokushambadza.

Dare rinoshanda pahwaro hwebvumirano, zvisarudzo zvinoda bvumirano kumativi ose ari maviri. Nepo risina masimba emitemo, rinogovera gadziriro yezvirongwa zvemibato yakabatana uye rinogona kurumbidza mitemo kuparamende dzinowirirana. NSMC inotarisirawo Mitemo mitanhatu yeNorth-South South Iultmentationbity Bodition, yakadai seWaterways Ireland, Food Safety Protection Board, uye InterTradeireland, iyo inogovera mabasa pahwaro hwose hwenyika.

Uyu museve wakagadzirirwa kukurukura chishuvo chenyika chebatano dzapedyo neRepublic pasina kuputsa Northern Ireland ’ nzvimbo muUK. Wakapawo vabatanidzwa gadziriro yokuva nechokwadi chokuti batira pamwe yakadaro haina kuva nzvimbo yokudzokera kuIreland yakabatana.

Kubatana Kutatu: Dare reBritain Nesangano Rehurumende

Strand Thromes Thromes nerokumabvazuva-madokero, ose ari maviri kuchamhembe kwakadziva nehurumende dzeBritain neIreland. British-IRIC Council (BIC) inounganidza vamiriri vanobva kuhurumende yeUK, hurumende yeIrish, vadzori vaderedzeri veScotland, Wales, uye Northern Ireland, uye hurumende dzeIsle of Man and the Channel Islands. Dare rinokurukura nhau dzefariro yakafanana semhoteredzo, kutakura, uye kurwisa kutengesa mirimo. Inopinda mugadziriro yapamhene yenhau yeIsC inosangana nguva nenguva uye ine basa rokubvunza kupfuura NSMC.

Uyezve, chibvumirano chacho chakaumba Intergovernmental comminemental yeBritain neIrish kuti itsigire kubatira pamwe pakati pehurumende dzeBritain neIrish panhau dzisina kubviswa kuNorthern Ireland, dzakadai sechengeteko neruramisiro. Mutumbi uyu une basa chairo mukusimudzira kodzero dzavanhu neyananiso. Wakatsiva Interprelish Governmental Council neIntergovernement yakagadzwa mu 1985 Anglo-Irish Aventine.

Masangano aya akagadzirirwa kuita kuti ukama huve hwakanaka uye kuisa nheyo yokuti hurumende mbiri ndidzo dzinotsigira chibvumirano chacho.

Kurega Zvombo Zvehondo Zvehondo

Imwe yenhau dzinotambudza zvikurusa mumuitiro worugare yakanga iri kubvisa nokuparadza zvombo zvaichengetwa namapoka echiuto. Chibvumirano chaida kuti mativi ose ashandise pesvedzero yawo kuti apedze kunyoresa mukati mamakore maviri. The Independent International Commission on Decomissing (ICD) yakatangwa kuti itarisire muitiro wacho.

Kurega kunyoresa kwakaratidza kusawirirana uye kunonozeka. IRA haina kutanga kusvuta kutozosvikira muna 2001, uye haina kupedzwa kutozosvikira muna 2005. Mapoka ekuvimbika akaregawo kunyoreswa, kunyange zvazvo ari mufashoni huru. Muitiro wacho wakavakwa nokuvimba kwenguva yakati, zvichiratidzira kuzvipira kwechokwadi kuti pave norugare panzvimbo pokurega kupfuta. Pasina kuzivisa, fambiro mberi yezvamatongerwe enyika ingadai isina kubvira / $8] vatsigiringi vakairaira sechibvumikiso chokuti vaparabhuriki vakanga varega masimba masimba, nepo vaReputan vakaomerera kuti kurambidza kurwisana uye kuchinja kunofanira kuitika mumashoko akareba.

Kodzero Dzevanhu Nokuenzana

Chibvumirano chacho chakagadzawo Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (NIHRC) kuti ipe mvumo yokuti hurumende dzeBritain neIreland dzipedze kuisa mubatanidzwa weEurope Convention on Human Rights pamutemo wadzo wemumba madzo, wakaitwa neUK kuburikidza neChibvumirano Chekodzero Dzevanhu chakaitwa neInterern Ireland Human Rights Commission (NIHRC) kuti dzipe mazano uye dzitarisire kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu.

Urongwa hunokosha hwokuenzana hunowanwa muchikamu 75 cheNorthern Ireland Act 1998, icho chinoda kuti masangano evanhu atsigire kuenzana kwomukana mumapoka mapfumbamwe, kusanganisira chitendero chorudzidziso, maonero ezvematongerwe enyika, rudzi, zera, uye urema.

Chibvumirano chacho chakarayirawo Bill of Rights yeNorthern Ireland. Pashure pamakore okunzvera, NIHRC yakakarakadza Bill anonyora chibvumirano muna 2008, asi haina kuitwa nemhaka yekusawirirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Pasinei zvapo neizvi, kuenzana kwakava netapuro inochinja patsika dzavose, ichiita kuti Northern Ireland ive imwe yedzo inodzorwa nokuenzana zvikurusa muUK.

Kuremekedza uye Kururamisira

Royal Ulster Consabulary (RUC), mapurisa muNorthern Ireland, akatsoropodzwa zvikuru navanotsigira nyika nokuda kwebasa rayo mukati meNhamo. Chibvumirano chakaraira chinjo huru yemapurisa, yakavakirwa parumbidzo dzePatten Report (1999). RUC yakatsiviwa nePolice Service yeNorthern Ireland (PSI), nezvivako zvitsva zvakagadzirirwa kuva mumiririri wenzanga dzose dziri mbiri.

Kuchinja kwaibatanidza kuchinja mhiko dzamapurisa, zviratidzo, kuiswa kwevatsoropodzi (50% veKaturike, 50% yePurotesitendi), uye kuitwa kweDare rePurofesa rine mitezo yezvamatongerwe enyika neyakazvimirira kuti ritarisire simba racho. Police Ombudsman akaitwawo kuti aongorore zvichemo. Kuchinja kwehurumende kwakanga kuri muitiro wenguva refu uye unokakavara, asi pakupedzisira kwakabetsera kuwedzera chivimbo chehurumende mumasangano, kuchitungamirira Sinn Fé kutsigira PSNI muna 2007.

Masimba eruramisiro akatanga kuchengetwa nehurumende yeUK asi akabviswa kuNorthern Ireland Assembly muna 2010. Mushumiri weRuramisiro anogadzwa achishandisa vhoti yemichinjikwa, panzvimbo ped’ nzira yeHondt, kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti anotsigira.

Kusunungurwa Mujeri

Gadziriro inomutsa nharo huru yeGood Friday Agreement yakanga iri kusunungurwa kwapakuvamba kwavasungwa vakawanirwa mhaka dzehondo.Chibvumirano chakataura kuti vasungwa vose vanokwaniriswa nesangano rinochengeta mhirizhonga vaizosunungurwa mukati mamakore maviri. Vasungwa vanopfuura 400 vakasunungurwa, kubatanidza vamwe vaipomerwa mhaka yokuponda. Urongwa hwacho hwakaitwa zvishoma nezvishoma, vasungwa vasunungurwa pashure pokubatira mirangariro miduku uye vaidzorwa nemigariro.

Iyi gadziriro yakashorwa zvikuru navanyajambwa vazhinji ’ mhuri navabatanidzwa, vakanzwa kuti yakatusa ugandanga. Zvisinei, kwakaonekwa kuva kunokosha kugombedzera mapoka ehondo kukuita kuti ave norugare. Kusunungurwa kwomusungwa kwakanga kuchiganhurirwa nguva uye kwaitarisirwa nomumiriri akazvimirira. Kunoramba kuri chimwe chemativi anorwadza zvikurusa ebvumirano yavazhinji, asi kwakabvumirawo vatungamiriri vamapoka akadai seIRA kupinda zvizere muupenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kushandisa Zvinhu, Matambudziko, uye Nhaka

Good Frinder Augness haina kukurumidza kuumba mhoteredzo yakatsiga yezvamatongerwe enyika. Makore apakuvamba akava nenjodzi dzakadzokororwa pamusoro pokubviswa kwebasa, kuchinja mapurisa, uye kuvimba. Gungano rakamiswa kanoverengeka, uye kwakatora kusvikira muna 2007 kuti hurumende inodzorwa nesimba kuti ive pasi poutungamiriri hwaIan Paisley (Dupu) naMartin McGuinnes (Sin Fueacute;in). St Andrews Accounment ye 2006 yakaita gadziridzo, dzakadai sokuchinja mitemo yokusaita basa reSaimba Yokutanga uye muteveringi wokutanga, uye kugadzira nzira yokuita basa rakazara.

Kubvira ipapo, masangano acho akashanda nemwero yakasiyana- siyana yebudiriro. Nguva dzokuputsika, se 2017-2020 dzinodzorwa nemhaka yechishamiso chesimba chinomutsidzirwa, zvakaedza kusimbazve kwegadziriro. Zvisinei, kubvumirana ’ zvinoshanda (kunyanya zvinodiwa kuti chitsigiro chokuyambuka) chive chadzivisa kudzokera kumasimba masimba akapararira.

Chibvumirano chacho chakavapowo mukupindura zvinetso zvitsva. Kubuda kweUK’ kubva muEuropean Union kwakaparira chinetso chechienzi, sezvo chibvumirano chakanga chavakwa pamativi ose ari maviri UK neIreland kuva mitezo yeEU. Chibvumirano cheNorthern Ireland (panguva payaya Windsor Framework) chakarongedzerwa kudzivirira Good Friday Aguertion kupfurikidza nokudzivisa muganhu wakaoma pachitsuwa cheIreland apo chaitarisira kutengeserana pakati peGreat Britain neNorthern Ireland. Ikoku kwakaparira kusawirirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, asi kuratidzira kugadzikama kwebvumirano ya1998.

Nhasi, Chibvumirano chaGood Chishanu Chinoramba chiri chinhu chikuru chorugare muNorthern Ireland. Chiripo hachisati chiri chisina vatsoropodzi .Nhau dzinobatanidza chinzwano chanetesa, nepo vamwe vagari vomunyika vanodavira kuti hakuna kuita zvakakwana kupedza kusaruramisira kwenhau. Bva chakabvumira chizvarwa kukura pasina chinoitika chezuva nezuva chemasimba masimba. Gadziriro dzacho dzokubatira pamwe kwesimba, ganhuriro yemiganhu, uye maruramiro avanhu anopfuurira kuumba mugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika, uye nheyo dzebvumirano nokuremekedza dzinoramba dziri hwaro bedzi hunobetsera nokuda kwenguva yemberi ine rugare.

Kumwe Kurava

Nokuda kwaavo vanoda kunzvera bvumirano muudzame, mashoko akazara anowanika kubva kuUK hurumende &ssquo; machengetero. Unogonawo kuwana nzvero nemashoko akapoteredza enhau kubva kumanyuko akadai se Encyclopaedia Britannica[, BB History of the Troubles, uye [[FLT:]] DAY] NDARO YEMAUNICE . Zvinhu izvi zvinogovera mashoko apamutemo uye maererano nemashandisikire anopfuurira kushanda.