Chii Chiri Kuhwirudzurwa Kwokutonga?

Kuhwirudzura dare isimba rokunzvera zviito zvamapazu emitemo neanotungamirira ndokusarudza kana zviito izvozvo zvichiwirirana neBumbiro remitemo. MuUnited States, ichi chiremera chinogara zvikurukuru nedare rehurumende, uye Dare Gurusa rinobatira somupikisi wokupedzisira werevo yebumbiro remitemo. Apo mutemo kana kuti chiito chechiremera chinowanwa kuva chisiri chehurumende, dare rinogona kuideredza, kuchiipa kuva isina maturo uye isingabvumirwi. Muto uyu ibwe wekona yehurumende yeAmerica, inoshanda secherekedzo pamamwe mapazu maviri ebumbiro remitemo uye inochengeta ukuru hweBumbiro remitemo.

Kunzwisisa hwirudzuro yedare kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofunda nezvehurumende kana kuti mutemo. Kunoumba dzikamo yesimba pakati pamapazu ehurumende, kunodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga, uye kugadza mienzaniso yepamutemo inopesvedzera nharaunda iri yose yomuitiro wavose. Pasina hwirudzuro yedare, paisazova nemitoo yetsika yokudzivisa nayo voruzhinji vemitemo kana kuti vatarisiri vanokwidziridza vanoputsa ganhuriro dzemitemo.

Mavambo Ehwirudzuro

Dzidziso yehwirudzuro yedare haina kunyorwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo. Panzvimbo pezvo, yakabuda mumhaka yenhau yakatanhamara 1803 Marbury v. Madison [5.S. 137]. Mhaka yacho yakabva munyongano yezvamatongerwe enyika yakapoteredza kusarudzwa kwa1800, apo Thomas Jefferson akakundwa mumitoro John Adams. Mumazuva okupedzisira echiPresitue, Federal-bustrate Congress yakatanga nzvimbo itsva dzinoverengeka, uye Adams Federalists akagadzwa kuti adzizadze. Imwe yedzo dzakagadzwa idzodzo yakanga iri William Marbury, uyo akatue akatuke, akaturwa ruramisiro yorugare nokuda kweruwa rweColumbiant.

Marbury akarayira munyori wake wehurumende, James Madison, kuti arege basa racho. Marbury akakumbira Dare Rapamusoro nokuda kwekudzorwa kwemandamus — murayiro unogombedzera Madison kupa basa — pasi peChikamu 13 cheChikamu cheJedciary cha 1789, icho chakapa Dare Rapamusorosarudzo kubudisa mazuru akadaro muzvinoitika zvakati.

Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akatarisana nechinetso chezvamatongerwe enyika chakaoma. Kana Dare rakaraira Madison kuendesa dare racho, Jefferson angangorifuratira bedzi, achinetesa chiremera chamajangaridhiary. Kana Dare rakaramba kunzwa nhau yacho, kwaizoratidzika kuva kubvuma kuti bazu guru raigona kufuratira mutemo. Mukuita kudaro, Marshall akasimbisa simba reDare kuti Marshall aidzore mutemo unorwisana neMitemo yake, asi kuti Dare Rapamusoro rakanga risina simba rokupa writ nemhaka yokuti Chikamu 13 cheJeudiciary Act chakanga chisina kuzviisa pasi pomutemo.

Murangariro waMarshall wakatsanangura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo mutemo mukurusa wenyika uye kuti “zvikurukuru idivi nomusengwa wedhipatimendi rinotonga kutaura chiri mutemo.” Akarangarira kuti kana mutemo uchirwisana neBumbiro reMitemo, dare rinofanira kutsigira Bumbiro remitemo ndokuzvidza mutemo unorwisana. Uku kurangarira kwakatungamirira muitiro wokutonga chifo chenguva iyeyo.

Nokuda kwenhau ye [[FLT: 0] Marbury v. Madison, ona [Oyez yepfupiso yenhau yacho[.

Kukosha Kwokuhwirudzura

Kuhwirudzura rutongeso kunobatira mabasa akakomba anoverengeka mukati megadziriro yeAmerica yamasimba akaparadzana.

Makeja Nedzikamo

Bumbiro reMitemo rinokamuranisa simba pakati pamapazu matatu akaenzana, asi haripi mutongi nzvero yakananga paCongress kana kuti purezidhendi kupfuurei kudzorwa kwesimba. Kuhwirudzura kwemitemo kunozadza mukaha iwoyo. Kupfurikidza nokuparadza mitemo isina kutemwa uye zviito zvehurumende, matare anovimbisa kuti kana kuti mukuru mukuru wedare havagoni kupfuudza miganhu yakagadzwa neBumbiro remitemo. Uku kubetsera kudzivisa kuunganidzwa kwesimba risina kudzorwa, uko vaFramers vaitya kwaizotungamirira kukudzvinyirira.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Bumbiro reMitemo rinobatanidza dziviriro dzakajeka nokuda kwerusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe — dzakadai sedziri muBill of Rights — uyewo rinorevawo dziviriro kupfurikidza nechirongwa chechinyorwa chimene. Kuhwirudzura dare kunobvumira vanhu kudenha mitemo inopokana nekodzero idzodzi. Somuenzaniso, Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa hwirudzuro yedare kuputsa mitemo inoputsa kutaura kwakasununguka, rusununguko rworudzidziso, kodzero yokutakura zvombo, uye muitiro wakafanira. Pasina mano okukwirira kumutemo unozvimirira, izvi zvibvumikiso zvebumbiro remitemo zvaizova zvisina maturo.

Kuziva Zvakarurama uye Kugadzikana Mumutemo

Kuhwirudzura dare kunoparira zvisarudzo zvenguva yemberi zvinotungamirira zvisarudzo zvemadare echiduku navatambi vehurumende. Nepo nheyo ye stare decis (kubvumira zvisarudzo zvisati zvamira) kusimudzira kusachinja nokudeya kufanotemwa, hwirudzuro yedare inobvumirawo tsika yemitemo kushanduka sechinjo dzemitemo yenzanga. Zvisarudzo zvepaji yapaji inobva kuDare Rapamusorosoro zvinova hwaro hwemitemo inotevera, miraudzo yehurumende, uye kudzosera.

Kugumiswa Kwokupedzisira Kwebumbiro reMitemo

Kunyange zvazvo mapazu ose matatu achidudzira Bumbiro reMitemo munzira yamabasa avo, Dare Gurusa rine shoko rokupedzisira parevo yebumbiro remitemo — rinenge basa racho riripo. Iri basa, pane dzimwe nguva rinonzi ukuru hwokutonga, rakasimbiswazve mu Cooper v. Aaron [1958], apo Dare rakataura kuti kududzirwa kwaro kweBumbiro remitemo kunobatira pahurumende uye mamwe mapazu omubatanidzwa. Kuhwirudzura nokudaro kunopedza nharo pamusoro perevo reBumbiro remitemo, kuchigovera kujeka uye kuguma mutsika ingapinda mukurukurirano isingagumi.

Kushanda Kunoita Kuongorora Kutonga

Mitemo yedare haiiti zvokuongorora kana kuti kuongorora mitemo kana kuti zviito zvevakuru vakuru; inomirira kuti nyaya yakakodzera kana kuti gakava riitwe pamberi payo.

Kumira Kuna Sue

Kuunza nhau inodenha mutemo kana kuti chiito choukuru, mutongi anofanira kuva ne akamira. Ikoku kunoreva kuti muparidzi anofanira kuva akatambura kuvadziko yakakotsekana uye yakakosha iyo inorondwa kuchiito chakadenhwa uye kuti chisarudzo chedare chakanaka chingachinja. Kumira kuvimbisa kuti matare anosarudza kupesana chaiko kana kuti zvigumbuso. Pasina kumira, dare richadzinga mhaka yacho pasina kusvika mibvunzo yepamutemo.

Kudikanwa Kwenyaya Kana Kuti Gakava

Bumbiro reMitemo rinoganhurira chiremera chedare rehurumende ku “mitumbi” uye“ dare.” Ichi chinodikanwa chinodzivisa matare kubudisa mirangariro yenhema kana kuti kusarudza nhau dziri kurota (dzisati dzichiri dzinorarama) kana kuti dzisati dzaibva (pamberi penguva). Mhaka inova yaibva apo kuvadziko yacho yaitika kana kuti yava pedyo; inotyisa apo gakava rapedzwa kana kuti mativi haanazve danda mumuuyo. Idzi dzidziso dzinovimbisa kuti hwirudzuro dzedare dzinochengetwa nokuda kwekongiri, gakavadzano dzedare.

Kuda Kutsiva uye Kutengesa

Nhau zhinjisa dzinobatanidza dare rinotonga dzinosvika Dare guru pakukwirira kubva kumatare ehurumende akaderera kana kuti matare makurusa. Dare rapamusoro kazhinji kazhinji rinoshandisa chisarudzo pamusoro penhau dzipi kuti rinzwe, kupa mvumo ye cortari [ apo vatongi vana vanosarudza kutonga kutonga nyaya yacho. Dare rinosarudza chaizvoizvo nhau idzo dzinopa mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti apo matare akaderera akasvika tsananguro dzinorwisana dzomutemo womubatanidzwa. Zviurukimwe zvamabhiri zvinochengetwa shoko rimwe nerimwe, asi Dare rinonzwa bedzi nhau 70-80 pagore.

Zvinoitwa Mudare

Kana mhaka yangosvika Dare Gurusa, mapoka anogovera mashoko mapfupi akanyorwa uye anotaurwa. Vatongi ipapo vanosangana mumusangano kuti vakurukure nhau yacho ndokutanga kuvhota. Ruramisiro imwe inogoverwa kunyora murangariro woruzhinji, unotsanangura kurangarira kwapamutemo uye kuchengetwa kwenhau yacho. Kubvumira nemirangariro inowirirana zvinganyorwawo. Pashure pokunge murangariro wasunungurwa, unova muenzaniso unowirirana wematare ose akaderera kutoti gare gare adzorwa kana kuti atsiviwa nemitemo kana kuti kubviswa nechisarudzo chedare gurusa kana kuti Dare rapashure.

Mhaka Dzakakosha Dzedare Dzinopedza Kuongorora Kutonga

Nepo Marbury v. Madison akatanga dzidziso yacho, zvinoitika zvakawanda zvinotevera zvakarondedzera nokunatsa kushandiswa kwayo mumativi akasiyana - siyana omutemo.

  • Mcloch v. Maryland (1819): Dare Guru rakatsigira kutevedzana kwebumbiro remitemo reBank reChipiri reUnited States, richisimbisa kuti Musangano wareva masimba pasi peMari Nomutengo naMonion Claus. Dare rairangarirawo kuti hurumende hadzigoni kutera nemhaka yokuti “simba remutero rinobatanidza simba rokuparadza."
  • [FLT Scott][FLT 1] . Sandford v [57]: Mune rimwe ramabasa akaipa zvikurusa okurangarira, Dare rakatonga kuti vaAmerica veAfrica vakanga vasiri vagari vemo uye kuti Dare rakanga risina simba rokurambidza uranda mundima dzehurumende. Chisarudzo chacho chakadzorwa neHondo yeChivilimu uye neRendenson Amendments.
  • [FLT] Plessy v. Ferguson (1996): Dare rakatsigira dzinza pasi pedzidziso ye “kuparadzana asi yakaenzana”, chisarudzo chaimirira anenge makumi matanhatu amakore pamberi pokupidigura.
  • [FLT]BN v. Board of Education (1954) Dare rakabvumirana kuzivisa kuti kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose kwakaputsa Mutezo Wakaenzana waDoroma weMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeChinei, kuputsa [[FLT:]] kutadza kudzora [ uye kutanga sangano rekodzero dzevagari vemo.
  • Mira v. Arizona (1966) Dare rakatonga kuti Dare reFGMT:3] Hurumende inoda kuti mutemo utevedzere kutevedzerwa kwekodzero dzaro kuti rirambe rakanyarara uye kutsiura pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero dzekodzero, zvichitungamirira kunyevero dzakarovedzeka dzeMiranda.
  • . . [[FLT] Dare rakaziva kodzero yomukadzi yokusarudza kubvisa pamuviri pasi pamaruramiro okuvandika anorehwa neCS Claus Claus, chisarudzo chakachinjwa muna 2022 mu [FLT: 4.] Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization
  • [FLT] United States v. Nixon Dare raibvumirana raidavira kuti Purezidhendi Nixon aisagona kushandisa ropafadzo yechiremera kudzivisa ufakazi mukunzvera kweutsotsi, achisimbisa kuti hakuna munhu, kubatanidza purezidhendi, ari pamusoro pomutemo.
  • [FLT] .Gore (2000): Dare rakasarudza nenzira inobudirira sarudzo ya 2000 yapurezidhendi kupfurikidza nokumisa rondedzero yeFlorida, kushandisa dziviriro inoenzana na Claus. Chisarudzo chinoramba chiri nharo asi chinoratidzira mano eDare rokupedza njodzi dzebumbiro remitemo.
  • [FLT]] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) Dare rakasarudza kuti varoorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano vane maruramiro makuru okuroora muIndaneti, kutambanudza chiyero cheroorano munyika yose.
  • Dobbs v. Jackson Vakadzi’s Health Organization [202] [ Dare rakatendeuka [[[FLT:]] Roe v. Kuhwirudzura [ na [[FLT]] [[FLT]] . Casey, rina kuti Bumbiro remitemo haripi maruramiro okubvisa mimba nokudzorera nhau kunhau. Iyi nhau inoenzanisira kuti rondedzero yedare inogonawo kushandura pamberi pemiteko yemitemo.

Nokuda kwamashoko ane udzame pamusoro peidzi nedzimwe nhau, bvunza National Constitution Center’s Interfysact Constitution[[FLT: 1]].

Kudzokorora Kutonga Kuchiitwa: Mienzaniso Yemazuva Achangobva Kupfuura

Mumakore makumi maviri apfuura, kuongorora kwokutonga kwave kuri chinhu chikuru kunharo dzakawanda dzakakwirira.

Afford Care Act (202 - 2015)

Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012), Dare Rapamusoro rakarangarira kuva kwebumbiro remitemo reAffordable Care Act (ACA), kubatanidza murairo womunhu oga anoda kuti vaAmerica vazhinji vawane inishuwarenzi youtano. Chirevo cheChirevo chaMambo John Roberts, mukurangarira kushamisa, chakatsigira chirevo sechipo chesimba rePurces, nepo ichiramba chibvumikiso chehurumende chokuti Claus Clausce yabvumira chinodikanwa. Chisarudzodzo cheA, asi chakaganhurirawo mwero wezvokuhwirusa mutengo wezvokudzokorodza zvose zviri zviviri zvinogona sei kutsigira nokudzokorodza simba remubatanidzwa. Makore maviri gare gare gare gare gare, [FFFFF].Burkill, .[2010]

Roorano yeSandhed (2015)

Mu chisarudzo chakasvika pakodzero dzeroorano kuvaroorani vomunyika yose, kudzika kwemitemo yakanga yarondedzera roorano seyomurume nomukadzi. Iyi dare raidzosera kuti kunzvera kwedare kungabatanidza sei kunzwisiswa kwekodzero dzemitemo pamusoro pekodzero huru dzemitemo. Nokuda kwezvimwe zvinotaura nezvevakaroorana vorudzi rumwe chete, kuisa mitemo yenyika yakanga yarondedzera muchato souri pakati pomurume nomukadzi. Chisarudzo ichi chinoratidza kuti kuongorora kunofanira kuitwa kwemitemo kubvisa kunzwisiswa kwekodzero dzemitemo pamusoro pezvisakiso. [FLT:]

Kurambidzwa Kworwendo (2018)

Mu Trump v. Hawaii (2017), Dare Gurusa rakatsigira chiziviso chaPrezidenti Trump chinorambidza kufamba kunobva kunyika dzinoverengeka zvikurusa dzeMuslim. Dare rakaramba chibvumikiso chokuti chiziviso chinoputsa Kugadzwa kwaClaus kupfurikidza nokusasarudza rudzidziso. Panzvimbo pezvo, chakaregeredza rutongeso rwapurezidhendi worudzi, ruchibata kuti chiziviso chakawira muchiremera chapamhiko chorudzidziso uye hachina kuenzana kurudzidziso. Mhaka yacho inoratidzira kuti hwirudzuradzo yokutonga inowanzobatanidza kudzorwa kunhau dzapamusoro dzechengeteko yorudzi, zvikurukuru apo chirevo chamabumbiro chapamutemo chakaneta.

Kodzero Dzokubvisa Pamuviri (2022)

Kuchinjwa kwe Roe v. Dare rairangarira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo haridziviriri kubvisa pamuviri, kana kuti kupfuudza makore 50 enhau. Chisarudzo chacho chakabvumira nyika kudzora kana kuti kurambidza kubvisa pamuviri, zvichitungamirira kutsika mitemo iri kumativi ose enyika. Kurangarira kwevoruzhinji kwakanangidzira pakushaikwa kwegamuchidzanwa renhau renhau ripi neripi rokuziva kubvisa pamuviri serinokosha, richisimbisa gakava pamusoro pokutsanangura kunofanira kuitwa kwematare — kupfurikidza nerevo yapachena kana kuti zvimwe mamiriro ezvinhu avanhu.

Zvinetso Zvokuhwirudzura Kutonga

Pasinei zvapo nenhau yayo refu, hwirudzuro yokutonga haisi isina vatsoropodzi nedenho dzinoshanda.

Dzvinyiriro Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokupikiswa Kwedare

Nemhaka yokuti Dare Rapamusorosoro isangano rezvamatongerwe enyika mupfungwa yokuti zvisarudzo zvaro zvine miuyo mikuru yetsika, kazhinji kazhinji zvinodzorwa nedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mapurezidhendi navatarisiri vakaedza kuumba Dare kupfurikidza nokugadza ruramisiro dzinowirirana nendangariro. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, zvikarakadzo zvokuwedzera ukuru hweDare — pane dzimwe nguva rinonzi “kuisa matare — zvakadaidzwa senzira yokudzivisa nayo kusadzikama kunorangarirwa kuva kwechimurenga. Nepo pasina wedzero yakaitika chibviro chibviro cha 1869, tyisidziro yechiito chakadaro inogona kupesvedzera zvisarudzo zveDare uye kuva pamutemo.

Chivimbo Chavose uye Kuchinja

Zvisarudzo zvepaji yapamusoro zvinowanzoparira kudzorwa kwechaunga. Pashure pa Roe v. Vashori vakaunganidza zvamatongerwe enyika kwamakumi amakore kusvikira vabudirira kuiputsa. Zvisarudzo zvakafanana ne Obergefel[ uye [[FLT]] na[FLT] BrowN v. Board yeDzorome yakafarikanya tsigiro yavose munguva inopfumba mberi asi yakatarisana nokuramba kukuru. Apo Dare rinodenha murairo, rinopinza njodzi kurasikirwa nechivimbo chavose, icho chinogona kusekesa chiremera charo. Kusafanana navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, vanoshaiwa simba rechikwama kana kuti munondo; vanotsamira pakuda kwavo zvikuru pakubvuma kwavo kutenderwa pachena.

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Gakava rinopfuurira rinonangidzirwa pakuti matare anofanira kushandisa hwirudzuro yedare nesimba kana kuti nokuganhura. [[FLT: 0]] Chiito chechiJudician chinorondedzera kudisa kuputsa mitemo kana kuti kukudza dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo, kazhinji kazhinji kutsoropodzwa sokudarika basa rokutonga. [[FLT:]] Chidzitiro chedare [[FLT:] chejastication] chinoraira kumira kutsauriro kuvhota namapazu nokuravirwa kupfuudzira Mabumbiro eMitemo, kusano inosano inosanonamatira kurugwaro nedonzo rapakuvamba. Kukakava kusati kuriwo zvako kudzidzisa; kunopesvedzera kuti ruramisiro inova sei pamusoro pokubvisa mimba, maruramiro okutungamirira mupfuti, simba rorudzidziso, uye rusununguko rworudzidziso.

Kunyengera Kwenyeredzi Nokunyanyozvitutumadza

Rimwe ramativi akakwikwidzana zvikurusa ehwirudzuro nderokuti apo Dare rinofanira kudzora mipimo yaro rimene. Nheyo ye stares [ inotsigira kutsiga nokudeya kutaura, asi Dare ragara richichengeta maruramiro okururamisa zvikanganiso, sezvinoonwa mu [[FLT:] BrowN[F:3] (muto [[FLT:]]] P [FLT]]] P ]) uye [FLT] [FT] [FLT] [5] [pa] [[FLT] [6]] [inenge] [chipo] [chipo] chinodikanwa zvikuru, chitsamiro chimwe nechimwe chinotsigira dare.

mhedziso

Kuhwirudzura rutongeso kunoramba kuri mutoo unokosha wokutsigira Bumbiro reMitemo nokudzivirira maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe. Kuvambira pamavambo aro mu Marbury v. Madison kukurukurirano dzazvino uno pamusoro poungwaru hwezvoutano, chiyero cheroorano, uye kubvisa mimba, simba rokuzivisa mitemo isina kubvumiranwa, rakaumba nzanga yeAmerica munzira huru. Nepo inotarisana nedenho kubva mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, murangariro wavose, uye gakavadzano inopfuurira pamusoro pouzivi hwedare, haingabviri kunyangarika.

Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi vanotsvaka zvimwe zvinhu, Cornell Legal Information Institute panzvero yedare [[FLT: 1] inopa kupetwa kwakakwana kwedzidziso yacho nokushanda kwayo.