Basa Repamutemo: Kurondedzera Kunoita Kutonga Kwemapurisa

Ukama pakati pezvisarudzo zvokutonga nokuchengetwa kwomutemo hunoumba chisakiso chebumbiro remitemo. Apo matare anodudzira Garamende reChina ne#817; inodzivirira pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari, Findth Amendment ̱ inovimbisa pamusoro pekuzvipa amene, kana kuti kudzivirira kwe 144th Amendment Ù inodzivirira nenzira yakaenzana, zvinowana mitsetse yemuganhu umo vakuru vakuru vakuru vamapurisa vanofanira kushanda. Iyi miraudzo haisati ichingopa uzivi hwepamutemo husinganzwisisiki; inoparira chinjo dzakasimba dzinotapura mupurisa mukuru mukuru ari wose mumugwagwa, kubva pakumira kwemotokari kuti ibvumidze kuurawa.

Zvisarudzo zvedare zvinoshanda semuenzaniso wapamutemo mudzidziso ye stare decis ̬ chiLatin nokuda kwe ̴ kumira kupfurikidza nezvinhu zvakasarudzwa. ̵ Yakangova dare rakakwirira, zvikurukuru Dare Gurusa reU.S., rinopa dare rapamutemo, matare ose akaderera ehurumende nedare rehurumende (pane mibvunzo yehurumende yehurumende) zvinofanira kutevera kududzira ikoko. Masangano emitemo anochengeta nyika yose ipapo anofanira kugadziridza mitemo yavo, kurovedza, uye kutungamirira miitiro yokuwirirana nomupimo mutsva. Kukundikana kuita kudaro namasangano ezvokudzivirira ufakazi hwavagari vemo, uye kunyange kubvumira utsotsi.

Zvine mufungo, zvisarudzo zvokutonga hazvisati zvichigovera nguva dzose mitemo yakajeka. Mitemo mizhinji inoda kudzikamisa miedzo — somuenzaniso, inoyera ̱ inoparira fariro yomunhu oga pafariro yepamutemo yehurumende. Uku kujeka kazhinji kazhinji kunosiya kuchengetwa kwomutemo munzvimbo dzachena, kuraira kuti masangano avambe mitemo yomukati inopfuura zvinodikanwa zviduku zvedare. Kunzwisisa kuti mutoo uyu unokosha sei kuvatungamiriri vamapurisa, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vagadziri vemitemo.

Kushandisa Zvinhu Zvine Simba: Kukanganisa, Kudzidzisa, uye Kudzidzisa

Kugadza Kuranga Kurangana Kusingadzorwi

Motokari huru inoshandiswa nechisarudzo chedare kuisa mutemo mutevedzeri. Dare repamusorosoro reU.S.’ tsananguro dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzinobatanidza hurumende iri yose, hurumende, uye mukuru mukuru womunzvimbomo panhau dzakadai sechingabvira, nyumwiro ine mufungo, uye mutemo wokubvisa. Somuenzaniso, mu [[FLT]] Mapp v. Ohio[FLT][2] [[FLT]] [1961], Dare rairangarira kuti ufakazi hwakawanwa mukupunzwa kweRendeksempireji yeChina hahugoni kushandiswa mukudenha kwapamutemo. Chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe chakamanikidzira mapurisa chiri chose murudzi kugamuchira mitengo yorumano yorumano nechinoparira pamutemo, nemhaka yengozi yekudzodzosososososo yorudzi zvino.

Dare guru rehurumende nematare enharaunda anoumbawo muitiro mukati memiganhu yavo. Chisarudzo chinoitwa neNinth Dare reNtu reZvikumbiro pakushandiswa kwesimba chinoshanda kuvakuru vakuru muAlaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, uye Washington. Masangano anochengeta mutemo munyika idzodzo anofanira kugadziridza miitiro yavo nenzira inowirirana, kunyange kana muitiro mumwe chetewo ukaramba uchibvumirwa kune imwe nzvimbo. Iri basa remuenzaniso rinoparira kuoma nokuda kwemauto nevakuru vakuru vakuru vebasa vanoshanda pedyo nemitsetse yehurumende.

Kuongorora Mitemo uye Mabhuku eDhipatimendi

Kutevera chisarudzo chakatanhamara, madhipatimendi emapurisa anohwirudzura pamutemo. Mitemo yenyanzvi, varairi vemitemo, uye vashandi vanonzvera dare’ vanobata ndokurangarira nzira yokurishandura nayo mumirairo yamasangano. Somuenzaniso, pashure peDare Gurusa ’ chisarudzo mu[FLT][1] GRAM v. Controm[[19989] [-], icho chakasimbisa ̴ kuva nomufungo ̶ mupimo wokushandisa zvinotemwarati, masangano anorekosha kuurevedzero ose, mamiriro ezvinhu, kana kutyisidzirwa, kana kutyisidzirwa, kana kuchinzi kutongerwa kusungwa.

  • Kushandiswa kwemiitiro inogombedzerwa zvino kunobatanidza mutauro wakajeka pamusoro pokubviswa kwenzvimbo nemubatanidzwa, unorondwa zvakananga kunhungamiro yokutonga.
  • Tsvakai maphrotocom nescrotos zvinovandudzwa pashure pokutonga se Riley v. California (2014], iyo yaireva kuti mapurisa anowanzoda rugwaro rwokunzvera zviri muchadenga chesero yenhauro kuti asungwe.
  • Miitiro yokubvisa [ inogadziridzwa pashure pezvisarudzo zvakadai se Miranda v. Arizona [6] (6] uye gare gare kujekeswa kwakafanana [ Berguis v. Thompkins [2010]), iyo yainyora chinoumba chisakiso chapamutemo chekodzero.

Kurovedza uye Kupa Tsamba Kunonyanya

Kana mitemo yangovandudzwa, nhano inotevera inokosha rovedzo. Zvikoro zvePhosa, mapurogiramu okurovedza nokurovedza, uye gadziriro dzokutarisira kudzidza paIndaneti zvinobatanidza zvibvumirano zvitsva zvokutonga. International poseltar Association of Shill of Police (IACP)[FLP] uye hurumende yoRuramo rwaMapurisa neDzidzo (POST) zvinowanzoita basa rokugadzira muenzaniso wemapurogiramu pazvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi. Varwi vanofanira kuratidzira kunzwisisa kupfurikidza nokushandisa zviitiko uye kuongorora kwakanyorwa. Mumashoko akawanda, kukundikana kugadziridza kugadziridzwa pachisarudzo chakakomba cheDare gurusasal-pamusoro pese zvinogona kutapura mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende ̱ crecrect.

Rovedzo inotambanukirawo kuvatarisiri vorumwe rutivi, avo vane mutoro wokudzorwa. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokutonga mu [FLT]TEESE v. Garner [[FLT] [1985], yakaganhurira kushandiswa kwesimba rinouraya mukurwisana neferi, madhipatimendi akapinzwa zvikuru mukupfura/Don/̱ shopu dzechisungo nemhizha dzemitemo. Nharidziro ndeyokuisa mupimo wapamutemo mu̱ zviito zvamaumbirwe mukati me mativi makuru.

Nhau Dzakagadziridza Mutemo Dzinomanikidza

Nyaya imwe neimwe yakataura mubvunzo wakananga webumbiro remitemo ndokuita kuti mapurisa achinje mararamiro awo uye agadzirise zvinhu kwenguva refu.

Miranda muArizona (1966) uye Progeny Yayo

Zvichida mutongo mukurusa wemifananidzo, Miranda wakasimbisa kuti Findrefera yeshanu inoda kuti mapurisa azivise vanonyumwira kodzero dzavo kuti varambe vakanyarara uye kuti vave negweta paripo pabvunzurudzo yekodzero. Chisarudzo chacho chakatungamirira kunyevero yaMiranda inoraviwa munzvimbo dzose. Bva kuitwa kwayo kwakakwikwidzana muzvinoitika zvakazotevera.

  • Kuchinja kwetsika: Mapurisa zvino anotakura makadhi namashoko chaiwoiwo enyevero, uye masangano akawanda anonyora kubvunzurudza kunyora kuti nyevero dzakapiwa ndokupiwa nokuzvidira.
  • Zvinetso zvinoshanda: Kumuka kwenzvero dzougandanga kwakatungamirira ku “ kuvhozhokero yavose yechakachengeteka ̵ mu New York v. Quarles [19984], kubvumira vakuru vakuru kubvunza mibvunzo pasina Mira nyevero apo kune tyisidziro iri pedyo kuchengeteko yavose. Uku kunoda vakuru vakuru vakuru kuparadzanisa rwechipiri pamusoro pomugariro wetyisidziro.
  • [[FLT: 0] Sangano pausungwa: Vatungamiriri vanofanira zvino kusarudza chaizvoizvo apo munhu ari muchitokisi nokuda kwamadonzo eMiranda, uko kunogona kuitika kunyange pasina kusungwa kwapamutemo kana munhu ane mufungo aisazonzwa akasununguka kubva.

Terry v. Ohio (1968) naStop-and-Frisk Practics

Chisarudzo chakabvumira kunzvera kwakaganhurirwa (pamipata) nokuda kwezvombo zvakavakirwa panyumwiro ine mufungo yokuti munhu akashongedzwa nezvombo uye ane ngozi. Uku kutonga kwakaparira hwaro hwapamutemo nokuda kwemibato yokumira nefrisk. Kutevera, zvisinei, kwakanatsa dzidziso.

  • Mupimo unofungira: vakuru vanofanira kutaura maidi akajeka, echokwadi anoruramisa kumira. Mipimo yemipimo yokumira kwedzinza mukumira uye kumira kwemashoko yakatungamirira kuutariri hwedare mumaguta akadai seNew York nePhiladelphia.
  • Kuwedzera nokusashanda zvakanaka: matare epasi akakakavadzana kana nguva yokumira kwaTerry ichigona kutambanudzwa nokuda kwokunzvera imbwa-sniff (ona Rodriguez v. United States[FLT] [2015]), uye kana munhu & ’ kubhururuka kubva kumapurisa munharaunda yakakwirira bedzi kunoparira nyumwiro ine mufungo (ona [[[FLT:]]] Illiois v.[FLT][FLT:][5][200]]
  • [[FLT: 0] Tsitsiro: Madhipatimendi mazhinji zvino anoda vakuru vakuru kupedza makadhi okunyorera rugwaro rwedzinza, dzinza, uye ruramiso nokuda kwemira imwe neimwe, kubudisa mashoko anozivisa kunzvera kwomukati nemirairo yokubvuma.

United States v. Jones (202) uye Technology Surveillance

Mu Jones, Dare rapamusoro rakati kunamatira dhiramu reGPS kumotokari ndokuongorora kufamba kwayo kunoumba kunzvera pasi peGeneti Amendment. Chisarudzo chacho hachina kuda rugwaro muzviitiko zvose, asi chakaratidzira kuti kuongorora kworuzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kwakakwidziridza itiro dzakavanzika. Ichi chisarudzo chakagadziridza nzira iyo mutemo unofambisa nayo [ GPS inonzvera michina yokugadzira zvinhu mushure medurate mumugwagwa [[ uye chakapesvedzera gakava pamusoro pemite pamusoro pemisheni yenzvimbo yesero, asi kunzvera kwapa reze yerapidhi, uye varavi.

  • Zvinodikanwa zvisingapikirwa: Madhipatimendi mazhinjisa zvino anoda chibvumikiso chinotsigirwa nechinobvira pamberi pokunamangidzira mukoto weGPS kana kuwana mashoko enzvimbo yesero-yoga akarebesa (kutevera [ Karbate v. United States] [2018]).
  • Vatarisiri veDHAB: Masangano anofanira kuchengeta zvisungo zvakasimba zvekodzero yokuchengeta mwana nokuda kwemashoko emichina okunzvera uye kutevera mitemo inoganhura kuti vanochengeta mashoko enzvimbo yakadini.
  • Vatungamiriri vanorovedza kuisa pfungwa: vanodzidza kusiyanisa pakati penhambo pfupi (dzimwe nguva inobvumirwa pasina murairo mukutonga kwevoruzhinji) uye kuongorora kwenguva refu, uko kunoparira dziviriro yeFiji yeChina.

Graham v. Connor (1989) uye Kushandisa-Force Mipimo

Pamberi pa Graham, matare pane dzimwe nguva akanzvera kutaura kwesimba rakanyanyisa pasi pe 144th Amendment’ zvikamu zviduku zvegadziriro yegadziriro yakafanira. Graham[ yakajekesa kuti kutaura kwose kwesimba rakawandisa mukati mokusungwa, kumira kwenzvero, kana kuti kumwe kubatwa kunorangarirwa pasi peWeneter Amendment’ ̴ “ mupimo wetsika. Ichi chirongwa chinoda kurangarira maidi uye migariro inotarisana nomutarisiri, pasina betsero yechadenga.

  • Vatungamiriri vanorovedza: vanodzidziswa mapurotsi matatu e Graham: ukuru hwoutsotsi, tyisidziro yapakarepo, uye kudzivisa kwokushingaira kana kuti kusada. Kurovedza vaiedza vadzorerwazve pakushandisa izvi zvinhu.
  • Chikwereti: Chisarudzo chakakuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru nokuda kwavapukunyuki kuti vapukunyuke rutongeso rwepfupi munhau dzinogombedzerwa, kuchitungamirira kudzimba dzakawanda nechisarudzo chedare rinobetsera vatongi. MaBato akaisa chifo chekuti makamera akaiswa mumuviri apedzisire ufakazi hwechokwadi.
  • Mhindumupindu yechiProtomy: Masangano mazhinji zvino anobatanidza kubviswa senzira inodikanwa, kunyange zvazvo Dare risina kuiraira. Dzimwe nyika dzakapa mitemo inoda vakuru vakuru kubvisa dzimwe nzira dzose vasati vashandisa simba rinouraya, kuvaka pa [[FLT:] GRAham

Kunetsa Kwourombo uye Kushandisa Zvinetso

Zvisarudzo zvedare hazvingoerekani zvachinja kuti zvive zvakafanana. Vakuru vakuru, vatarisiri, uye masangano ose vangaramba, vangasanzwisisana, kana kuti vangasatevedzera mitemo yepamutemo nemaune.

Kuvenga uye Kurwisana Nenjodzi

Chisarudzo cheDare gurusa chinowanzoparira mirangariro yakawanda inowirirana neisina kubvumirana, kuchisiya matare akaderera kuronga kubatwa. Somuenzaniso, pashure pe United States v. Drayton [2002], matare akaparapatika kurondedzera apo mukwiri webhazi akagara pachigaro chepabutiro ndi ̴ anenge adzoresed ̵ mukati mapurisa atsvaira. Mhinganidzo inovapo yacho yakatungamirira kumiuyo inopesana mumativi ose. Masangano anochengeta Mutemo anogamuchira kupfurikidza nokungwarira kwakakomba (kuramba nenzira yapamutemo) kana kuti kupfuura amasimba makuru (ikwidziridza kufunda).

Kuramba Kuchinja Kwezvinhu Kunoitwa Musangano

Tsika yesangano mukati mechipotopu inogona kudzivisa kushandiswa kwemipimo mitsva yapamutemo. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vangarangarira zvisarudzo zvokutonga semiganhu yokunze iyo ̴ chandcuff ̵ mapurisa. Pasina utungamiriri hwakasimba uye nzira dzokuzvidavirira, chinjo dzingaramba dziri papepa panzvimbo pokutungamirira mufambiro chaiwoiwo. Mienzaniso yokudzivisa yedare inobatanidza murayiro wetendero [ muGenesourve, Missouri, umo Depart yakawana kuputswa kwakarongwa kweWechina ye Amendment pasinei zvapo nomuenzaniso wakagadzwa.

Mazano Okushandisa Mari

Kuwirirana nezvisarudzo zvedare kunowanzoda mari. Makamera eMitezo, kunyora mapurogiramu ekombiyuta, purogiramu inodzidzisira yakagadziridzwa, uye kunyoresa zviri pamutemo zvose zvinodyira mari. Masangano maduku, zvikurukuru mumaruwa, angatamburira kushandisa mipimo mimwe cheteyo nemadhipatimendi makuru akasanogadzirwa. Uku kusawirirana kunogona kutungamirira kukudzivirirwa kwakasiana kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kumativi ose.

Basa Rokubatana Kunokwaniriswa

Kudzivirirwa kwakakodzera idzidziso yokutonga iyo vakuru vakuru vanodzivirira pamitoro yavagari vemo kutoti vakapunza nokusatevera zvinofungwa ne ̵ mutemo. Nepo kudzivirira kuchiitirwa kudzivirira vakuru vakuru vanoita zvikanganiso zvine mufungo, vatsoropodzi vanokushovedza kuzvidavirira uye vanononotsa kushanduka kwemitemo yebumbiro remitemo. Dare Rapamusoro rakarangarira chinjo, asi nokuda kwazvino, kukwanisa kudzivirira kurwisa kunoramba kuri mhinganidzo huru yokudzivisa zvisarudzo zvedare mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vakuru vamwe navamwe. Ikokuwo, kunoderedza sundo yedhiropu yamadhipatimendi kuti igadziridze miitiro yokuchinja zvinhu mumhinduro isingazivisi zvakajeka zvakarurama se ̴ yakasimbiswa nenzira yakajeka.̵

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu, Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo, uye Nzvimbo Dzinotenderera

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runowedzera uye vanhu vachiziva kodzero dzevanhu, matare acharamba achitarisana nenhau itsva dzinodenha gadziriro dziripo.

Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa uye Kufanofungidzira

Maarufabheti anoshandiswa kudeya kutaura utsotsi hunopisa kana kuti kuziva vanhu vari mungozi yemasimba masimba Wechina Amendment nemuitiro wakafanira zvinomutsa funganyo. Mu LIOMIS v. Wisconsin (2016), dare rapamusoro raitsigira kushandiswa kweCOMPAS (chishandiso chinoisa ngozi) asi rakanyevera kuti mamiriro ayo ezvinhu angaputsa vakwidzirirwi ̱ kodzero. matare ehurumende akavamba kunzvera kana zvishandiso zvakavakirwa pamirairo inofanotaurwa kuti igutse. Zvisarudzo munzvimbo ino zvichaita kana vakuru vakuru vakuru vachifanira kuwana magwaro pamberi pokuita zvinyorwa zvemitemo.

Kuzivikanwa Nemaziso Nezvinhu Zviduku Zviduku

Kushandiswa kworuzivo rwokuziva chiso kupfurikidza nokuchengetwa kwomutemo kwakanyandura rwisano pasi peGrandment yeChina nemitemo yezvigadziko zvakavanzika. Mu Lynch v. State (2020), Dare Gurusa reWashington rakataura kuti kunzvera kunopfuurira, kusingabvumirwi kwevhidhiyo inofungidzirwa ̱ musha unoshandisa kamera haina kuputsa Pendement yeChina, asi vapanduki vakanyevera nezvemuuyo we ̴ chikaro. ̵ sezvo nhau dzakawanda dzinosvika matare makuru, madhipati edare anofanira kugadzirira ganhuriro dzinobvira pakuzivikanwa chapamhika chapamhika chapamhika chapamhika kana kuti munzvimbo dzapachena.

Makhamera Omuviri uye Kuwana Zvinyorwa Zvamapurisa

Nepo masangano akawanda akagamuchira nokuzvidira makamera echikwata, zvisarudzo zvokutonga zviri kuumba ’ maruramiro okupinda muIllinois. Madare akakamurana pauko makarekodha anohesvurwa kubva kumitemo yapamberi pehurumende. Makambani amapurisa anofanira kunyora mitemo mizhinji yokuzivisa inodzikamisa kuona kutarisana nenhau dzechimbichimbi--kamu uye kunzvera kunodikanwa. Zviitiko zvazvino uno zvakadai se [[FLT:] ACLU of Illinois. City of Chicago (2088) akada masangano okubudisa kubudisa kunyange apo anoratidzira kuvadziko dzinotapura kana kuti duku, anomanikidzira madhiro okutanga masangano okuita madzo.

Kupindura Kwechinetso Choutano Hwendangariro

Zvisarudzo zvedare zviri kuda zvikuru kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuti zvitsigire vanhu nechirwere chendangariro. Mu Sheppard v. PHFH (2021], Nhengo yeNhamba yakataura kuti vakuru vakuru vakashandisa simba rakanyanyisa apo vakatumira murwiri pamunhu aiva munjodzi yemirangariro akanga asingatyisidziri munhu upi noupi. Uku kutonga pamwe chete nemirayiro yokubvumirana mumaguta akadai seBaltimore nePortland, kwakasunda masangano kukudza Crisis Intervention Teation (CIT) rovedzo yemie yendangariro nenyanzvi dzezvoutano dzemiedzo yokutumira.

mhedziso

Zvisarudzo zvokutonga hazvisi zvisarudzo zvepamutemo zviri kure; zviratidzo zvebumbiro remitemo zvinorondedzera ukuru hunobvumirwa hwechiremera chokuchengeta mutemo. Kubva kuMiranda kumiganhu yokutsvaka GPS, mutongo mumwe nomumwe unosunda masangano kuyerazve miitiro yawo, kurovedzazve vakuru vakuru vavo, uye kururamisa mabasa avo nemipimo inochinja pamutemo. Muitiro wacho unowanzova unorwisana, unoratidzirwa nokusawirirana, kuoma, kuoma, uye denho dzezviwanikwa. Bva unoramba uri mumwe wemitoo inobudirira zvikurusa yokuita kuti vadzori muhurumende inoremekedza kodzero dzavose nehurumende apo inochengeta kotsekotseko yavose.

Vatungamiriri vemitemo vanofunda mifungo yazvino uno, vanoisa murovedzo yakavakirwa pazvinoitika, uye kusakurira tsika yokuteerera pamutemo kuchaiswa zviri nani kutungamirira pamutemo unopfuura. Voruzhinji vachabetserwawo apo vakuru vakuru vanonzwisisa zvisati zvichingogona kuita bedzi, asi izvo Bumbiro remitemo rinoraira kuti vasaite. Sezvo ruzivo rwamabasa nekariro dzechimurenga zvinopfuurira kuvapoka, kurukurirano pakati pejudicary namapurisa icharamba iri chinhu chikuru kukurondwa kweruramisiro pasi pomutemo.