Mavambo Enhau Egadziriro Yakafanira

Murangariro wemuitiro wakafanira hauna kutangwa zvizere muUnited States Constitution; wakavamba kwamazana amakore erwisano yapamutemo neyezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kutaura kwapakuvamba kunozivikanwa kunooneka mu [[FLT: 0] Magna Carta (1215), apo Mambo John akabvumirana kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka aigona kuiswa mutorongo kana kuti kubviswa zvinhu zvake “kunze nechisarudzo chapamutemo chevezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika." Chitsama ichi chinosima mbeu iyo simba rehurumende rinofanira kusungwa nemitemo yapamutemo. Nokufamba kwenguva, mutemo wavose weEngland wakakudziridza miitiro yakadai serudyi kudare redare, maruramiro ekodzero azvino unovapo, uye maruramiro okuwana kudzivirira kupfurikidza nokupfuumbika. Vagari veAmerica vakawana simba rokutonga mumugariro wapamutemo unopfuura kupfurikidza nokupfuumbika. Vatsidzira kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa mutemo unobetsera kupfurikidza nokupfuumbika.

Kurondedzera Muitiro Wakafanira: Masrands Aviri Akasiyana

Kushanda kunoita mamiriro ezvinhu kunowanzokamurwa kuva mapoka maviri anowirirana, rimwe nerimwe richishanda zvakasiyana mukudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu.

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Purofiki inobvunza kuti sei hurumende inoita apo inonyima mumwe munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Inoda miitiro yakarurama: chiziviso chakakwana, mukana wokunzwiwa pamberi pomugadziri wechisarudzo asina chizivano, uye chisarudzo. Somuenzaniso, hurumende isati yagona kubvisa kodzero dzavabereki, inofanira kupa kunzwa apo mubereki anogona kupa uchapupu uye kudenha kupomera kwehurumende. Dare gurusa raita kuedza kwakadzikama mu Mathes v. Eldbet6666 kusarudza muitiro wakafanira danda, danda rokuisa padziro, njodzi iripo, uye kukanganisa, kupfupikisa kukanganisa, kupfuudzira, kupfuudzira kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwehurumende. Kuvimbisa kuti kuve.

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Hurumende inogona kuita sei, kwete bedzi kuti inoita sei. Somuenzaniso, Dare Gurusa rakaita kuti kodzero yokuroora, kodzero yokurera vana vomuviri, uye kodzero yokuda kutsiva inokosha zvokuti hapana muitiro unokwanisa kururamisa kuputsa kwavo kwakazvimirira. Ruvara urwu rwave rwuchiitira nharo, kazhinji kazhinji ruchiparadzanisa kodzero kana Bumbiro remitemo rine maruramiro erusununguko. Kuedza kuviri kunokosha ndiko [[FLT:] v. (1995][5]], izvo zvinoshandiswa mutezo wakakodzera kudzorodzoro mukuru wetsika.[5]]

Kugadzirwa kweBumbiro Romutemo

Findth Amendment inozivisa, kuti: “Hapana Hurumende ipi neipi ichanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Mutauro uyu wakashandiswa pakuvamba bedzi kuhurumende yevagari vemo. Pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa, Iwenayith Amendment yakatambanudza murayiro mumwe chetewo kuruwa:“ Kana Hurumende ipi neipi ichanyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti upfumi, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. [1] Mutongo wechipiri weKinneth Amendmerment’s Gamendment’s Chikamu 1 unovimbisawo “dziviriro yakaenzana nemitemo, iyo inowanzoshanda mumuitiro unowirirana nemutoo wokudzivisa rusaruro. Kupfuura zana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, Dare guru rakashandisa muitiro unonzi [FLD [FLD] [FLD] .[FLT1] Kushandisawose Givitiromeswoset, sezano remitemo, kururamakwaro, uye kudzivirira pamutemo kururamakwa kwakarurama, kupfurikidza nenziromendi K.C.

Kuchinja Kwechipiri Mumashoko

Kunze kwechikamu chakafanira chenhau chamagariro ehurumende pachayo, Findmmendment ine dziviriro dzakananga dzinoverengeka dzinotsigira dare. Mukuru Jury Clause anoda pomero yapamutemo nedare guru remhosva dzakakomba, kugovera cheki yokutanga pamberi pomunhu anogona kumanikidzwa kumira mutongo. [[FLT:] [FLT]] Jeopardity Claus [ inodzivisa hurumende kukwidza mumwe munhu kaviri mhaka imwe cheteyo, kudzivirira vakwidziridziridziridziridzo pakunetswa kwadzokororwa. [[FLT:]] Mbairo yeInuro inobvumira munhu kuramba kuzvipupurira amene, kusimbisa muganhu wayo yose idzo.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Negumi Negumi Nokusawirirana

Apo Fimendi ye14th Amendment yakatenderwa muna 1868, chinangwa chayo chikuru chaiva chokudzivirira varanda vachangobva kusunungurwa pamitemo yenyika inodzorwa norusaruro. Asi muitiro wayo wakakodzera wakakurumidza kuva chishandiso chokushandisa dzimwe maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuhurumende. Somuenzaniso, mu Gideon v. Wainright [1963] [FLT] [1963], Dare raidavira kuti maruramiro eSixterndmendement okupa zano anokosha kwazvo zvokuti rinoshanda kuisa mhaka dzehurumende kupfurikidza negadziriro yeIniversitement. Nenzira yakafanana, kururamisi yomutemo, maruramiro edare, maruramiro edare rakarurama kutongwa nokukurumidza, uye kurudyi kutarisana nezvapupu zvakabatanidzwa zvose. Chikamu chapamhetevero chetevero cheburo chetsikano inodzoro yorudzodzodzodzo, kana kuti idzorerwe kupfurikidza nokudzvinyirira.

Muitiro Wakafanira Mubasa: Dare

Mukutonga kweutsotsi, muitiro wakafanira unovimbisa kuti mupomerwi anobatwa somutori rutivi zvizere, kwete chinhu chisiri chapamberi chesimba rehurumende.

Kodzero Yezano

Zvichida muitiro wakafanira zvikurusa unodikanwa ivimbiso yegweta. Mu Gideon v. Wainwright, Dare Gurusa rakasarudza kuti dare rinofanira kupa gweta kumunhu upi noupi mupomerwi asingagoni kuripa. Uku kupiwa kwamaruramiro ose anodenha okupomera, kubva kupfurikidza nokukwirira. Kuvapo kwezano kunobetsera kuwiriranisa makwikwi pakati pomunhu nehurumende, kuvimbisa kuti nharo dzapamutemo dzinopiwa zvakafanira uye kuti kodzero dzomukwiridziridziridzi dzinodzivirirwa.

Kukodzera Kumufundisi Asingasaruri

Dare reSixth Amendment rinovimbisa “dare rinosarudza risingasaruri,” uye muitiro wakafanira unosimbisa chinodikanwa ichocho. Mukusarudza vatongi, mativi ose ari maviri anogona kudenha vatongi vanobvira nokuda kwerusaruro. Mutongi anofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti dare redare rinobetsera rinoratidzira kukamuraniswa kwakarurama kwenzanga uye kuti hakuna mutongi akasarurwa nenhau isati yatongwa. Kana dare risati raitwa, muitiro wakafanira unoraira kuti kutonga kutange neboka rakasiana.

Kodzero Yokutarisana neZvapupu

Vadziviriri vane maruramiro okutarisana navapomeri vavo nemhesano. Ichi maruramiro, chakadzikwa mu . Chirevo chokupa mhaka Clause, chinodzivisa ufakazi hwakavanzika uye chinopa dziviriro banza rokuonesa kusawirirana, tsvete, kana kuti nhema chakananga. Dare Rapamusoro rakarangarira kuti kunyange apo zvapupu zvisingawaniki, kutaura kwazvo hakugoni kushandiswa kutoti mukwirirwi akava nebanza rapamberi rokuvayambuka.

Kodzero Yokupa Ufakazi Nokuidza

Kunyange zvazvo muchuchisi wacho achifanira kuratidza kuva nemhaka pasina mubvunzo une musoro, kuzvidzivirira kunofanira kuva nomukana une revo wokutsigira nyaya yehurumende.

Kukwanisa Kukwirira

Kana kutonga kukaputsa muitiro wakafanira, mukwirirwi angakwidza kudare rapamusoro. Nepo pasina maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kukwirira mumhaka iri yose, hurumende iri yose nehurumende yehurumende zvinogovera mwero mumwe chete wekukwirira kwakananga. Mukati mokukwirira, dare rinohwirudzura rinonzvera kana zvikanganiso zvemubatanidzwa zvokunyoresa kwapakarepo, zvakadai sokubvuma kusina kufanira ufakazi kana kuti kusarudzwa kwedare kwakaipa. Kukumbira kunobudirira kungaguma nomuedzo mutsva kana kuti kuchinjwa kwemhaka.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Dzakaumba Muitiro Wakafanira

Zvisarudzo zvakati zvokunyevenutsa zvakarondedzera kuti muitiro wakafanira unoshanda sei mumatare eAmerica.

Miranda muArizona (1966)

Kubvunzurudza kwamapurisa kwakanga kwave kuri nzvimbo yokumanikidzirwa kwaigona kuitika. Mu Miranda, Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba kuti dziviriro yeFindrendment pauri umene inoda kuti dziviriro yeFindrendment ishandiswe nomutemo kuti izivise kunyumwira kodzero dzavo pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa. “Manda yapamutemo yokuramba yakanyarara, rudyi kumumiririri, uye nyevero yakataurwa kuti chinhu chipi nechipi chinogona kushandiswa pauri zvino idziviriro yenguva dzose. Pasi penyevero idzi, kutaura kupi nokupi nokupi kunowanika kusingabvumikirwi pakutongwa. Iyi chiitiko chinoratidzira kuti mutoo wakafanira sei mapurisa adzorerwe pamberi pokuvhurwa kwedare.

Wainwright (1963)

Clarence Earl Gideon akanga ari murume murombo aipomerwa kupaza muimba yezvikwata yeFlorida. Akakumbira dare kugadza gweta; hurumende yakaramba nemhaka yokuti panguva iyoyo maruramiro ezano akashandiswa bedzi kunhau dzehurumende. Gidheoni akazvimirira amene uye akawanwa ane mhaka. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakabvumirana kushandura kupwisa kwake, richitonga kuti kodzero yeSikisi Yechitanhatu yezano ikodzero inokosha inoshanda kuhurumende kupfurikidza neIdmerfement. Padare raGidhiyoni rakapiwa mhosva. Mhaka iyi inovimbisa kuti nzvimbo yemari haibvumiri kuti kodzero yeSandette yeSandette yokupa zano haisarudzi rweruramisiro.

Rochin v. California (1952)

Vakuru vakuru vanotarisira mutemo vakapinda mumusha waRochin, vakamuona achimedza makeke maviri, uye ipapo vakaenda naye kuchipatara uko mudumbu make waipombwa mukurwisana nokuda kwake. Maponzo akaoneka kuva mamorphine. Dare Rapamusoro rakataura kuti uyu muitiro “unonyadzisa hana” ndokuputsa muitiro wakafanira, kunyange zvazvo pasina Bill of Rights gaze rakaputswa zvakananga. Mhaka yacho yakagadza muitiro iwoyo unodzivisa mitoo inonzvera iyo inonyanyova youtsinye kana kuti inogumbura kururama kukurusa.

Kelly (1970)

Nyika yeNew York isati yagona kubvisa betsero dzomugamuchiri wegarikano, yaifanira kugovera kutonga kwakajeka. Dare rakatonga kuti betsero dzegarikano rudzi rwenzvimbo pasi peChiteshi cheSangano chaClaus, uye vagamuchiri vane maruramiro okunzwa nguva isati yasvika iyo inobatanidza maruramiro okupa ufakazi, zvapupu zvinotarisana, uye kuva nokunzwa pamberi pomuiti wechisarudzo asingasaruri. Goldberg[ yakakudzwa mumuitiro wakafanira wekuisa betsero dzehurumende, ichigadza chikamu chenhau dzenhau dzepfuudzo dzenzanga dzinobatanidza gare gare gare, dzimba dzavose, uye basa.

Matews v. Eldridge (1976)

Kusarudza miitiro yakananga inodikanwa hurumende isati yagona kubvisa betsero, Dare Rapamusoro rakazivisa nzvero yezvikamu zvitatu: fariro yomunhu oga yakatapurwa, ngozi yekunyimwa kwenhema, uye fariro yehurumende. Mathews zvino ndiwo mupimo wemuitiro wakafanira mumugariro wokudzora nowehurumende, kubva mubetsero dzourema kunyanzvi yokugadzira mazai.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Zvokuita Zvakakodzera

Nepo nheyo dzapamutemo dzichiri dzakasimba, zvinoitika zvenguva ino zvinoedza fambiro mberi yapamutemo. Chinetso chikuru kumuka kwe pembedzo yechapupu chaidzoidzo. Zvinenge 95 muzana yenhau dzoutsotsi dzinoguma mukuteterera, kwete kutongwa. Vadziviriri vanofanira kuziva nokuzvidira kubvisa kodzero dzavo dzakakodzera dzebasa. Zvikamu zvakatongerwa kumatare, maruramiro okutarisana nezvapupu, uye kodzero yokuramba zvakanyarara. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti dzvinyiriro huru yokubvuma chikumbiro (kangova nemutsetse mupfupi unopfuura kutongwa) inogona kutoita kuti vanhu vasina mhaka. Dare rakaedza kuvimbisa kuti kukumbira nenzira yokuzvidira kupfurikidza nokuda kukumbira kuitirwa zvose, asi kukumbira kupfupikisa kukuru pamusoro penhau yose inoteve yakatendwa.

Mumwe muganhu ndi mutemo wokuendesa. Kunyange zvazvo nhau dzokudzingwa dziri dzechikwata panzvimbo poutsotsi, dzinogona kuguma nokudzingwa munyika. Dare Gurusa rakaziva dzimwe maruramiro akafanira nokuda kwevasiri vagari, zvakadai sekodzero yokucherekedza nokunzwa, asi mwero wedziviriro unowanzova muduku wemiedzo yeutsotsi. Vamirigrant vangachengetwa pasina chisungo chenhambo dzakarebesa, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko havagamuchiri zano rakagadzwa. Varevereri vanopikisa kuti apo tsoro dzinobatanidza kuparadzana nemhuri nenzanga, hurumende inofanira kugovera mwero wakakwirira wedziviriro yeutsotsi.

Mitemo yechengeteko yenyika inobatanawo nomuitiro wakafanira. Pashure pedenho dzinosvika 9/11, hurumende yakagadzira masangano ehondo nokuda kwamauto omuvengi paGuantámo Bay. Dare Gurusa mu HAmdi v. Rumsfeld (2004) yaidavira kuti kunyange mugari wemo weU.S. anofanira kuchengetwa somuvengi anogamuchira ziviso dzechokwadi dzehwaro hwekusungwa kwake uye mukana une revo wokukwikwikwidzana pamberi pomugadziri wechisarudzo chisina kwaakarere komukare. Iyi mhaka inoratidza kuti muitiro wakafanira unochinja kunyange munguva dzenjodzi, kunyange zvazvo miitiro yakarurama ichiripo kukwikwidzana.

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runotanga mibvunzo mitsva. Kushandiswa kwe ufakazi hweDNA , [[FT:2] kuzivikanwa kwe , uye kuvamba kwemitemo yokutaura. [[FLT]] mukunyora kukwirira kuvamba mirangariro pamusoro pokuona zvakanaka nekodzero kudenha kuvimbika kwoufakazi. Kana mukwiridzirirwi asingagoni kuyambuka-atamine giramu kana kuti kunzwisisa kuti inoshanda sei, muitiro wakafanira ungashorwa. Dare riri kutanga kutaura nezvei iyi nhau, kudikanwa kwemashandiro emitemo uye kubvumira vashopu kuti vapa uchapupu hupi.

Kudzidzisa Munzira Yakafanira Mukirasi

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, muitiro wakafanira unopa musoro mukuru wokubatanidza mutemo, nhau, uye zvinoitika zvazvino uno. Vadzidzisi vanogona kushandisa nhau dzechiratidzo dziri pamusoro apa sefundo, vachiita kuti vadzidzi vaedzese nharo pamberi peDare Gurusa kana kuti mativi akasiana ebasa ekutonga. Kukurukura musiano pakati pomuitiro wetsika newakaderera unobetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri ruramisiro nemipimo yakadzika iri shure kwayo. Mibato ingabatanidza:

  • Kutonga kwemajangari: Vadzidzi vanoita mabasa omutongi, muchuchisi, gweta rinodzivirira, uye vatongi mukutyora mutemo wakafanira unofungidzirwa.
  • Kunzvera kwechiChokopo: Mapoka anonzvera nhau imwe yechiratidzo ndokupa maidi acho, akabata, uye kurangarira kukirasi.
  • ` Tsvakai makwara anofanira kushanda kuvatami? Zvakadiniko muzvikoro nokuda kwechirango chavadzidzi? Mhaka yeDare Rapamusorosa Gos v. Lopez (1975) yaidavira kuti vadzidzi vanotarisana nedziviso vanofanira kugamuchira ziviso nedare, pfundo rakanaka rokutanga.
  • zviitiko zvazvino: Nhevedzo dzenhau dzinobatanidza kuputswa kwemiitiro yakafanira (g., kuchengetwa kwapamberi pedare kwamakore, zvitendero zvisina kururama, kana kuti purogiramu dzokuongorora) ndokukurukura kana miitiro yakashandiswa ichiwirirana nemipimo yebumbiro remitemo.

Kushandisa manyuko makuru — akadai sorugwaro rweMitemo yeshanu neMinethi yeChibvumirano, mirangariro mizhinji mu Miranda uye Gideon[, kana kuti kunyange Magna Carta] inopa vadzidzi bvumirano yakananga nomutauro. Zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinowanikwa kubva ku [[FLT:] Cornell Information Institute na [FLT:] Project [F:]

mhedziso

Muitiro unomira seimwe yedziviriro dzinogara zvikurusa uye dzinokosha mugadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica. Kubva pamavambo ayo emisi yeMiddle Ages muMagna Carta kusvikira kukushanda kwawo kwazvino uno mukukumbira, matare okubuda munyika, uye ufakazi hwemichina, nheyo inoomerera kuti hurumende haigoni kuita nenzira inoda. Mudare, muitiro wakafanira unovimbisa kuti mukwirirwi ari wose anogamuchira kunzwa kwakarurama, mugadziri wechisarudzo asina chizivano, uye mukana une revo wokunzwa. Nepo zvinetso nemamiriro ezvinhu matsva anomuka, musengwa mukuru unoramba uripo: hakuna munhu achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina dziviriro nomutemo. Kudzidzisa nokunzwisisa nheyo idzi, vadzidzi navagari vemo vanogona kubetsera kuti muitiro wakafanira urambe uripo chaiwo nokuda kwezvizvarwa kuti zviuye.