Nzira Iyo Matare Anodudzira Nayo Mitemo: Basa Ravatongi Nezvirango

Kududzirwa kwemitemo idivi regadziriro ipi neipi yedare inoshanda. Matare haangoravi mitemo nebumbiro remitemo; anofemera upenyu mairi, anoshandisa nheyo dzakafara kunharo dzakananga. Iyi nzira inosarudza maruramiro avanhu, ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende, uye mhindu yedzidziso dzapamutemo. Kunzwisisa kuti matare anodudzira sei mitemo . (jee) kupfurikidza neresi remitemo yezvokutonga uye kuganhurirwa kwesimba (h) kunokosha nokuda kwamagweta, vadzidzi, uye munhu upi noupi anobatira pamwe negadziriro yemitemo yepamutemo. Nyaya inonzvera basa rakasiyana - siyana, rondedzero dzinopesana dzemhudzano dzemiganhuro, uye zvinetso zvinoramba zvichiumba kuti mitemo inonzwisiswa sei uye ishatisiswe.

Basa Ravatongi Mukududzira Mutemo

Vatongi ndivo vanotanga kutsanangura. Kana mutemo, murau, kana kuti gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo isina kujeka, unova mutongi kuti apedze kujeka ndokuziva revo yomutemo. Basa iri rine uremu hukuru, sezvo chisarudzo chimwe chokutonga chinogona kutanga muenzaniso unobatanidza nyaya dzomunguva yemberi musimba. Basa romutongi rinobatanidza mabasa anoverengeka akasiyana - siyana asi anopfuudzira.

Kududzira Mitemo

Kududzira mutemo ishanduro inozivikanwa zvikurusa yenzvero yomutemo. Apo chigaro chinotonga chinopfuura mutemo, hachigoni kufanoona mamiriro ose enhau angamuka. Vatongi vanofanira kurava rugwaro rwomutemo ndokusarudza kana runoshanda kunhau yacho. Ikoku kunoda kusanonzverwa kwomutauro, mumitemo, uye donzo romutemo. Matare kazhinji kazhinji anotarira ku [[FLT:] , izvo zvinorangarira kuti kana rugwaro rwakajeka uye rwakarurama, vatongi vanofanira kurushandisa seri kwakanyorwa pasina kutendeukira kumanyuko okunze. Zvisinei, uye vatongi vanorangarira nhau inodzorwa, mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana nedzidziso [FLT:][FLT] [FF]] [FT]]

Kushandisa Zvinotangira

Dzidziso ya [[FLT: 0] inogovera kuti zvisarudzwe .chiLatin nokuda kwe “kumira muzvinhu zvasarudzwa” matare eU.S. Dare guru kazhinji kazhinji rinonamatira kumienzaniso yawo amene apakuvamba apo mubvunzo mumwe chetewo wapamutemo unomuka. Chirevo chinogovera kusachinja, kusaguma, uye kururama, kuvimbisa kuti mapoka aripo anobatwa zvakafanana. Matare makuru anosungwa nechisarudzo chakakwirira mukati mechiremera chimwe chete. Kunyange Dare guru rinonamatira kumienzaniso yaro yaro, kunyange zvazvo ringaachinja muzvinoitika zvisingawanzoitikiki kana kuti zvikanganiso mukurangarira zvinoruramisa kururamisa. Mienzaniso yokupfuura. [FLT:] V.[3]

Kufunga Nezvezviri pasi

Murayiro unowanzova wezvakapoteredza zvenzanga, zvemari, uye zvenhau umo mutemo wakaitwa. Somuenzaniso, mutemo unopfuudzwa mukati mehondo ungaratidzira funganyo dzekurumidziro idzo dzakasiana nedziya dzomunguva yorugare. Dare ringarangarirawo miuyo inoshanda yedudziro dzavo, kudzivisa miuyo isina mufungo iyo dare remitemo risingagoni kuva rakafunga. Kududzira mashoko kunokosha zvikuru mumutemo wemitemo, umo revo yakafara yamashoko yakafanana ne “kuvamba” kana kuti“ dziviriro yakaenzana” inochinja sezvo nzanga inochinja.

Kupedza Uipi

Apo mutemo une mashoko asina kujeka, miganhu, kana kuti kupokanidzana kwomukati, vatongi vanofanira kupedza izvi zvisakiso. Vangashandisa zvishandiso zvinodudzira zvakadai se murairo wemhosva [ (mumutemo wetsotsi, zvishandiso zvinosarudzwa mukutsigira mukwiridziridziridziridziridziri) kana kuti kubvisa padzivisiro (mutemo wedare haufaniri kubvisa mutemo kunze kwokunge Congressss arong aronge aitirwa zvakajeka). Chisarudzo chechishandiswa chinowanzoratidzira kuva mutongi ari pasi pedzikamo yemipimo pakati poutongi noukuru hwemitemo.

Uzivi Hwokutonga Nemaitiro Okududzira

Vatongi havasati vari vaongorori vasingatori rutivi; vanounza uzivi hunoturikira uhwo hunoumba maravire amagwaro. uhwu uzivi hwazova chinhu chikuru kukurukurirano yavose, zvikurukuru mukati mekusimbiswa kwedare rapamusorosoro.

Kurerutsa

Rugwaro rwokutanga runotaura kuti rugwaro rwemitemo neremitemo runofanira kuturikirwa maererano nerevo yarwo yevanhu yepakutanga panguva yokuitwa kwemifungo. Iyi nzira inotsvaka kumisa kungwara kupfurikidza nokunamira kutsanangura kwenhau. Vashanduri vanotaura kuti vatongi havafaniri kupinza mipimo yavo vamene mumutemo. Mutongi Antonin Scalia akanga ari mutsigiri mukuru, uye vapanguva imwe cheteyo saMutongi Clarence Thomas naMutongi Amy Barrett (mutongerierierimett) vanopfuurira kupesvedzera. Chinyorwa chomutauro weCristrupmence chinopinda muzvinoverengeka: [[FLT:] donzo revo rekare] (zvikamu zvamagaro) uye kunzvera kwazvinopfuutsa , kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji. [FLT]

Kurarama Kwomutemo

Musiano, chibvumirano chipenyu chinorangarira Bumbiro remitemo segwaro rine revo huru rinochinjira kumigariro inochinja. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti vashandisi vamafomu vakashandisa mutauro wakafara kubvumira mhindumupindu yomunguva yemberi. Somuenzaniso, kurambidza kweSeth Amendment kwe “udzvinyiriri nezvirango zvechienzi” kwakadudzirwa kurambidza miitiro yaichimbogamuchirwa, yakadai sokuuraya vaduku kana kuti vanhu vane urema hwendangariro. Mutongi William Brennan naRute Bader Ginsburg vaigamuchira mutoo uyu. Vatsoropote vanotaura kuti chibvumirano chipenyu chemitemo inotonga zvikuru kuti chisarudziro chomunhu oga oga mukuzvidudzira, kuzvidza kuzvidavirira kwedenderedzwa kwehurumende. Muitiro, vatongi vazhinji vanobatanidza uzivi hwose huri huviri, vachishandisa kurangarira kwapakuvamba nokuda kwegadziriro kwakati uye kurangarira kushanduka.

Kuvaka Kwapachokwadi Nokunyora Magwaro

Kuvaka kwakananga kazhinji kazhinji kunowirirana nokuvamba asi kwakaganhurirwa: kunoomerera kuti vatongi vanofanira kushandisa bedzi mashoko chaiwoiwo omutemo, vachiramba kushandisa revo kupfurikidza nerevo kupfuura rugwaro chairwoirwo. Textalism, yakakurumbira naSahluleristi Scalia, ishanduro yakakwirira zvikuru inorangarira rugwaro rwose, kubatanidza marongedzero arwo namashoko arwo, asi vanoramba kutsamira panhau dzemitemo. Zvose zvinangwa zvinoda kuganhurira kuita chiito chokutonga kupfurikidza nokunangidzira pamite yetsika pazvinangwa zvetsika. Panguva ino, chiono chekuti rugwaro rwakawanda] rune chinangwa charwo, kunyange kana zvichida kupfuura rugwaro. Vatongi vazhinji vanogamuchira masangano emashoko anobatanidza masangano emitemo.

Kutonga Kunopesana. Kutonga

Kuganhurirwa kwemitemo kupa zano rokuti matare anofanira kuzviisa pasi pezvisarudzo zvemitemo namasangano anotungamirira kutoti achiputsa zvakajeka Bumbiro reMitemo kana kuti mirau. Kudzorwa kunowanzowirirana nedzidziso dzapakuvamba nedzinotaurwa. Chiito chedare chedare, kune rumwe rutivi, chinorondedzera nhambo apo vatongi vanodisa kuputsa mitemo kana kuti kuwedzera maruramiro anopfuura rugwaro. Zvedare reRehinPromension kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji rinoshandiswa nenzira yakajeka; zvisarudzo zvizhinji zvine zvinhu zvezvose zviri zviviri zvichitsamira panhau. Somuenzaniso, Dare reWarren Court (195319669) rinodanwa kazhinji kazhinji kuverwa kworutsinhiko rwetsanguriro dzaro huru dzekodzero dzavagari vemo nedzeutsotsi, nepo Rehnquinquist Court (1986869956) yakatsigira simba renyika pasi pecom Claus.

Kupomera Netapuro Yako Padudziro Yomutemo

Jurisdition() chiremera chedare chokutonga mhaka — chinotapura zvakananga nzira iyo mitemo inoturikirwa nayo. matare akasiyana - siyana anoshanda mugadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzapamutemo, uye mitoo yawo yokududzira inogona kunyudza zvinoshamisa.

Dare reHurumende

MuUnited States, gadziriro yedare rehurumende inodudzira mitemo yehurumende neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., nepo matare ehurumende achidudzira mutemo wehurumende. Nemhaka yokuti hurumende imwe neimwe ine bumbiro rayo remitemo, mirau, uye mutemo wavose, nhau imwe cheteyo yepamutemo yakadai semupimo wetarisiro muregeredzo(wnty·can] inogadziriswa zvakasiyana muNew York neCalifornia. Matare eFedera kazhinji kazhinji anodudzira mutemo wehurumende zvakafanana, asi anoshandisawo mutemo mumhaka dzakasiana - mativi pasi pe ERIE [FLT] dzidziso inoraira kuti vaite seyokuti idare rehurumende. Iyi gadziriro mbiri inoita kuti pave nokusarirana kwemhengedzero. Somuenzaniso, kutsanangurwa kwemitemo yechina yechina yeremumuchipfuudzo inodzivisa kunzvera kusava nomumwe, kazhinji sematare makuru.

Dare Rokutonga, Matare Okutonga, uye Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Gadziriro yavafundisi vematare inopesvedzera kududzira. matare edare (matare edare reruwa mugadziriro yehurumende) anosarudza nhau dzakavakirwa pawakawanwa echokwadi ndokushandisa mutemo sezvinotsanangurwa nematare makuru. Basa rawo rokududzira nderekare uye rakajeka. matare anoongorora zvisarudzo zvedare zvemhoshoro dzemitemo, uye kududzira kwawo kunowanzova kwakafara, kuvamba zviteshi zvinobatanidza matare enyasi. Dare guru rinobvumira kutsanangura nhau dzemitemo yenyika, kupedza mibvunzo yenyika. Chisarudzo chedare pamusoro penhau yemitemo yehurumende chinosungirwa padzimwe matare ose. Dare reDare racho rinowanzovarasairira, muitiro wokusarudza kuti nhau dzazvinodudzira, dzakadai serevorevo reClaussmuscracka ye“ uye rezvirationziro zvechienzi.

Mutemo Wavose Unopesana. Kushurikidza Mutemo Wavagari Vemo

Nepo United States, United Kingdom, nedzimwe nyika dzinozivikanwa navose dzichivimba zvikuru nemutoo wedare, nyika dzakawanda dzeEurope neLatin America dzinotevera tsika dzemitemo yavagari vemo. Mumitemo yehurumende, mitemo inowirirana isati iri manyuko makuru omutemo, uye zvisarudzo zvedare hazvisungiri kupfuura mhaka chaiyo. Vatongi vanodudzira bumbiro remitemo vachishandisa nzira yakarongeka, inopa kurangarira kuduku kudarika vatongi vemitemo. Zvisinei, kunyange munyika dzemitemo yevagari vemo, zvisarudzo zvedare rakakwirira (zvakaita zvedare reGerman Federal Constitution Court yeCourle kana kuti Chour de Cassation) vane uremhems. Musiyano unosimbisa kuti magadzirirwo esangano anodudzirwa. Kuverengazve madudzira mashandiro emitemo, kuona kutsanangura matare edare redare renhau renyika dzenyika dzenyika dzenyika dzapasi pejiniainjini yeOunion of Greattenty Center:[Foctive]

Kukosha Kwokududzira Kutonga

Kududzira kwokutonga hakusi kushandisa kwokudzidza kusingadzoreki; kune miuyo chaiyoiyo zvikuru yenyika. Zvikonzero zvikuru zvinoverengeka zvinosimbisa ukoshi hwayo.

Anovimbisa Ruramisiro

Kududzira kunotema kana mutemo uchishandiswa sechirongwa kana kuti nenzira inoparira migumisiro yakanaka. Apo vatongi vanodudzira mirau nokuvimbika kurugwaro nedonzo, vanotsigira mutemo. Somuenzaniso, kududzirwa kweChirevo cheKodzero cha 1965 mu Shelby County v. Raker [2013]) yakachinja zvikuru kutarisirwa kwemitemo yehurumende yesarudzo, kuchitapura kuvhotera mamiriyoni. Kududzira kwakanaka kunosimudzira ruramisiro kupfurikidza nokudzivisa kushandiswa kwemitemo kwechisarudzo.

Ita Kuti Pave Nokugadzikana

Mabhizimisi anotsamira pakuziva miganhu yemitemo yematsotsi. Nheyo yokutarira inosimbisa kutsiga kupfurikidza nokukumbira vatongi kuti vatevedzere muenzaniso kunze kwechikonzero chakasimba. Kana pasina kududzira kwakasimba, vagari vemo vaizosiyiwa vachifungidzira kuti mutemo unorevei kubva pazuva rimwe kusvikira kune rinotevera.

Kuchinja

Tsananguro yedare inogonawo kuva chirongwa chechinjo yenzanga. Apo matare anodzika miganhu, matare pane dzimwe nguva anopindira kuti atsanangurezve mitemo isingachashandi muchiedza chemipimo yenguva ino. Kuzivikanwa kweroorano imwe cheteyo yevatano muIne7th Amendment mu ]Obergefell v. Hodges[ [20] [15] muenzaniso wetsika. Matare haasati achigadzira kodzero itsva mumhepo yakatetepa; anodudzirazve mutauro wemitemo uripo kuti aratidzire kunzwisisa rusununguko neuenzani.

Matambudziko Pakududzira Mutemo

Pasinei zvapo nokudikanwa kwaro, kududzira kutonga kunotarisana nezvinetso zvinopfuurira zvinogona kuderedza kuva kwaro repamutemo nokushanda.

Kuomerera Mumitemo

Mitemo yakanyorwa navanogadza mitemo avo vari vabati vemitemo, kwete vatsigiri vemitauro. Mitemo ingava namashoko asina kujeka, gadziriro dzinopesana, kana kuti mikaha yakasiiwa namaune kuti ipedzerwe matare. Somuenzaniso, Sherman Antislant Act inorambidza “zvirambidzo zvisina mufungo zvebhizimisi,” inoisiya kumatare kuti irondedzere zviri nyore. Vatongi vakasiana- siyana vangasvika mhedziso dzakasiana, vachiparira kusapoka. Chinetso chinova chakawedzerwa apo mitemo inosiiwa zvisina kufanira kana kuti apo kugadziriswa kunoparira kupokanidzana kwomukati.

Kutonga Nepfungwa

Hapana mutongi asina mirangariro yomunhu oga kana kuti yepfungwa. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti wirirano yemutongi yezvamatongerwe enyika, dzinza, vatano, uye zvinoitika zvoupenyu zvinogona kubatana nemitoo yokuvhota (ona fundo dzakaitwa USC Epstein] Center for Judicial Legitacy). Vatongi pavanovavarira kusasarura, mirangariro isingazivikanwi inogona kupesvedzera nzira yavanoyera nayo kana kuti kududzira nayo mashoko asina kujeka. Muitiro wokugadza unonzi navatongi venyika, zvikurukuru unonzi noMutongi weSangano uye unosimbiswa zvikuru neSangano, kusimudzira itiro kuti matare ava kushatiswa. Kurangarira kwakadaro sezvinodikanwa zvechishuvo, Ellalla, uye nhevedzano zvinotaura tsika hakugoni kubetsera kubvisa chose chose chose.

Kuchinja Kwetsika Dzevanhu

Sezvo nzanga inochinja, mitemo yakaitwa makumi amakore kana kuti mazana amakore akapfuura ingasaratidzirazve mipimo yazvino uno. Wesibini Amendment kodzero yoku “chengeta nokutakura Zvombo” yakadudzirwa nenzira yakasiana mumazana amakore echi18, 20, uye 21, sezvinopupurirwa nokuchinja kweDare Gurusa redare, ] Muteveri weColumbia ne-. Heller[[FLT] [200:1] [200] [8]. Nenzira yakafanana, revo ye “chisokwaro nechirangori chechienzi” inochinja semipimo yetsika inokudzwa. Iri simba rinotonga kana kuti ritsigire revo renhau kana kuti rezvo mutemo, nenzira isingadzivisiki kukwezva kupesana naavo vasingabvumirani kuchinja.

Dzidziso Dzomutemo Nedzinozvidza

Kusarudza vavariro yemitemo kwakaoma zvikuru. Kuremai kunofanira kupa vatongi mishumo yamadare, mashoko ouriri, kana kuti kukundikana? Mhinduro inosiana. Vamwe vatongi, zvikurukuru vanonzvera magwaro, vanoramba kuvimba nenhau yemitemo, vachiramba kuti rugwaro bedzi ndimutemo. Vamwe, kufanana napurpositis, vanoona nhau yemitemo seufakazi hunoshanda hwedonzo. Dzidziso, dzakadai se CHEVron[FLT:] [FLT] [12]] Kudzokera kutsa kutsaudzo kutsananguro kune mufungo kutsa kutsa mativi emitemo mifungo), uyewo yakauya pasi pomwoto. Dare gurusa redare rinopfuurira rinofanira kusimbisa sei dare pamusoro pezviito. [FL:] Brightixption v /FFFFF] [FFF]

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nemiganhu Mitsva Yepamutemo

Kufambira mberi muruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kunoparira denho itsva. Mitemo inodzora Internet, ungwaru hwokusashanda, uye makombiyuta yakanyorwa izvi zvisati zvavapo. Dare rinofanira kusarudza kana mitemo iripo, yakadai seCommunications Communices kana kuti Computer Fracry and Abuse Act, ichishanda kumashoko matsva sezvinoshatiswa nezvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga kana kuti motokari dzinozvitonga. Kududzira mitemo yekare mumashoko matsva kunowanzotungamirira kukuoma kurava nokutonga kunopesana pakati pematare akaderera, ichiraira kupindira kweDare gurusa.

mhedziso

Kududzirwa kwemitemo navatongi unyanzvi hwakaoma hunodzikamisa kuvimbika murugwaro, mashoko akapoteredza enhau, muenzaniso, uye kuchinja kwetsika. Vatongi, vachitungamirirwa nezvibvumirano zvavo zvouzivi uye vachidzorwa nemiganhu yemitemo, vagadziri revo yemitemo munzira dzinotapura rutivi rwose rwoupenyu hweAmerica. Nepo denho dzakadai sedzisingachinjiki, tsvurudzo, uye kugadziriswa kwemipimo zvinopfuurira, muitiro wokududzira unoramba uri madikanwa mukuwana ruramisiro, kuchengeta dzikamo, uye kushandura nhevedzano. Kunzwisisa kuti matare anopa sei vagari vemo simba rokuita kuti vagari vemo vabatane revo negadziriro yedare uye kuti vanzwisise mutoro mukuru uyo unogara. Nokuda kwokutsvakazve fundo, kufanana nemitoo inoshandiswa pakushandura kwapamutemo. [FLT: 1] projectsssswoms anoramba kugovera mifungo yemifungo yomutemo. [Foct]