Kutanga: Chivako Chehurumende Yakanaka

Muitiro unowirirana nenheyo yomutemo wehurumende, uchiita kuti masangano ehurumende ave nechokwadi chokuti anoshandisa masimba awo makuru nenzira inoruramisira, kuoneka, uye kuremekedza kodzero dzevanhu. Muhurumende yemazuva ano umo masangano anoita zvisarudzo zvinotapura chinhu chose kubva pakuchengeteka kwemasangano anopa mari inoitirwa marezinesi, nheyo yokuti hapana munhu anofanira kunyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu zvisina purogiramu yakarurama yakakomba yakakomba. Asi kushandiswa kwemarongedzero akakodzera mumiitiro yokutarisira zvinhu kuri nyore. Kunoda kudzikamisa zvakanaka kudzora kodzero dzevanhu, kazhinji mumipimo yezviwanikwa uye maererano nemitemo yakaoma. Nyaya ino inoongorora mamirire ezvinhu akawanda ehurumende, kuongorora mipimo yayo mikuru, kuongorora mipimo yayo, uye kutarisana nezvinetso zvinopfuurira mberi.

Mhindumupindu Yenhau Nenheyo Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Kubva kuMagna Carta Kuenda kuMitemo Yechishanu Neyechigumi Nechina

Murangariro wemuitiro wakafanira une mavambo makuru enhau, uchidzokera kuMagna Carta muna 1215, uyo wakapikira kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka aizorangwa "kunze kwerutongeso rwapamutemo rwevezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika. Iyi rugwaro rwakashanduka kuva "muitiro womutemo wazvino uno," wakaiswa muGaramende reshanu kuU.S. (akatenderwa 1791), iyo inorambidza hurumende yehurumende kunyima munhu upi noupi we "upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo." Gare gare gare, Hakuna muganhu we145 (1868) wakatambanurira uyu mutezo mumwe chetewo kuhurumende. Iyi mitengo miviri inoparira mutengo womutemo nokuda kwezviito zvose zvehurumende, kubatanidza masangano ehurumende.

Administrate Procedure Act (APA) uye Muitiro Wakakodzera

Apo Bumbiro reMitemo rinoisa uriri, Congress yavaka pariri kupfurikidza nemirairo seAdministrative Procediture Act ya 1946 (APA). APA inosimbisa zvinodikanwa zvehwaro zvemasangano ehurumende, kubatanidza kuzivisa uye kuronga mutemo, kuisa miraudzo, uye hwirudzuro yedare. Inosiyanisa pakati pezvikamu zvetsika (zvinoda kunzwa kwakafanana nokuedza) nezviito zvisina kurongwa (papo miitiro ingava yakapfava zvikuru). Iyi gadziriro yemitemo inoshanda nomutoo unoshanda nomutoo unoshamisa nomuitiro webumbiro remitemo, kazhinji kazhinji inogovera dziviriro inopfuure mwero womutemo uye kugadzira mutumbi wakapfuma wenhau pamusoro apo miitiro yakarongwa inodikanwa mumutemo.

Mitauro Miviri Yezvinoitika Zvakakodzera

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Muitiro wakafanira wokusafunga unobvunza kana mutemo kana kuti chiito chehurumende chimene chakarurama zvikuru uye chakarurama, pasinei zvapo nemiitiro inoshandiswa kuchishandisa. Inodzivirira maruramiro akati anokosha akadai sechivande, roorano, uye kuzvitonga kwevabereki (padzongonyedzo dzehurumende) dzichirega fariro inogombedzera yehurumende. Mumutemo wokutonga, denho dzapachimbichimbichimbi dzoga hadziwanzoitika asi dzine simba. Somuenzaniso, murairo wesangano unogadzira zvinhu zvakarurama kana kuti unoputsa fariro huru zvikuru ungaparadzwa sechinoputsa muitiro wehurumende unogombedzera. Zvisinei, matare anodzoresa zvikuru kumasangano apo mutemo usati uchitapura zvakarurama, uchishandisa bedzi muedzo une mufungo.

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Kurangarira zvakafanira, itiro hanya huru mumutemo wehurumende, inonangidzira ngwariro pakururama kwomuitiro unoshandiswa apo hurumende inotsvaka kunyima munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Kunoda, zvishoma, cherechedzo nebanza zvokunzwiwa. Asi chii chinoumba chiziviso chakakwana? Rudzii rwokunzwa runodikanwa? Mhinduro hadziwanzova dzese. Dare Rapamusoro rakagadzira gadziriro yakapfava inodzikamisa fariro yomunhu oga padanda, ngozi yokushaiwa zvikanganiso mumiitiro yazvino uno, uye fariro yehurumende mukuita zvakanaka neupfumi.

Kudzikamisa Mathaws neEldridge

Mu Mathews v. Elditridge [77], Dare rapamusoro rakatanga kuedza mativi matatu ayo anoramba ari chishandiso chikuru chemichina yemiitiro yokunyora nokuda kwegadziriro yokutonga inotaurwa mumashoko akapoteredza ehurumende:

  • Fariro yomunhu oga inotapurwa nechiito chapamutemo.
  • Ngozi yokunyimwa kwenhema kupfurikidza nemiitiro inoshandiswa zvino, uye ukoshi hwezvinodzivirira zvokuwedzera kana kuti zvokutsiva.
  • Fariro yehurumende, kubatanidza mitoro yemari negadziriro dzokutarisira izvo miitiro yokuwedzera yaizobatanidza.

Iyi muedzo unobvumira matare kuisa dziviriro dzemipimo kumashoko akapoteredza chaiwo, achiziva kuti kunzwa kwakazara hakudikanwi nguva dzose. Somuenzaniso, mu Mathews [ imene, Dare rakataura kuti varasikirwi vanobetserwa navagamuchiri vakanga vasina kufanira kunzwiwa nomutemo pamberi pokubviswa kwebetsero nemhaka yokuti mutoo wehwirudzuro uripo wakadzivirira zvakakwana fariro dzavo uye kutongwa kwaizova kunodhura. Uku kurangarira kwakaumba zvirongwa zvisingaverengeki zvehurumende, kubva kugarikano kusvikira kukuvara kuti vaende kuende kunzvimbo.

Magoridhe Mufambiro Unodzora

Cherechedza Zvinodiwa

Cherekedza chinhu chokutanga uye chikurusa chomuitiro wechakafanira wekuzivisa. Inofanira kurangarirwa nenzira ine mufungo, mumigariro yose, kumutsa vanofarira shingairo yechiito ndokuvapa mukana wokuramba. Mumiitiro yokudzora, cherekedza kunobatanidza hwaro hwechokwadi nehwapamutemo hwechiito chesangano chikarakadzwa, musi wekunzwa kupi nokupi, uye tsananguro yekodzero yomunhu yokupindura. Mukuwanira mashoko asina kujeka, kutumirwa kukero, kana kuti kubudiswa mumanyuko asina kujeka bedzi.

Mukana Wokunzwiwa

Mukana wokunzwa haudi kunzwa usati uchingoda kutaurirwa. Zvichitsamira paMatews, zvingagutswa kupfurikidza nokuzviisa pasi kwakanyorwa, kuhwirudzura pepa, kana kuti misangano isina kurongwa. Zvisinei, apo fariro yomunhu oga iri huru(muenzaniso, kurasikirwa nerezinesi renyanzvi, kuchengetwa kwomwana, kana kuti kuendeswa kunyika ine ngozi (mapepa) kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunoda kunzwa kwapamuromo uko munhu anogona kupa zvapupu, kuyambuka - aremine ufakazi husingadzorwi, uye kuva nebetsero yezano. Chinokosha ndechokuti kunzwa kunofanira kuitika panguva ine revorongeri, kazhinji kazhinji kacho pamberi pokushaiwa mhaka dzokupedzisira kunoitwa, kunyange zvazvo kunzwa kwapashure kuchigona kuva kwakakwana mumigariro yekurumidziro.

Mutongi Asina Kusarura uye Akaparadzana Mumabasa

Gadziriro inoda kuti mugadziri wechisarudzo ave asingatori rutivi uye asingasaruri. Mumasangano ehurumende, ikoku kunowanzomutsa funganyo pamusoro pemubatanidzwa wemibato yemuchuchisi nemhiko mukati mesangano rimwe chetero. Kutaura izvi, APA inoda kuparadzaniswa kwemabasa mumiraudzo yakaro. Vashandi vamwe chetevo vanoongorora kana kuti kupomera mhaka havagoni kurumbidza muiti wechisarudzo. Zvikamu zvemitemo (ALJ) zvinofarikanya dziviriro dzemitemo kubva pakudzvinyirirwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvisarudzo zvavo zvinodzorwa nevakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vakakwirira. Nhau dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, dzakadai se [[FLT:] SEC v[FLT] . [208], zvakawedzera kurongwa nokubviswa kwemitemo yemitemo inovakwa.

Kodzero Yokukwirira Nokuhwirudzura

Muitiro wakafanira unobatanidzawo maruramiro kuchimiro chakati chehwirudzuro yesangano rapakati kana kuti hwirudzuro yedare rehurumende. APA inopa munhu upi noupi "asundwa nechiito chesangano" maruramiro okuhwirudzura kutoti mutemo unodzivisa zvakajeka. Iyi hwirudzuro inobvumira matare kunzvera kana sangano racho rakatevera miitiro yakafanira, rikaitwa mukati mechiremera charo chomutemo, uye rinoita zvisarudzo zvinotsigirwa noufakazi hwakasimba. Chikumbiro chinobva kuchisarudzo chakaipa chinongova chaizvoizvo dziviriro yokupedzisira mukurwisana nechiito chehurumende chenhema, uye kuwanikwa kwehwirudzura kune revo ino mufungo kunorangarirwa sechinhu chikuru chebumbiro rakafanira.

Nzvero Dzenhau: Zviratidzo Zvechiratidzo Mugadziriro Yokutarisira Yakafanira

Kelly (1970)

Mu Goldberg v. Kelly, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti New York City haigoni kugumisa betsero dzegarikano pasina kutanga kugovera mugamuchiri nenzwi rinooneka nguva isati yasvika. Dare rakasimbisa kuti betsero dzegarikano ikodzero yekodzero yechinhu (‘a faciotion process) uye kuti fariro yomunhu oga yokudzivisa betsero dzezvinodikanwa zvinokosha zvinogovera zvokudya, zvipfeko, uye pokugara yakakwirira zvikuru. Murangariro unonangidzira miitiro inodikanwa: chiziviso chakakodzera uye chakakwana, mukana wokupa uchapupu hunotaurwa uye kutarisana nezvipupu zvakaipa, mikana yokupa zano risina muganhu, muiti wechisarudzo chisina muganhu. [FF:]

Matews v. Eldridge (1976)

Makore matanhatu chete gare gare, [[FT:0] Mathews v. Eldidge yakanatsa gadziriro yakafanira nenhambo yakaganhurirwa Goldberg. Dare rakaramba kuti nokuda kwokuremara kweSocial Security kunobetsera (icho chakafanana nefariro, yakavakirwa paufakazi hwezvokurapa panzvimbo pokugara nguva mberi kunzwika kwave kusingadikanwi. Panzvimbo pezvo, muitiro wekuhwirudzurudzura wapapo, unobatanidza kuzviisa pasi nokumwe kunyora ufakazi hwokurapa, zvinogutswa nemhaka yefariro yomunhu oga mubetsero yourema, nepoka, kunyange zvazvo yakava inotambudza zvikuru kupfuura mugarikano yeyamutezo. Maths akatanga kunzvera mupimo wezviito zvose zvakafanira, masangano edare anochinjika, uye kugovera nzira yokupa nayo.

Loudermill (1985)

.Cleverand Board of Education v. Loudermill yakakurukura maruramiro akafanira ebasa ravashandi vavanhu vose. Dare rakataura kuti mushandi wavose ane mhindu yenzvimbo inopfuuridzirwa mumabasa (g., mudzidzisi kana kuti mushandi wehurumende) ane chiremera kukunzwa kwapamberi penguva) ane kodzero kukunzwa kwapamberi pedu kwenguva (kupo hurumende ingagona kurondedzera ukuru hwekodzero dzezvinhu kupfurikidza nomutemo) haisati ichishandisa chinhu chiripo, mutengo unoparira kuti pashure pokubviswa, mushandi anofanira kugamuchira nguva dzose yokuwana.

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004) – Kufanira Kuitwa Kupfuura Hurumende

Kunyange zvazvo isati iri mhaka yomutemo unodzora pase, HAMDI v. Rumsfeld inoratidzira kusvika kwebasa rakafanira kunyange mumigariro yakapoteredza yenyika. Dare rakataura kuti mugari wemo weU. akatapwa somuvengi anofanira kugamuchira ziviso yehwaro hwechokwadi nokuda kwokusungwa kwake uye mukana une revo wokukwikwikwidzana pamberi pomugadziri wechisarudzo asina kubatana. Murangariro weMatessis akashandisa kuedza kuenzanisa kwezvamagariro zvomunhu mukupesana nefariro yehurumende mukurwisana nehondo. Nepo miitiro inodikanwa mu Hamdhi yakaganhurirwa kupfuura kutongwa kwoutsotsi, nhau yacho inoratidzirwa mukuita maruramiro enyika zvikurusa.

Matambudziko Achavapo Nenhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Mazano Okushandisa Mari uye Kutsigira Kushanda Kwehurumende

Rimwe redenho dzinopfuurira zvikurusa kuva nechokwadi chemiitiro yakafanira imhaka huru inobatwa namasangano. Matare okutora matare oga ane nhau dzinopfuura mamiriyoni matatu. Mahofisi eSocial Security Administration anotarisana nemirairo yegore rakawanda. Apo masangano anoshaiwa zvishandiso zvokuva nemhesano dzapanguva, vanhu vanogona kutambura nokushaiwa betsero dzinogara kwenguva refu, kunonoka kwemajererutsi, kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo kwakarebeswa. Mathows anorangarira zvakajeka mutoro wehurumende nedzoro, asi masangano pasi pouriri hwebumbiro remitemo anogona kuisa mitoo mibato pasi pebumbiro remitemo, kutungamirira kukuchinja kweProgiramusvusvudziro kusingadzokerwi nemari.

Kushata Kweruzivo Rworuzivo Rwokugadzira: AI, Chisarudzo cheDzidziro yeApplicat-algorime, uye Kunzwa Kwechokwadi

Kugamuchirwa kwokukurumidza kwemiitiro yokudzora kunopa mikana nengozi nokuda kwegadziriro yakafanira. Mubatanidzwa wekunzwa kwepaIndaneti, unokurumidziswa nedenda reCOVOID, unogona kuvandudza nzira yevanhu vari munharaunda dziri kure asi ungadzivisawo kukwanisa kupa ufakazi nenzira inobudirira kana kuti kucherekedza mufambiro wezvapupu uye vagadziri vemiitiro yokutonga. Zvakawanda pamusoro pokushandiswa kwemiitiro yokuita zvisarudzo nemhiko yamasangano, anokurumidzirwa neambuya, akadai semaarundi anosarudza betsero, mureza unofungidzirwa kubiridzira, kana kuti kuisa migariro yetsika. Masangano aya anogona kuva akajeka, asina kururama, uye anorerekera, achimutsa muitiro wakakomba pamusoro pezviziviso pamusoro pezvisarudzo, tsananguro, uye kukwidza kwakarurama kukwikwidzana nechisarudzo chokuvhiya. Dare redare rinovamba kurwisana kana kuzivisa kana kugona kubudisa manyuko ehurumende.

Kutama Nokutakurwa

Mutemo wokutora dare inzvimbo inorwisana namaruramiro akafanira. Vasingamirirwi mukubviswa kwenhau vane maruramiro edziviriro dzakafanira kumuitiro wakati, kunyange zvazvo upamhi hunosiana zvichitsamira pamugariro wavo wokutama nokuvapo muU.S. Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti vagari vemo vechigarire vanotarisana nokudzingwa vane maruramiro enhau dzakafanira kururamisirwa, kubatanidza ziviso, kumirira (zano rehurumende risina kurongwa), uye banza rokupa ufakazi huripo. Zvisinei, kubvisa miitiro yokubviswa, kuchengetwa kwapamutemo, uye kushaikwa kwezano rapamutemo nokuda kwavazhinji vasiri vafundisi navarapi. Immig neNational Acts reconstry zvinovatems anoramba zviri munzvimbo inopisa inopfuurwa.

Kuwana Ruramisiro: Vacherekedzi Vanoona Nezvevanhu

Kunyange kana miitiro ichiita seyakasimba zvikuru, vanhu vakawanda vanoshandisa nzira dzokutarisira pasina gweta. Mukusanzwa kwekuremara kweSocial Security, somuenzaniso, inenge 60% yavanotenga havapiwi pamavambo. Zvirongwa zvinorwisa kazhinji nemitemo yakaoma, mipimo yemitemo isina kurovedzeka, uye mamiriro emitemo asina kurongwa asi achiri kutyisa esangano. Kuda kuti miitiro ive ine revo, uye kuti munhu asina kumira zvakanaka akwanise kutora rutivi zvinobudirira. Mamwe masangano anowanzopindura nokurerutsa zvimiro, kugovera mirayiridzo yemitemo isina kurongwa, uye kugovera betsero yapachena, asi mukamukana unoramba uripo. Kuziva pachena nedzidzo yapamutemo kunokosha kuvimbisa kuti vanhu vanoziva kodzero dzavo uye kuti vazvirovedze sei.

Kuchinja Kunopfuurira Kwegadziriro Yakafanira muMutemo Unodzora

Muitiro wakafanira mumutemo wokutarisira hausi mutevedzeri wemitemo yakarerekera asi nheyo mhenyu inochinjika kumigariro inochinja. Kuvambira padziviriro dzapakuvamba dzaMagna Carta kusvikira kumiedzo yazvino uno yeDare Rapamusorosoro, pfungwa huru inopfuurira: Hurumende inofanira kubata vanhu nenzira yakarurama apo inodzongonyedza upenyu hwavo, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Hurumende inotapukira kunenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva. “Maswo, mabasa, pokugara, tarisiro youtano, kubuda kwenzvimbo, kubuda kweutano (ne nguva dzose) uye pfundo rimwe nerimwe rinomutsa mibvunzo yokuda ngwariro yokungwarira kuvagadziri vemitemo, masangano, matare, uye vatsigiriri.

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runowedzera uye kuwanda kwemitengo, denho ndeyokuchengeta dziviriro dzemipimo ine revo pasina kuisa basa rokudzora. Matews kuyera mamiriro ezvinhu kunogovera chishandiso chakapfava, asi kushanda kwaro kunoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose. Zviitiko zvakadai Goldberg[, [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [2] yakaumba kunzwisisa kwedu kwazvino uno, asi matare enguva yemberi achatarisana neganhuriro itsva, [[FLT:] Loudermill, uye [FLT] , [FLT:] [[FLT]]] [di] [FLT] [i] [i] [inenge] yakaita mufungo wedu, asi pamutemo womunguva yemberi anonanwa kupfurikidza namano anodikanwa kupfurikidza namashoko ose.