Basa Rezvinyorwa Zvenhau Mududziro Yapakuvamba

Kurangarira kwokutanga kwezvokutonga igadziriro yokududzira yeSangano remitemo yeUnited States mukuwirirana nerevo yayaiva nayo panguva yokugamuchirwa kwayo. Panzvimbo pokubata Bumbiro remitemo segwaro benyu rine revo inochinja nenzanga, vazivi vemavambo vanotaura kuti mashoko aro anofanira kusimbiswa uye kuti vatongi vanofanira kusungwa nerevo yapakuvamba yavose kana kuti vavariro yapakuvamba yavagadziri vayo. Pasina zvinyorwa zvaro zvapakuvamba, mwoyo weiyi nzira inotsamira zvikuru pazvinyorwa zvenhau. Manyuko aya makuru (anobva muzvinyorwa nenhau anochinjanangidzira zvinyorwa zvemitemo uye zvinyorwa zvenhau kumiraudzo yapachivande yenhau kunyora namashoko zvakavanzika zvepachivande chenyika kupfurikidza nokusasarudza kuti iko kuranga kupfurikidza sei, kuzivisa matare, uye kutanga kuishandisa. Pasina zvinyorwa zvapakuvamba, kushaiwa kunzvera kutsanangura kutsanangura kwokutonga. Kunzwisisa uku kunokosha kwenhau dzenhau dzenhau dzenhau dzenhau dzinobatanidza matare, uye kurangarira matare, kutombiri, kutongedzese.

Mbiru Mbiri Dzenzira Yokutanga

Revo Yavanhu Vose Yopakuvamba Yakapindwa Mungozi

Chirevo choudado hachisi chinhu chimwe chete. Zvikoro zviviri zvikuru zvakabuda: vavariro yapakuvamba nerevo yapakuvamba yavanhu. Nhengo yokutanga inonangidzira pavavariro dzetsika dzeFramers .(apo James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, kana kuti George Mason pachake akadavira mashoko akati airehwa. Iyi nzira inotsamira zvikuru pamanyoro akavanzika akadai semabhii, mabhii, uye mashoko kubva kuConstitution Convention. Revo yavanhu vose, iyo yazova dzvinyiriro huru kubvira paMutongi Antonin Scalia, panzvimbo pezvo, anotarira kuti munhu ane mufungo panguva yacho angadai akanzwisisa sei rugwaro. Iyi mirangariro inonangidzira pamanyuko makuru: madurashinariti, manyoro akakurumbira, manyoro ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mutauro wehurumende.

Zvikamu Zvinokosha Zvezvinyorwa Zvenhau Nemashandisiro Azvo

Mapepa Anowirirana

Zvichida muunganidzwa mukurusa wezvinyorwa muyatangiri wenhau [[FLT: 0] Mapepa echiFederal. Iyi rondedzero makumi masere namashanu, yakanyorwa naPublius (Hamilton, Madison, na Jay) pakati pa 1787 na 1788, yakanangidzirwa kutenderesa New Yorkrs kuti itendere Constitution inokarakadzwa. Vatongi veRoma vanowanzovaita kuti vave nenzwisiso yegadziriro dzakati. [FFF:] mumuenzaniso, mu [FLT:] V. United States[FL:] [FF] [1997] [9], Dare guru raimbwa na , rakasaidzwa naGenescipose.[4] Nyunyuko] Nyu yakasaidzo yakarangarirwa na [3] Nyunyiwaromesenzi muGO) N [4]

Gakava Rokuparadza Kwehurumende

Nenzira yakaenzana zvinyorwa zvenharo mukokorodzano dzehurumende. Nyika imwe neimwe yakaita kokorodzano yokuvhota paBumbiro reMitemo, uye iyi zviitiko zvakabudiswa (kunyange kazhinji kazhinji nokunonoka nokurongeka). Gakava rinoratidzira kuti Bumbiro remitemo rakanzwisiswa sei navarume avo vaisarudza chaizvoizvo kurigamuchira. Nokuda kwerevo yapakuvamba yavanhu, idzi zvinyorwa zvinotokosha zvikuru kupfuura mifungo yapachivanda yavaFramendi nemhaka yokuti vanoratidzira kunzwisisa kweratifis kubatira mberi nokusaidza kumasimba ake emitemo. Somuenzaniso, mu [[FTLT:0] MCulloch. Mary v. [1819], Chirevo chaMaster Marshall anonongedzera kuruwa rwake rwaMar Res Res Congment Resmorences Res Relations Relationsting (9]) akanongedzera kuruwarevo, Rhest Magnerner.

Marekodhi Apakuvamba Emitemo Nemitemo Yakatevedzana

Zviito zveFirst Congress (1789-1791) zvinowanzorangarirwa sorudzi rwekujekesera panguva imwe cheteyo paBumbiro reMitemo. Zvizhinji zvezvikamu zvimwe chetezvo zvakabatira muCongress iyoyo, uye mitemo yavakapfuudza zvinoratidza kuti vakanzwisisa sei revo yemasimba avo vamene. Somuenzaniso, Chibvumirano cheJudiciary cha 1789 chakagadza chivako chematare ehurumende uye zvakabatanidza gadziriro dzakajekesa nzwisiso yeChikamu III. Nenzira yakafanana, Alhien neSedition Acts of 1798 zvakafundwa kuziva revo yapakuvamba yehurukuro yokutanga yorusununguko. Vatongi veChosvoswommpry vanowanzodudza dare rapakuvamba seufakazi hwerevo yapakuvamba nemhaka yokuti vakaitwa nokukurumidza pashure pokuva vanhu vakanga vachangobva kukurukurirana nerevo.

Zvinotaurwa neBlackstone uye Mutemo Wavose wechiNgezi

MaFramers naratifiers zvakapinzwa mumutemo weChirungu wavose, uye Sir William Blackstone’s manyuko paMarau eEngland (1765-1769) akabatira sebhuku repamutemo rakakurumbira muAmerica. Mascript anowanzonzvera Blackstone kuti anzwisise mashoko epamutemo emitemo yakadai se “kuvamba,”“ miitiro,” “majekise,” uye“ zvikero. Mu Heller [[FLT], somuenzaniso, Justice Scalia anozvipira ngwariro huru kukurukurirano yeBlackstone yezvombosorudyi kuva nomutemo worudyi wechiRungu. Black rorudyi rechiRungurome.

Zvinyorwa Zvomunhu Oga Zvevairwisana Nehosha

Tsamba dzapachivande nedzinonyorwa dzinogovera hwindo muvavariro dzinofungwa nomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Nepo vazivi verevo yapakuvamba yavanhu vose vachingwarira pamusoro pokutsamira paaya manyuko chose chose, vanogona kuva vanobetsera kunzwisiswa kwefungidziro dzekare dzakaumba rugwaro. Mapepa aJames Madison, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, naGeorge Washington akasimbisa zvikuru. Zvinokosha zvakafanana manyoro eAntiféralists munzira idzo chinyorwa chapakuvamba chinojekesa nadzo nzwisiso yapachena yavanhu vose.

Tapuro Pazvisarudzo Zvokutonga Zvinooneka

Kutonga Kwokudzora Kwechipiri

Muenzaniso wakatanhamara zvikurusa wenhau dzakanyorwa na Junica-drive pakuvamba ichisarudzo cheDare rapamusorosoro mu Diformation of Columbia v. Heller (2008). Kunyora nokuda kworuzhinji, Mutongi Scalia akafunda nzvero huru yamanyuko enhau: Bill of Rights of English of 1689, Blackstone, system resignation, divisions, rapakuvamba reAmerica rakanyorwa naJohn Stechnet, George Tucker yaishanduro dzeBlackstone, uye kunyange dare re 19-centry ramagest. Akagumisa kuti Gamenderamendiro yeChipiri yakadzivirirwa kurudyi kuva nepfumbadzo yomunhu oga oga kuva nepfumbapfurwa, isingawiriraniswi nebasa rehondo. Chikaro chakanyorwa naJohn Stemplian, chinyorwawo pamapepa enhau anobudiswa muruwa.

Kubatana Kwenyika Nenyaya dzaClaus Dzokutengeserana

Mu United States v. Lopez (1995] uye United States v. Morrison [2000], Dare Gurusa rakaputsa mitemo yehurumende sesimba reChungation. Mifungo mizhinji, yakanyorwa naProfest Justice William Rehnquist, yakashandisa zvikuru nzwisiso yenhau ye “commece” uye“ pakati pemibato inoverengeka. Yakadudza mubatanidzwa weProgist. Nhamba 42 [FL:5], zvinyorwa zveConstitution, uye kuvamba kweTreast Claus kuiast kuiast Conglescess yakadation kuiaaaidzora mubato bedzi.

Simba Rapurezidhendi Neropafadzo Yokutungamirira

Mu Tsvenement yeHomeland Security v. Regents yeUniversity of California [2020], Dare Gurusa rakanzvera ukuru hwechiremera chavakuru vakuru pakutama. Nepo chisarudzo chakachinja padudziro yemitemo, kubvumirana kwaMutongi Thomas akashandisa kurangarira kwenhau kuti mutemo wehurumende wakanga waziva nguva refu chisarudzo chapurezidhendi wehurumende mukuchengetwa kwekubuda munyika. Iye akadudza mabasa apakuvamba, gakavarariro pamusoro peAlien naSigtion Mabasa, uye muitiro wenhau unodzokera kukutonga kwaPrezidhente Washington. Ikoku kunoratidza kuti mapepa enhau anoshandiswa bedzi kutsanangura mutemo wemitemo asi kunzwisisawo mugariro wokutanga wemitemo.

Zvinetso Zvokushandisa Manyoro Enhau

Chinyorwa Chisina Kukwana uye Chinopokanidza

Zvinyorwa zvenhau zvinowanzova zvisaririra. Zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvinobva munharo dzakatsakatika, zvakarongwa navaparidzi vanotora rutivi, kana kuti hazvina kumbonyorwa. Murayiro wakakurumbira wokuvanza paConstitutional Convention waireva kuti hapana kunyorwa kwapamutemo kwekurukurirano dzapauriri kuripo; tinovimba nezvinonyorwa zvakavanzika zvaJames Madison, izvo zvaakahwirudzura makore gare gare. Masimba asina kukwana aya anotonga kuti aongorore pamusoro pemanyuko akavimbika uye anomiririririra. Uyezve, magwaro anopukunyuka pane dzimwe nguva anopesana. Masangano akasiyana - siyana anozivisa kunzwisiswa kwakasiyana kweripo kweri. Mutongi anofanira kusarudza kana achiyera kunzwisisa kweimwe hurumende kana kuti kuwana mashoko akanyanya.

Chinetso Chokuchinja Kwenhau uye Kusakodzera

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti vatongi vazvino uno, pasinei zvapo nokuti vanoshingaira sei, havagoni kunzvenga kurava mipimo yazvino uno mumagwaro egumi namasere ezana namakore. Chiito chimene chokusarudza kuti magwaroi enhau okusimbisa chinobatanidza chisarudzo chinodudzira icho chingapesvedzerwa nomuuyo unodikanwa womutongi. Kupfuurirazve, mashoko akadai se “commerce,” uye“ zvisimba,” uye “zvakajekajeka nezvisiri zvenguva dzose” zvakanga zvine revo chaidzo yegumi namasere yerechiduku-shanu iyo ingava yakaoma kuwanazve nenzira yakarurama. Nyanzvi dzakadai saProfesa Paul Brestless dzakanongedzera ku “revo yapakuvamba” kazhinji kazhinji iduku pasi pechitemo-jeko hwuno hahusati huri ufakazi hwenhau hwakakwana kupedza mibvunzo yakawanda yazvino unogamuchirwa nemitemo. Vazivi vokutanga vanopindura kuti kunzvera nokuda kwerevo dzapakuvamba hadzina kusava nedzidziso.

Basa Retsono Nenyeredzi Zvinoparadza

Chisarudzo chapakuvamba nemuenzaniso zvinogona kurwisana. Kana chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa chisati chanzwisiswa nenzira isina kururama revo yapakuvamba, chinofanira kunamatwa gare gare kumuenzaniso iwoyo kana kuti kururamisa chikanganiso? Uku kunyanduka kwakakomba muzvinoitika zvakadai se Brown v. Board yeDzidzo[ (1954]), iyo yakatonga [[[FLT:]] Platryv] v. Ferguson[[[FLT]]]] [18666]) asi yakabva nenzira yakasiana nokunzwisisa kwapakuvamba kweIninethi Yevhuri. Vasandurusi vanogamuchira basa nokuda kwedakesis, zvikurukuru nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvirefuro zvakato zvakatongeswa. Kunyange zvazvo zvichingova zvinongoshandiswa zvapakuvamba kurangarira zvisakarurama. Muenzaniso wakarurama, Tomaskarence, akatsinhirana, manyuko anobva pamanyuko apakuvamba, anotongeteveri. [Flveri:]

Kufungidzira Kusingabvi Mune Zvekufungidzira

Kuramba Kunotsigirwa Nomutemo Kupenyu

Vatsigiri vebumbiro remitemo mhenyu vanotaura kuti vatangi vamene vaikarira Bumbiro reMitemo kuchinjika. Vanonongedzera kuChinodikanwa neChitendero chaClaus, mutauro wakafara wePregagey, uye Chikamu V chinogadziridza kuti vapikise kuti nzwisiso yapakuvamba haifaniri kuva inobatira. Mutongi Stephen Breyer, mubhuku rake Actrive Liberty[, vaipikisa kuti magwaro enhau anokosha asi anofanira kuva anodzikamiswa mukurwisana nezvinodikanwa zvenguva ino. Vatsoropotedzi vorudzidziso vedzidziso yenhau yapakuvamba vanopikisawo kuti zvinyorwa zvenhau zvakatanhamara zvakanyorwa navarume vapfumi vevachena avo vaiva varanda.

Gakava Romutemo Wedemocratic

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti umwari hwapakuvamba hahutsigiri hurumende yehurumende nemhaka yokuti hunobatanidza chaunga chazvino uno nechakafa chenguva yakapfuura.Mutongi William Brennan akaramba nenzira yakakurumbira uzivi hwapakuvamba so “kuzvishongedza sounozvininipisa.” Vazivi vemavambo vanopindura kuti kutendeseka kuBumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa chinhu chikuru chokutonga kwehurumende yehurumende nemhaka yokuti kunoremekedza kubvumira kunoitwa navanhu vaitsigira chinyorwa chacho.

Denho Yokusada Kuziva

Nyanzvi yezvemitemo Cass Sunstein navamwe vakarangarira kuti magwaro enhau kazhinji kazhinji anojekeswa zvikuru zvokusagona kuita mhinduro. Nokuda kweFederalist Paper iri yose inotsigira kududzirwa kumwe, kungava nerondedzero yeAnti-Federalist inokarakadza zvakapesana. Kukurukurirana kumwe cheteko kunogona kuraviwa kutsigira rutivi rumwe norumwe rwenhau yazvino uno. Vaprista vanopokanidza kuti kunyange zvazvo dzimwe igwema iripo, gadziriro dzemitemo dzakawanda dzine revo dzapakuvamba dzakajekajeka (h.) somuenzaniso, chinodikanwa chokuti purezidhendi ave namakore makumi matatu namashanu akura. Manyoro enhau anogovera anodzo akasimba muzvinoitika zvakajeka uye panenge aripo.

Nhungamiro Inoshanda Kuvanzveri

Kuziva Kwazvakawana Zvakavimbika

Nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kushandisa magwaro enhau munzvero yapamutemo yapakuvamba, kunokosha kunzvera zvinyorwa zvine chiremera. Library of Congress’s Founders Online nzvimbo inopa kunzvera kunyorwa kwamapepa makuru. Avalon Project paYale [[FLT:] shanduro dzemitengo yemapikicha dzeFederalist Paper, mabumbiro emitemo, uye magwaro okutanga enyika. Congress Record Recordsment (malls congress) inogamuchirwa naaya mapepa eChibvumirano cheChinyorwa chomutemo. Kana kuti system, kana kuti fomu)

Kupazve kwapachikamu

Hapana gwaro rimwe rinofanira kuvimbwa naro mukuparadzana. Kurangarira kwouzivi kwakasimba zvikurusa apo manyuko akawanda akazvimirira anonongedzera murutivi rumwe cheterwo: Federalist Paper, kutaura kwokunatsa kwehurumende, mutemo wapakuvamba wedare, uye duramashoko romunguva imwe cheteyo zvose zvinotsigira kurava kumwe cheteko. Nenzira inopesana, kana chinyorwa chenhau chakakamuraniswa, vatongi venhau vapakuvamba vanofanira kutsanangura chikonzero nei vachitora manyuko akati pamusoro pavamwe. Kurangarira pamusoro pouku kurema chirango chinokosha icho nyanzvi yemiitiro yemiitiro yendangariro inokurudzira.

mhedziso

Zvinyorwa zvenhau inheyo yefungidziro yedare rapakuvamba. Kubva paFederalist Papers nekakamu kapamutemo kapakuvamba kamaSangano ehurumende eBlackstone, aya manyuko anopa nheyo yakajeka yokusarudza zvairehwa neBumbiro remitemo apo yakagamuchirwa. Nepo mitoo inotarisana nezvinetso zvakakomba. Zvokududzirwa kwakakwana, tsvurudzo, uye kuoma kwemienzaniso nemusiano nemusiano zvinoramba zviri chishandisiro chine simba chokudzvinyirira uchenjeri nedudziro yapabumbiro remitemo mune chimwe chinhu chinopfuura zvido zvomunhu oga zvavatongi. Sezvo Dare Rapamusoro rinopfuurira kushandisa mitoo yapakuvamba inobatanidza kodzero dzepfuti, simba rehurumende, uye chiremera chakatanhamara, kufunda magwaro enhau kusati kuchingoramba bedzi kushandiswa kwedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo asi kushandiswa kwezuva nezuva kwomutemo wemitemo weAmerica. Kunzwisisa kuti mapepa anoshandiswa sei mune anoshandiswa nokuda kwezvidongozvipfurototototo zvikuru.