Hwaro Hwedare reAmerica

Dare redare ikokumira kwehurumende inotonga yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, vane mutoro wokududzira mitemo, kupedza gakava, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti ruramisiro inoitwa nenzira yakarurama. MuUnited States, gadziriro yedare inoumbwa semativi maviri, inoumbwa nematare ose ari maviri ehurumende nehurumende, rimwe nerimwe rine zviremera zvakasiyana uye mitoro. Kunzwisisa tsika ino inotsoropodza munhu upi noupi anofunda mutemo, nhau, kana kuti tarisiro yavose, sezvarinotapura zvakananga mashandisirwe emitemo uye kuti kodzero dzomunhu oga dzinodzivirirwa sei.

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinosimbisa dare redare rehurumende pasi peChikamu III, nepo matare ehurumende achiwana chiremera chawo mubumbiro remitemo nemirau. Ichi chirongwa chine mativi maviri chinoreva kuti nhau dzapamutemo zhinjisa dzinobatwa pamwero wenyika, asi mhaka dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, kana kuti nharo dzaparuwa dzinodzikamiswa pasi pesimba rehurumende. Muuyo mubatanidzwa wakaoma asi unowirirana wematare erudzi netsinhirano yomunzvimbomo.

Kufambira Mberi Kwenhau Dzematare muUnited States

Gadziriro yedare haina kuumbwa zvizere; yakabva mumagamuchidzanwa emitemo avose eEngland nemiitiro yehurumende. Pashure pokuzvimirira. Pashure pechibvumirano chejeri rejeri re 1789 rakagadzira chirongwa chedare rokutanga rehurumende, kubatanidza Dare repamusorosoro, matare oruwa, uye matare ematunhu. Mumazana amakore akapfuura, tsika yakawedzera kupfurikidza nemitemo yechiratidzo yakadai seEvarts Act ye1891, iyo yakavamba chirongwa chehurumende yehurumende yazvino uno, uye kuumbwa kwematare ehurumende okutarisira kubhurotswa, mutero, uye nhau dzebhizimisi dzamarudzi ose.

Dare rehurumende, nepo, rakakura mukuwirirana nenhau dzakafanana, kazhinji kazhinji richiratidzira zvimiro zvenharaunda nezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo. Somuenzaniso, mamwe maruwa akatanga matare akaparadzana nokuda kwokusasarura (kutonga) apo mamwe aiabatanidza nematare omutemo. Nhasi, hurumende iri yose ine dare rayo imene rapamusoro, matare apakati, uye matare okutonga edzose, pamwe chete nematare akaganhurirwa.

Marudzi Ematare: Kuputswa Kunorwisana

Dare Rokutonga: Mutsetse Wakarurama Weruramisiro

Mugadziriro yehurumende, inonzi Dare Roruwa reUnited States, uye kune maruwa 94 akadaro munyika yose. Ruwa rumwe norumwe runobatanidza dare rinobhuroka sedare redare roruwa.

Dare rehurumende rinotongwa namazita akasiana - siana() dare guru, dare redunhu, dare roruwa, kana kuti dare reruwa (apo zvose zvinoita basa rimwe chetero rinokosha. Zvinobata zvose zviri zviviri nhau dzehurumende (sezvinei, kukwikwidzana kwekuvadziko yomunhu oga, kuwirirana kwebvumirano, mutemo wemhuri) uye kupiwa mhaka dzoutsotsi (kubva kuzvikanganiso kukuva zvisakafanira kumatare akakomba). Mamwe masangano makuru anewo mapoka akatanhamara okutonga nokuda kweprobate, vaduku, kana kuti mhaka dzeukama hwemhuri.

Matare Okutonga Ane Chienzi

Mukati meboka redare rokutonga, mativi akawanda akaparira matare chaiwo kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka nounyanzvi:

  • Dare reBankruptic: rinobata nhau dzose dzokubhuroka pasi pomutemo wehurumende, kubatanidza Chitsauko 7, 11, uye 13 masherufu. program yeU.S. Trust inotarisira muitiro wacho kuva nechokwadi chokuteererwa.
  • [ Dare reTax: Sarudza nharo pakati pavateresi neInternational Revenue Service (IS) vasati vabhadhara chitsama chaipokanidzwa.
  • juvenile Courts:[[FLT: 1] Kunangidzira ngwariro pavana vaduku vanopomerwa mhaka yokusindimara kana kuti vanoda tarisiro, nesimbiso pakuvandudza panzvimbo pechirango.
  • [ Dare routano hwenyama: Kupinza vanhu nechirwere chendangariro kubva kugadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi kupinda mugadziriro dzokurapa.
  • [ Matare eMirimo: Gadzirirai nzira yokutsiva nayo kusungwa kwevatadzi vemirimo isina masimba masimba, kubatanidza udzori nokurapa kwemishonga.

Matare Anodenha: Kuhwirudzura Chinyorwa Chacho

Dare reAppellate hariiti matare matsva; vanohwirudzura chinyorwa chinobva kudare rinotonga kuti vaone kana zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvaigona kuva zvakatapura mugumisiro wacho. Mugadziriro yehurumende, matare apakati ari matare eZvikumbiro eU.S., akakamurwa kuva matunhu 13 eruwa, D.C. Transturation, uye Federal Circles). Hurumende ine matare anosiyana mugadziriro; mamwe maruwa ane dare rimwe rokukwidza, nepo maruwa makurusa seCalifornia neTexas ane maruwa akawanda.

Kukwirira hakungoerekani kwaitika muzviitiko zvakawanda. Vari kurasikirwa vanofanira kunyora chiziviso chekukwirira uye nharo dzepamutemo dzinovapo (mabhirife) vachitsanangura chikonzero nei dare rokutonga rakanganisa. (kazhinji kazhinji vatongi vatatu) vanoona zvikamu zvipfupi, vanganzwa nharo dzinotaurwa, uye vozonyora pfungwa. Zvinoitika zvingangobatanidza:

  • Kusimbisa: Kutsigira chisarudzo chedare rinotonga.
  • [[[FT:0] Dzvera: chinja chisarudzo.
  • [ Remand: Tsimira nyaya yacho kudare rinotonga nokuda kwezvimwe zvinoitika zvinowirirana nemurangariro wedare.
  • [[FOL:0] ` fukidza kutonga kwedare rinotongwa.

Kufadza Kunoitwa Mumashoko Oudzame

Hakusati kuri kuedza kwose kwekanganiso pamutemo kubvumira kuchinjwa. matare edare anoshandisa mipimo yakasiana yehwirudzuro. Somuenzaniso, mibvunzo yomutemo inohwirudzurwa [ devo (mutsva), kureva dare reaupellate risingarevi kududzirwa kwomutongi. Kuwana maidi kunohwirudzurwa nokuda kwe [[[FLT:]]] mhoshoro yakajeka yakajeka [[[FLT]]], mupimo mukuru zvikuru. Zvisarudzo, zvakadai kana zvichibvuma ufakazi hwakati, hazvidzokororwiswi nokuda kwechisarudzo [[FLT:]]. Iyi mitsetse inoiswa muvara wokwano yechisarudzo yapamutemo apo matare anotonga anenge ari edare.

Matare Makurusa: Chiremera Chokupedzisira

Dare guru riripo pazvose zviri zviviri mwero yehurumende nehurumende. U.S. Dare rapamusorosoro idare rapamusorosoro munyika, rinoumbwa navatongi vapfumbamwe vanobatira kugadza kwoupenyu hwose. Ine chiremera chapakuvamba mumitemo yakaganhurirwa yenhau (mr., nharo pakati pemitengo) asi zvikurukuru mamiriro ezvinhu anodzorwa, kusarudza kuti imhakanoi yokunzwa nomumatongero e anoshanda mumiganhu mizhinji. Dare rinodzokororo kunenge 80-100. Zvisarudzo izvozvo zvinogadza muenzaniso nokuda kwematare ose akaderera munyika yose.

Zvisarudzo zvavo ndezvokupedzisira kutoti vaisanganisira mubvunzo waigona kukwidzwa neDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States. matare makuru ehurumende anowanzoumbwa nevatongi vashanu kusvika kumapfumbamwe, vakasarudzwa kana kuti vanogadzwa zvichienderana nemaitiro ehurumende.

Mabasa Ematare: Kupfuura Chisarudzo

Dare rinoita mabasa akawanda akabatana anotsigira mutemo nenhevedzano yenzanga. Aya anosanganisira:

  • Chisarudzo cheRevolution yeTsitsi: Dare rinogovera dare rakarongeka, risina rusaruro nokuda kwokupedza rwisano. Pasina matare, masangano angafanira kutendeukira kubetsero amene kana kuti masimba masimba omunhu oga, achinetesa dzikamo yenzanga.
  • Kuisa pareve reMutemo: Mitemo nemirau zvinowanzova zvisina kujeka. Madare anojekesa revo yazvo kupfurikidza nokududzira, kushandisira maruvara okuvaka nemuenzaniso. Iri basa rinopa upenyu kumagwaro emitemo asina kujeka.
  • Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero Dzemunhu mumwe nomumwe: Dare rinodzivirira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo. Idzo dzinohwirudzura mitemo nezviito zvehurumende nokuda kwokuwirirana neBill of Rights nebumbiro remitemo. Nhau dzemapepa dzakafanana Brown v. Dare reDzidzidzo [1954] [[FLT]]] uye Obergefell v. Hodges[FLT:] [20]] (20) dzinoratidzira basa reFidiary mukuwedzera rusununguko.
  • Chirongwa chePrefect (Sangano reDesis): Zvisarudzo zvedare rapamusoro zvinova zvisarudzo zvinobatira izvo matare akaderera anofanira kutevera. Iyi dzidziso ye stara decis[ inovimbisa kusachinjana nokudeya kutaura mumutemo. Apo Dare Rapamusorosoro rinoronga, inoumba miuyo yapamutemo kwamakumi amakore.
  • Dare reSangano reNorm Articum: harishandisi mutemo; rinochadza mipimo yenzanga. Kupfurikidza nemirangariro yakarangarirwa, vatongi vanokurukura kuti mufambiroi unogamuchirika nechisiri, vachipesvedzera nzwisiso dzavose dzeruramisiro.
  • Dare roudzori: rinohwirudzura zviito zvamasangano ehurumende kuva nechokwadi chokuti anoramba ari muchiremera chawo chapamutemo ndokutevera muitiro wakafanira. Uku kunozivikanwa sehwirudzuro yokutonga yechiito chesangano, kunzvera kukuru pasimba ravakuru vakuru.

Basa Revatongi Nemabhonzo Mukutongwa

Vatongi: Varindi Nevagadziri Vezvisarudzo

Vatongi ndivo vanokosha mudare. Vanodzora dare, vanotonga nhau dzenhau dzezvokusarudza uye dzinooneka, vanorayiridza vatongi, uye mumatare ebhenji (nyaya dzisina dare rinobetsera vatongi) vanopa chisarudzo. Vatongi vehurumende vanogadzwa naPrezidhendi ndokusimbiswa naDare, vachibatira kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose kuti vasimbise kuzvitonga. Vatongi vehurumende vangagadzwa, kusarudzwa, kana kuti kusarudzwa kupfurikidza namasangano akafanirwa okusarudza.

Vatongi vanoitawo basa rinokosha mukutongera vakwirirwi. Vanofanira kurangarira nhungamiro dzemitemo, maidi enhau yemukwiridziri, uye tsinhiro dzemhosho. Mune dzimwe nharaunda, vatongi vane uchenjeri hwakafara; mune dzimwe, mitsetse yakakomba inomanikidzira zvisarudzo zvavo. Basa romutongi rinotambanudza kupfuura kutongwa kunobatanidza kuita dare, kukwirira mhaka, uye misangano yokugarisa.

Mitoro Mikuru yaVatongi

  • Kutungamirira miedzo uye kunzwa
  • Kutonga pamiitiro yokusaita chiito (g., kubvisa, kutora nhindi nokuda kworutongeso rwokupfupikisa)
  • Kutarisira karenda yedare uye kutongwa kwemhosva
  • Kukurudzira kuti magweta atevere mitemo yetsika
  • Kupa mirayiridzo yepamutemo kuvatongi
  • Kunyora zvaunofunga panhau dzinoda kutorerwa mutongo

Majeri: Inzwi Renzanga

Dare reSixth Amendment rinovimbisa kodzero yokutonga nyaya dzedare mumatare umo mutongo wacho unopfuura mwedzi mitanhatu mujeri.

Marudzi makuru maviri ematare anobetsera vatongi aripo:

  • Majuri makuru: Akanyorwa navagari vemo 16-23, vanonzwa ufakazi hunopiwa navachuchisi kuti vaone kana pane chisakiso chingabvira kupomera mumwe munhu mhaka yakakomba. Majaji makuru haasaruri mhaka; ivo bedzi vanosarudza kana vachifanira kupomera. Zviito zvavo zvakavanzika.
  • Juries: Pagore, vanonzwa ufakazi pakutonga ndokupa chisarudzo. Mumitongo youtsotsi, chisarudzo chinofanira kuva chakabatana (mudare rehurumende uye munenge munyika dzose). Mumhaka dzavagari vemo, kusada kudikanwa nguva dzose; dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira kunyanyisa.

Zvisinei, vatongi havasi vagamuchiri vapari veufakazi vasingaiti vanobatira vapari vemitemo vanoshandisa mutemo sezvavakadzidziswa nomutongi kumaidi avanowana. Uchenjeri hwokubvumira vagari vemo kutora rutivi zvakananga mubvumirano hwakarumbidzwa sedziviriro inorwisana nehurumende inonyengera uye somutoo wokudzidzisa nawo vanhu vose pamusoro peruramisiro.

Matare Avagari Vemo: Misiyano Yapakuvamba

Kunyange zvazvo chivako chimwe chetecho chedare chingava nemarudzi ose, miitiro, zvinangwa, uye migumisiro zvinosiyana zvikuru.

Matare Eutsotsi

Dare revapari vemhosva rinobata nyaya umo hurumende (kutambudza) inopomera munhu kana kuti sangano kuputsa mutemo ungava unoita chirango chakadai sokuiswa mutorongo, faindi, kuedzwa, kana kuti rufu. Mutoro weufakazi ndi kudarika kusava nechokwadi kune mufungo[, mupimo wakakwirira zvikurusa mumutemo. Vatori vehurukuro vakuru vanobatanidza muroveri wemhaka (achimirira nyika), murevereri, uye mukwidzi. Vanyajambwa vangava neganhuro rakaganhurirwa asi kazhinji kazhinji vanogovera kutaura kwokutonga.

Nhau dzeutsotsi dzinopfuurira nomumatanho: kusungwa, kuoneka kwokutanga, kunzwa kwebhero, kutonga kwokutanga kana kuti vatongi vakuru, kugadzikisa (panomukwirirwi anopinda chikumbiro), kuwana, kutora matanho edare, kutonga, kuranga, uye kukwirira. Anenge 90% emhosva dzoutsotsi anoguma mukubvumirana panzvimbo pemiedzo.

Matare Avagari Vemo

Dare ravagari vemo rinopedza gakava pakati pemasangano avanhu vamwe navamwe(individo), mabhizimisi, kana kuti masangano ehurumende — umo mutengi anotsvaka mushonga (kazhinji kazhinji kuvadziko yemari kana kuti murairo) panzvimbo pechirango choutsotsi. Mutoro wechibvumikiso ndi unobatanidza ufakazi (zvingabvira zvikuru kupfuura zvisati). Mienzaniso inobatanidza gakava, kukuvadziko yomunhu oga, kusabvumirana kwezvinhu, nhau dzemhuri (mutoro, kodzero), uye rusaruro rwebasa.

Nyaya dzevagari vemo dzinobatanidzawo matanho akadai sokupedzisa nyunyuto, mhinduro yomukwirirwi, kuwana (kubatanidza zvikumbiro nezvinyorwa), kutora matanho, kukwirira, uye kukwirira. Nhau dzakawanda dzevagari vemo dzinopera nokukurukura, kutsiva, kana kuti kuronga. Dare rinokurudzira zvakasimba chisarudzo chokutsiva kuti kuderedza kukwira kwemhosva uye kudhura.

Juristion yeHurumende

Kunzwisisa kuti idare ripi rine simba pamusoro penhau yakati kunokosha. matare eFederal ane simba rakaganhurirwa: anogona bedzi kunzwa mhaka dzinomuka mumutemo wehurumende (] dare renhau dzenhau ) kana kuti nhau umo masangano ari anobva kunyika dzakasiyana- siyana uye mari iri mugakava inopfuura $75,000 ( muganhu wehurumende )]. matare ehurumende ane chiremera chose chose chose chose. Zvinoreva kuti nhau dzezuva riri rose hadzina kuchengeterwa nokuda kwematare ehurumende.

Dzimwe nhau dzinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri zvehurumende nehurumende. Apo ikoko kunoitika, dzingaiswa mudare rimwe, kana kuti dare rehurumende ringashandisa kudzora kwendangariro [ pamusoro pehurumende kunoreva chero bedzi zvichibva mumaidi mamwe chetewo. Kana zvakadaro, mhaka dzinogona kuva [ dzinobviswa[[FLT]] kubva kudare rehurumende kuenda kudare rehurumende kana mukwidzirirwi achigona kutanga murairo wenyika.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Akaumba Dare

Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa zvakarondedzera chimiro nebasa rematare eAmerica:

  • [FLT] Marbury v. Madison (103): yakagadza nheyo yokuongorora, kupa matare simba rokuzivisa mitemo isiri pamutemo.
  • Mcculloch v. Maryland (1819): yakasimbiswa ukuru hwehurumende namasimba anorehwa eCongress.
  • [FLT]BN v. Board of Education (1954): yakadzorwa murusaruraganda muzvikoro zvavose, ichiratidza simba rematare kuita chinjo yenzanga.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): kusungirwa kwomutemo kunodikanwa kuzivisa vanyengedzi vanokufungira kodzero dzavo, zvikurukuru kushandura miitiro yamapurisa nokupa mhaka.

Nyaya idzi dzinoratidza kuti matare anogadzirisa sei nyaya dzematare asi kuti anobatsira sei kuti nyaya dzematare dzigadziriswe.

Tsika Yedare Nomutemo: Ukama Hwechisimba

Mapurisa anoongorora mhosva, anounganidza ufakazi, uye anosunga; ipapo matare anosarudza kana kusungwa ikoko kwakanga kwapamutemo, kana ufakazi huchigona kushandiswa, uye kana vakwirirwi vane mhaka. Dare rinonzvera uye kuisa zvibvumikiso zvokusunga, uye vanohwirudzura miitiro yamapurisa kupfurikidza nokudzvinyirira ufakazi.

Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanodavira kuti mapurisa akaputsa kodzero dzavo vanogona kutongwa mudare rehurumende pasi pa 42 U.S.C. 1983, vachitsvaka kuvadziko neyamuro yehurumende. Iyi nzira yavagari vemo inoshanda parutivi pedare ramatsotsi kuti isimbise zviito zvemitemo mukati momutemo.

Kukosha Kwegadziriro yeDare Munzanga Yazvino Uno

Gadziriro yedare inoshanda inokosha nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Inovimbisa kuti mitemo inoshandiswa zvakaenzana, kuti vanhu vane nzvimbo yokutsvaka mushonga wezvigumbu, uye simba rehurumende rinoongororwa. Pasina matare, mutemo ungava usina revo; kodzero dzepamutemo dzingavapo papepa bedzi. Dare rinoshandawo sesimba rinotsigisa mukati menjodzi dzezvematongerwe enyika, sezvinoonekwa mumakwikwikwi okusarudza (g., ] Bhush v. Gore, 2000) uye zvinetso zvechiito choukuru.

Uyezve, matare anotsigira kukura kwezvemari nokusimbisa zvibvumirano, kudzivirira kodzero dzezvinhu, uye kupa chisarudzo chegadziriro yezvakada kuzivikanwa. Mabhizimisi anovimba nematare kuti agadzirise rwisano dzezvokutengeserana, achengetedze zvinhu zvedzidzo, uye atsigire kudzivirirwa kwokubhuroka. Vachapa mari munyika yose vanotsvaka masangano akasimba okutonga pakusarudza kwokuisa mari.

Nokuda kwezvinangwa zvedzidzo, zviwanikwa zvakadai se U.S.S. School inopa tsananguro dzakazara dzemifungo yemitemo. Vadzidzi vanogona kunzverawo zvisarudzo zvemajeri kupfurikidza neChicago-Kallet Project [[[FLT:]]

mhedziso

Gadziriro yedare reAmerica isangano rinoumbwa nemativi akawanda rinobatira somumiririri weruramisiro, muchengeti wekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, uye mumanikidzi wemitemo yapamutemo. Kumatare anotonga umo maidi anotanga kusarudzwa kuDare rapamusorosoro rinogadza muenzaniso, mwero mumwe nomumwe unoita basa rakasiana nerinokosha. Kunzwisisa marudzi ematare, mabasa awo, uye kubatanidzwa pakati pemiitiro yehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwomudzidzi upi noupi womutemo, nhau, kana kuti hurumende.