Gadziriro Yapamutemo Norusununguko Rwemapepanhau: Mashongwe Enzanga Yakasviba Neyakakotsekana

Gadziriro yapamutemo norusununguko rwekubudisa nhau zvinowanzorondedzerwa sechinotangira kudzora kwehurumende yehurumende. Zvinoshanda sesimba rinotsamirana rinodzivirira kodzero dzevagari vemo, rinovimbisa kuzvidavirira kwehurumende, uye rinosimudzira vanhu vakasanoumbwa. Nepo tsika yemitemo ichigovera gadziriro yakarongeka yeruramisiro nenhevedzano, muchina wokubudisa mashoko wakasununguka unoita sechinorinda, unovhenekera pazvinoshatisa zvinobvira uye unogonesa hurukuro yavose. Kunzwisisa kuti aya masangano maviri anobatirana sei .

Nyaya ino inoongorora kuongorora kwezvose zviri zviviri kuronga pamutemo uye kubudisa rusununguko, kuongorora kwakwakabva, kuongorora zvinetso zvemazuva ano, uye kupa nzwisiso dzinoshanda kuvagari vemo vanoda kudzivirira shongwe idzi dzinokosha.

Muitiro Wapamutemo: Kuumbwa, Donzo, uye Kuzvidavirira

Gadziriro yapamutemo muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inopfuura muunganidzwa wemirau nechaimo yemitemo, miitiro, uye masangano anoumbwa kupedza gakava, kuranga chakaipa, uye kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu. Pamavambo ayo, gadziriro yapamutemo inogadza miganhu inodeya kuzivikanwa nokuda kwetsika, ichigovera vagari vemo namasangano ane nzwisiso yakajeka yezvinobvumirwa nezvisingabvumirwi.

Zvikamu Zvikuru Zvegadziriro Yepamutemo

  • [ Bhezi rinopa miganhu - Chinoumba mitemo kupfurikidza navamiriri vakasarudzwa. Iri bazi rinofanira kudzikamisa vanhu neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo.
  • [ Bazu reBazu reProvidence – rinodzosa mitemo kupfurikidza namasangano namabasa omutemo. Kunozvidavirira kuvose vari vaviri chigaro chomutemo nematare.
  • Jodicial Bazu - Rinodudzira mitemo, rinopedza gakava, uye rinohwirudzura kumira pabumbiro remitemo nezviito zvavakuru vakuru. Independent judicary inokosha.

Gadziriro yacho inobatanidzawo masangano okutarisira, mitemo yomunzvimbomo, uye zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose zvingabatanidzwa mumutemo wemhuri.

Kudzivirira Kunoita Maruramiro Epamutemo

Rimwe ramabasa makuru egadziriro yapamutemo nderokudzivirira maruramiro makuru. Gadziriro dzeBumbiro reMitemo, zvikwereti zvekodzero, uye zvishandiso zvamaruramiro avanhu zvinotanga dziviriro pakusungwa kworusarura, rusaruro, uye kuongororwa. Matare anogona kurova mitemo inoputsa iyi dziviriro, kugadzira nzvero pasimba remitemo neroukuru. Somuenzaniso, muUnited States, chisarudzo cheDare rapamusoro reDare mu New York Times v. United States [7] yakasimbisa nheyo yokuti kuganhurirwa kwapamberi pachinyorwa hakuwiriraniswa neratio.

Kupfuura kodzero dzevanhu, gadziriro yepamutemo inogovera nzira dzokutonga dzoutsotsi, kuchengetwa kwekondirakiti, kodzero dzezvinhu, uye kukanganisa zvinhu.

Matambudziko Mumutemo

Hapana gadziriro yapamutemo yakakwana. Nhau dzakadai sekuwana kuenzana kumimiriri yapamutemo, muchuchisi, uye miitiro yedare inononoka inogona kuderedza chivimbo. Munyika dzakawanda, gadziriro yapamutemo inoshandiswa sechishandiso chokunetsa vatori venhau kana kuti kudzvinyirira. Kupomera kwakarongwa kurwisana nokutora rutivi kwavose inzira inozivikanwa, umo vakwikwidzi venhau vane simba vanokwidza pepanhau kana kuti vanoshinga kubvisa pfuma yavo nokutsoropodza kunyara. Kuchinja kwakadai semitemo inorwisana neSSLAP kunovavarira kuderedza uku kubatwa zvisina kufanira.

Rusununguko Rwemapepanhau: Imbwa Inorinda Inochengetedza Simba

Rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau runonongedzera kumaruramiro okubudisa mashoko pasina kunzverwa kwehurumende kana kuti udzori. Rwunoiswa muzvishandiso zvamarudzi ose zvamaruramiro avanhu zvakadai seChikamu 19 cheUniversal Declaration of Human Rights uye mumabumbiro emitemo enyika akawanda. Chinobudisa nhau chakasununguka hachirevi mupepanhau risina kudzorwa nemitemo inorwisana nokushorwa, kupiwa chisimba, uye kunyandurirwa kumasimba masimba kunofanira kugamuchirwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji (8), asi mirangariro yapamberi isati iri yapamutemo inofanira kurwisana nedzongonyedzo yehurumende.

Mabasa Emapepanhau Ane Free Press

  • Kuumba Dare raVose - Vatori venhau vanoshuma pamusoro pezvinoitika zvomunzvimbomo, zvorudzi, uye zvamarudzi ose, vachigovera mashoko asina kugadzirirwa nokuda kwokuita chisarudzo chedemocracy.
  • Simba rokupindisa – Kushuma kwoupengo kunofumura ushati, kusashanda zvakanaka kwebhizimisi, uye kusazvibata kwehurumende. Watergate muenzaniso wakakurumbira.
  • Kuzivisa Platform yeNharo – OP-eds, mabhii kumupepeti wenhau, uye makwikwi avose anobvumira manzwi akasiana - siana kunzwika.
  • Kubata Institutions Reficition - Kupfurikidza nokuzivisa nhau dzedare, kutonga kwemitemo, uye zviito zvehurumende, muchina wokutsikirira unovimbisa kujeka.

Kuzvimirira kunokosha.

Dziviriro Dzapamutemo Dzavatori Venhau

Hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu zhinjisa dzinogovera dziviriro chaidzo kuvatori venhau, dzakadai semitemo inodzivirira manyuko asingadi kuziviswa. Dare reEurope rekodzero dzavanhu rakasimbisa rasimbisazve kuti rusununguko rwokukudziridza runokosha nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye kuti ganhuriro dzipi nedzipi dzinofanira kusanogadziriswa. Zvisinei, idzi dziviriro dzinosiyana zvikuru. Mudzimwe nyika, vatori venhau vanotarisana nokunzverwa, kusungwa, kana kuti masimba masimba masimba nemhaka bedzi yokuita basa ravo. Masangano akafanana Vatambi vemipinyi vemipiyuta pasina maBorions vanotarisira rusununguko munyika yose uye varevereri vadzorwi vemitemo vakasimba zvikuru.

Kupindira Kwakaita Rusununguko Rwepamutemo Nokushanda Kworusununguko Rwokufambisa

Ukama huri pakati pomutemo nepepanhau hunofadza asi hahusi hwetsinhirano nguva dzose. Gadziriro yemitemo inoumba mukati mayo mapepanhau (anoshandisa) mauri kutaura kwakadzivirirwa, chinoreva mashoko, uye icho vatori venhau vane kodzero vanacho kuti vawane mashoko.

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Zvinoshanda

  • Matare anogona kumanikidza kuti zvinyorwa zvehurumende zvibudiswe kuburikidza nerusununguko rwemitemo yemashoko, iyo vatori venhau vanozoshandisa kuzivisa vanhu.
  • Vatori venhau vangashuma pamusoro penyaya dzinopfuurira, asi vatongi vanogona kuisa mirayiro yokudzivirira kodzero yomukwirirwi kukutonga kusina ruramisiro —a kunyanduka kunoda kusanodzikamiswa.
  • Mitemo inopa mitemo iyo yose iri miviri inogonesa rusununguko rwokubudisa (munzira idimbu, kudzivirira kwevaridzi veridzo) ndokuruganhurira (muchiito, nhevedzano yechengeteko yenyika).

Imwe yemharadzano dzinotambudza zvikurusa idziviriro yamanyuko. Pasina mano okuvimbisa kuzivikanwa, vatori venhau vanofeyafeya vangarasikirwa nokusvika kuvaridzi vazhinji. Gadziriro dzemitemo dzinokudza manyuko echakavanzika(sa International Center nokuda kwaVatori venhau dzakanyora kuti /kutsigira kushuma kwakasimba zvikuru. Nenzira yepanikiridzo, apo matare anomanikidza vatori venhau kuzivisa manyuko, inogona kutonhora nokusekesa chivimbo chavanhu.

Apo Masangano Anenge Akapararira

Rwisano dzinomuka apo chengeteko yenyika, nhevedzano yavose, kana kuti kuva woga kunodudzwa kuti kururamisire zvisakafanira pamberi pezvidzoro kana kuti pomero dzoutsotsi muvatori venhau. Nhau yaJulian Assange naWikiLeaks inoenzanisira kusagadzikana kukuru: vamwe vanotaura kuti kubudisa mashoko akarongwa kuva echizivikanwo chinokosha pachivande chehurumende, nepo vamwe vachiakwikwidza achiisa mungozi upenyu uye kuderedza kukurukurirana nenhau. Masangano emitemo anofanira kudzora zvinetso izvi pasina kuisa pasi nheyo yokuti kunzvera hurumende ndiko kunosiiwa, kwete mutemo.

Imwe njodzi ndeyokushandiswa kwemitemo yokuongorora vatori venhau. Munyika dzakawanda, masangano anoona mutemo anoongorora kurukurirano dzevatori venhau pachivande kuti azive manyuko. Semuenzaniso, Department of Justice yeUnited States yakabata zvinyorwa zvefoni nemetaneti dzemaemail dzevanyori venhau panguva yokuongorora kunopaza.

Murangariro Wenhau: Evolution of Press Freedom and Magional Comforts

Kubva Pakuva Mufundisi Kuenda Kudziviriro kweBumbiro Romutemo

Kwemazana amakore, hurumende dzakadzora zvakasimba muchina wokudhinda. MuEngland, Ricensing Act ya1662 yaida kuti mabhuku ose atenderwe neHurumende. Kukundikana kwechiito ichocho muna 1695 kunowanzodudzwa senhambo yokuchinja. Vazivi vakajekeswa saJohn Milton naJohn Stuart Mill vakatsigira kutaura kwapachena sokunokosha kuti chokwadi chibude. American Recording Freedommented transformation in the First Amendment (1791), nepo ziviso reFrance’s Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789) rakazivisa kurukurirano yapachena yepfungwa sekodzero tsvene.

Zvinetso Zvikuru Nemipimo Yamarudzi Ose

Mumazana amakore 20 ne21, matare munyika yose akakudza dziviriro dzemichina. Nhengo huru dzeU.S. dzinobatanidza Nearbrneta [1931], iyo yakaguma pamberi pekuzvidzora kunze kwemigariro yechienzi; New York Times v. Sullivan[FLT] [1964] [1964]), iyo yakasimudza bhawa ravakuru vakuru vekusurusa relibel; uye Branzburg v.[FL:][5][72], iyo yainoti vatori venhau havana maruramiro chose kupupurira asi kusimbira ruboshwe nokuda kwedziviriro.

Mumarudzi ose, European Convention on Human Rights (Article 10) neSangano reNyika Yose reSangano reChibatanwa chaMarudzi paChivili Namaruramiro Echipomende (Chikwangwari 19) zvinogovera misengwa inosungisa. Mitumbi yakafanana neDare reInter-American of Human Rights rakabudisa mirangariro yokupomera pamusoro pokusawirirana kwemitemo youtsotsi nenheyo dzehurumende inozvidza hurumende.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera Zvokuti Tichine Rusununguko uye Tichiperera Mumutemo

Pasinei zvapo nenheyo dzakasimba dzerondedzero, zvose zviri zviviri gadziriro yemitemo norusununguko rwokutsinhana zvinotarisana netyisidziro dzakakomba muzana ramakore rechi 21.

Kutadza Kushandisa Madhigirii uye Kusaziva Zvinhu

Intaneti yakabudisa urongwa hwedemocracy asi yakabudisawo fungu remashoko okusawirirana, kutaura kworuvengo, uye zviteshi zvemikoto yemitemo. Hurumende dzakapindura nemitemo yakarongerwa kudzora mashoko enhema . Yakadai seMarigital Service Services yeEU. Kunyange zvazvo yakasanopindwa, iyi mitemo inogona kushandiswa kunyaradza kutsoropodza kwapamutemo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, zviteshi zvemasangano enzanga zvakava nzvimbo itsva yavose, uye miitiro yazvo yemwero inoshanda nenzira inobudirira chimiro chokunzvera kwapachivande cheEUP, izvo gadziriro dzemitemo dzekare dzinorwisa kudzora.

Kudziridza Rusununguko Mudenho Mumarudzi Akawanda

Mukuwirirana ne Mapepanhau Asina Borders’s World Press Freedom Index, rusununguko rwokubudisa rwakaderera munyika yose kwamakore anoverengeka anotevedzana. Vatori venhau vanotarisana nedenho dzomuviri, kuiswa mutorongo, uye kuponda munyika dzakadai seMexico, India, uye Russia. Kunyange muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, vezvamatongerwe enyika kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanoparira ruvimbo rwezvisarudzo rwavanhu,” vanobvisa chivimbo chavose nokuparira mugariro umo kunetswa kunodzorwa. Chinjo dzemitemo dzoutsotsi dzinoita kuti magazini ezvokuchengeteka kwamarudzi ose kana kuti mitemo inorwisana nechengedzero yemagandanga yakashandiswa zvisina kufanira kazhinji.

Dzvinyiriro Dzemari Nokusimbiswa Kwezvinobudisa Nhau

Zviteshi zvenhau zvakawanda zvagara zvichingoderera kana kuti kuvharwa nemhaka yekurasikirwa nemari kumichina mikuru. Mapepanhau emo, zvikurukuru, aparadzwa. Mugumisiro wacho “magwenga matsva” (jecha rinopa mishumo yomunzvimbomo). Masangano enhau okubatanidza zvinhu mumapoka mashoma makuru anogona kuderedza maonero. Dzimwe nyika dzakaedza kurwisa izvi nokutsigira mari yavose nokuda kwezvinobudisa nhau kana kuti kukurudzira kubhadhara mitero nokuda kwemapepanhau anoongorora, asi matanho akadaro anopesana mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Kuzvimirira Mukutonga Kunotyisidzirwa

Gadziriro yapamutemo iyo iri pasi pedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika haigoni kudzivirira rusununguko. Nyika dzakafanana nePoland neHungary dzakaona chinjo dzedare dzinomutsa nharo idzo vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti matare ari pasi pebato rinotonga. Apo vatongi vanotya matsive nokuda kwokutonga hurumende, gadziriro yose yecheki nedzinoyera inonetesa, uye vatsigiri vanoshaikwa nenhau. International Commission of Juright [ yakatsindidzira aya maitiro netsigiro nokuda kwokuzvimirira kwekutonga sezvinodikanwa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Basa Revagari Vemo: Kutsigira Kwaungaita Musangano Wepamutemo Nemapepanhau Akasununguka

Vanhu vakaroorana vanogona kusimbisa mutemo uye kuita kuti vanhu vasununguke zuva nezuva.

Ramba Uine Unyanzvi uye Uchitsigira Urongwa Hwokuwana Mashoko

Zvinyore kumashoko akakurumbira, ose ari maviri enzvimbo neomunyika. Ipa mupiro kuminhevedzo isingapinduri yakadai sePropublica kana kuti The Center for Investigative Reporting. Kana vagari vakada zvikuru kushuma kwakakwana, kwakarurama, masangano ezvinobudisa nhau angada kuisa mauri. Dzivisa mashoko asina kujeka panyuchi dzinobudisa nhau; kurudzira kuongorora zviitiko.

Ita Chibvumirano Negadziriro Yepamutemo

Zivai kuti kana kuti sarudzo inoshanda. Shandai padare rinobetsera vatongi paunodanwa. Pindai kutonga kwedare kwomunzvimbomo kuti muchengete gadziriro yeruramisiro iri kushanda. Nzwisisa kodzero dzako(kubatanidza maruramiro okurekosha mapurisa muruzhinji(* uye anoziva nzira yokuwana nayo marekodhi avose. Masangano mazhinji emitemo anopa pfuma yapachena kubetsera vagari vemo kutungamirira gadziriro.

Mutsigiri Wokudzivirira

Nhaupiso vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kuti vatsigire mitemo inorwisana neSLAP, kudzivirira mitemo nokuda kwavatori venhau, uye rusununguko rwakasimba rwemashoko zviito. Tsigira masangano anodzivirira kodzero dzapamutemo uye anomanikidzira rusununguko, zvakadai se Kommettee kudzivirira Vatori venhau[ kana kuti American Civil Liberes Union. Mutsigiri mukurwisana nomutemo unoita kuti kushuma kwapamutemo.

Kusimudzira Kunyora Nezvinobudisa Mashoko

Dzidza iwe nevamwe kuti ungaongorora sei zvinobuda, ungasiyanisa sei nhau nemafungire, uye ungaziva nzira dzokuchinja nadzo zvinhu. Zvikoro nemaraibhurari zvinogona kuisa mashopu.

Mugumisiro: Mutoro Wokugoverana

Gadziriro yapamutemo norusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau hazvisati zviri mirangariro inoshanda inoumba upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Gadziriro yemitemo inoshanda zvakanaka inodzivisa utsotsi, inopedza magakava nenzira yakanaka, uye inodzivirira maruramiro mashoma. Muchina wakasununguka unovhenekera zviito zvehurumende, unopa inzwi kumunhu asinganzwi, uye unopa simba vagari vemo kuita zvisarudzo zvokuziva. Kana zvose zviri zviviri zvakasimba, nzanga yakakotsekana, yakarurama zvikuru, uye yakanyanya kusimba.

Bva havazvitsigiri. Vanotsamira pakungwarira kwavose, kuda zvamatongerwe enyika, uye dziviriro dzapamutemo dzinodzivisa kuparadzwa. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu negadziriro dzapasi zvichachinja, asi nheyo dzinoramba dziripo. Nokunzwisisa kuti gadziriro yapamutemo nerusununguko zvinoshanda sei pamwe chete, uye kupfurikidza nokuita nhano dzokushingaira kuvadzivirira ($8) shongwe dzinopfuurira kutsigira upenyu hwedemocracy nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvichauya.