Gadziriro yapamutemo yeUnited States inoshanda mugadziriro mbiri dzedare, namasangano edare ehurumende akasiana - siana ehurumende nehurumende ayo anogoverana uchangamire apo anobata marudzi akasiyana enhau dzapamutemo. Kunzwisisa kuti aya masangano maviri anoshanda sei, nhaui idzo mumwe nomumwe anobata, uye kuti anobatira pamwe sei zvinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotarisana nenhau yapamutemo kana kuti kungoda bedzi kuva mugari wemo akadzidza. Nyaya ino inogovera kupetwa kwakakwana kwegadziriro dzedare rehurumende nerehurumende, mativi adzo, zvivako, uye ukama pakati pavo.

Kunzwisisa Tsika Yedare Rinotonga Nehurumende

Matare ehurumende anotangwa pasi peChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. uye anoshandisa simba rokutonga parudzi. Anobata nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende, mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, gakava pakati pehurumende, uye nhau umo hurumende yeUnited States iri mubato. Dare rehurumende rakarongedzerwa kuva rakazvimirira, navatongi vanobatira kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose kuti vadzivirirwe padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuvakwa Kwematare Ehurumende

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende ine nhurikidzwa nhatu huru: matare oruwa, matare edunhu ezvikwiro, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States.

  • Matare enhau (Makuru): Kune matare 94 eruwa, kubatanidza matare mundima dzeU.S. nyika imwe neimwe ine dare rimwe roruwa, uye dzimwe hurumende huru dzine zvina. Idzi ndimatare okutonga apo mhaka dzehurumende nedzeutsotsi dzinotongwa. Majeri kana kuti vatongi vanosarudza ndokushandisa mutemo wehurumende. Mitezo yemhosva inobatanidza mhaka dzomubatanidzwa, nharo dzoutongi, nhau dzokubhadharwa kwemari, uye kuparadzisa mhaka.
  • Matare Enhu eAppelte Department (Appelte Department): Matare edunhu echikwidziro (13 hwerengedzo) anonzwa zvikumbiro zvakabva kumatare oruwa mukati memiganhu yawo. Vanohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvedare nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvapamutemo. Kune matunhu ane 11 ane nhamba, D. Transtugart, uye Federal Translation (inobata zvikumbiro zvomunhu chaiye zvakafanana nezvokutengeserana kwamarudzi ose). Zvikumbiro zvinonzwiwa namabhoro evatongi vatatu, uye zvisarudzo zvinogadza muenzaniso wematare akaderera mukati mema.
  • Dare repamusorosoro reUnited States: Dare rapamusorosoro, rinoumbwa neVatongi vapfumbamwe, rinonzwa chiverengero chakaganhurirwa chenhau gore rimwe nerimwe (sezvinganzi 70-80 munhengedzo dzinopfuura 7 000. Dare rinosarudza nhau dzinobatanidza mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti apo matare akaderera akasvika tsananguro dzinorwisana. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvinotonga matare ose echiduku uye hazvigoni kukwirirazve.

Kupomerwa kweDare Rehurumende

Matare eFederal ane simba rakaganhurirwa, kureva kuti anogona bedzi kunzwa mhaka dzinotenderwa neBumbiro remitemo kana kuti mirau yehurumende. Marudzi makuru okudzora kwomubatanidzwa ndeokuti:

  • Federal Question Jurisdition: Nhau dzinomuka mubumbiro reMitemo reU.S., mitemo yehurumende, kana kuti zvibvumirano. Somuenzaniso, kupomera mhaka kuputsa mutemo wekodzero dzevagari vemo kana kuti kudenha murairo wehurumende.
  • Tsamba dzemagariro enhau: Nhau pakati pavagari vemo venyika dzakasiana - siana umo chitsama mugakava chinopfuura $75 000. Ikoku kunobvumira kunze kweruwa kudzivisa mirangariro yomunzvimbomo mumatare ehurumende. Kunyange zvazvo mhaka yacho inobatanidza mutemo wehurumende, inogona kunzwiwa mudare rehurumende.
  • U.S. seBoka: Mhaka umo hurumende yehurumende inopa mhosva (mutoo, nokuda kwokuunganidzwa kwomutero) kana kuti inosundwa (mutoo., pasi peFederal Tort Access Act).
  • [[FUT: 0] Admiralty ne Maritime: Nhau dzinobatanidza mvura dzinonakisa, ngarava, uye kutengeserana kwepagungwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] BANKULURTY:[[FLT: 1] matare eFederal ane simba rakakwana pamusoro pezvinoitika zvokubhuroka muBankruptic Code.

Mativi Makuru Ematare Ehurumende

  • Chirongwa cheNdengedzo yoUpenyu: Chikamu III chavatongi chinobatira nokuda kwoupenyu, chinobviswa bedzi kupfurikidza nokuraira. Uku kuzvimirira kunoitirwa kutsigira kutonga kwomutemo pasina kutya kutsiva.
  • Hurusarudzo neRusimbiso rweDare: Vatongi veFederal vanosarudzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa naDare, vachiita muitiro wokugadza wezvematongerwe enyika asi uchivimbisa kuzvidavirira.
  • matare eFederal anovimba zvikuru nemitemo isati yatemwa. Zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro zvinosunga matare ose ehurumende akaderera, uye zvisarudzo zvedunhu zvinosunga matare oruwa mukati medunhu iroro.
  • Matare akarongwa: Kunze kwematare makuru, kune matare ehurumende akasimba akadai seDare reTrusa, Dare reTrasika reInternational, uye Foreign Surveillance Court.

Nokuda kwamashoko ane udzame zvikuru pamusoro pedare redare rehurumende, shanyira nzvimbo yapamutemo ye [[FLT: 0] U.S. .

Dare reHurumende

Dare rehurumende rinotonga mativi makuru enhau dzapamutemo — anopfuura 90% emhaka dzose dzedare muUnited States. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine bumbiro rayo rimene remitemo, mirau, uye gadziriro yedare. Nepo ichisiyana muudzame, vazhinjisa vanotevera mutoo wakafanana. matare eHurumende ipfundo rokutanga reonano navanhu vanobata nenhau dzapamutemo dzezuva riri rose dzakadai sokupunzwa kwemibato, gakavadzano dzemhuri, rwisano dzavagari vemo, uye kupomera kwapabonde kwakawanda.

Kuvakwa Kwematare Ehurumende

Matare ehurumende anowanzova nemwero mitatu, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzine mamwe matare chaiwo.

  • Dare reMitongo reChiviro cheMitemo: Anowanzonzi matare makuru, matare amatunhu, kana kuti matare oruwa, aya ndiwo matare makuru okutonga. Anonzwa mhosva dzakakomba dzoutsotsi (magakava), mhosva dzevagari vemo dzine zvitsama zvakakura mugakava (kazhinji dzinopfuura $100,000 [Z $25,000]), uye probate, mhuri, uye nhau dzechiduku. Mumaruwa akawanda, aya matare anobatawo zvikumbiro zvakabva kumatare epasi.
  • Dare reMipikiso reJuristorion: Mitemo miduku ine matare maduku enhau dzakadai sedare rezviito, matare maduku anotaurwa, uye matare emejasitiriti. Iyoyi inobata mhaka shomanene dzakakomba (vamirimo), kukwirira mhaka pasi pechitsama chakati chemadhora, uye kutongwa kwokutanga. Zvisarudzo zvakabva kuidziya zvingakwirira kudare rehurumende.
  • Dare reIntetermeter Appellate: Zvikurusa (asi kwete zvose) zvine dare rapakati rekukwirira. Idzi matare anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare aitonga kururamisa zvikanganiso zvapamutemo. Iwo mwero mukuru wenhau zhinjisa, kuvimbisa kuti dare rehurumende gurusa harikudzwi. Mumitezo isina dare rapakati, kukumbira kunoenda zvakananga kudare gurusa rehurumende.
  • Sango reChikamu chikurusa: Dare rokupedzisira rezvisarudzo munyika imwe neimwe. Munenge nyika 40, inonzi Dare Gurusa; mune dzimwe, ringanzi Dare reZvikumbiro (New York) kana kuti Dare Remhosva Gurusarudzo (Massachusetts). Iri dare rinotonga kukwirira kumatare epakati kana kuti zvakananga kubva kumatare anotongwa. Zvisarudzo zvaro zviri dare ndezvokupedzisira uye hazvigoni kukwidzwa kuDare guru reU.S.

Kupomerwa Kwematare Ehurumende

Dare rehurumende rine simba rakafara pamusoro penhau dzisingachengeterwi bedzi matare ehurumende.Nzvimbo dzinokosha dzinobatanidza:

  • Mhaka dzoutsotsi:[ Mhosva zhinjisa dzoutsotsi(kubva kuDuI nokudenha kuponda) inotongwa nomutemo wehurumende uye inotongwa mumatare ehurumende.
  • ... Mhaka dzeCivil:[ Kukakavadzana, kupara mhaka kwezvisakiso zvomunhu oga, kukakavadzana kwezvinhu, uye zviito zveboka zvinowanzochengetwa mumatare ehurumende, zvikurukuru apo anobatanidza mutemo wenyika uye pasina ganhuriro yemhatsa.
  • [ Mhuri neRwisano Dzomumusha:[[[FLT: 1]] chatanuro, kuchengetwa kwavana, tsigiro yavana, kurera, uye kusununguka inhau dzehurumende bedzi.
  • [[[FOL:0] probate neKuisa Mapfumo:[ Zvido, nhaka, zvawakaronzeswa, uye ngarava dzinochengeta zvinobatwa nematare ehurumende.
  • Londlome-Tenant: Kurambwa, kurenda gakava, uye nhau dzenzvimbo inhau dzedare rehurumende.
  • [ Nhau dzechimurenga: Nhau dzokusangwarira nedzokutsamira pamunhu dzinobatanidza vaduku dzinonzwiwa mumatare epwere ehurumende.

Mitoo Yokusarudza Nayo Kutonga

Kusiyana nevatongi vehurumende vanobatsira kuti pave noupenyu, vatongi vehurumende vanosarudza nenzira dzakasiyana - siyana zvichienderana nehurumende yacho:

  • Parisan kana kuti Nonpartisan Ecostant: Mune dzimwe nyika, vatongi vanomira nokuda kwesarudzo, kazhinji kazhinji namashoko amakore 4/10. Ikoku kunovaita kuti vazvidavirire zvakananga kuvavhoti asi vanomutsa funganyo pamusoro pokuita kuti jaji rerusarudzo rive rechinorutsiro.
  • [[FOL:0] Kugadza kunoitwa naGavhuna: Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira gavhuna kugadza vatongi, pane dzimwe nguva nokusimbisa mutemo.
  • Rwizisarudzo (Missouri Plan): Musangano webipartis anogadza vakwirira vakakwaniriswa, gavhuna anogadza mutongi kubva pandaza, uye mutongi anotarisana nesarudzo yerangariro pashure penhambo pfupi. Ikoku kunobatanidza kunzvera kwounyanzvi nokuzvidavirira kwavanhu.
  • [ Chirongwa chaMatanho: Nyika shomanene (seSouth Carolina neVirginia) dzine vatongi vavo vanosarudza.

Mitoo yokusarudza yakasiana inoratidzira mirangariro yakasiana pamusoro pokuzvimirira kwokutonga nokuzvidavirira kwedemocracy. Nokuda kwechipfupiso chetsika yenyika imwe neimwe, ona National Center for State Courts.

Kupindira Kunoita Matare Ehurumende Nehurumende

Kunyange zvazvo matare ehurumende neohurumende achishanda ari oga, kazhinji kazhinji anobatana muBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States nemirau yehurumende zvinoparira nzira dzemhaka dzokuti matare maviri aende pakati pegadziriro mbiri.

Kuzvidzwa Kwazvino Nokubviswa

Nhau dzakawanda dzinogona kuchengetwa mudare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende nemhaka yokuti dzinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri mitemo yehurumende neyehurumende kana kuti dzinosvitsa zvinodikanwa zvehurumende yakasiana - siana. Ikoku kunonzi chiremera chetsinhirano. Somuenzaniso:

  • Mupomeri anokwirira mhaka mukwirirwi anobva mune imwe nyika nokuda kwokuputswa kwechibvumirano mudare rehurumende angaita kuti mukwirirwi abvise mhaka yacho kudare rehurumende kana chitsama chacho chikapfuura $75 000.
  • Kutonga kodzero dzevanhu kunobvumira kuputswa kwezvose zviri zviviri Bumbiro Remitemo reUnited States nomutemo wehurumende kwaigona kuiswa mudare ripi neripi.
  • Dzimwe nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo woutsotsi womubatanidzwa, mutemo wapamutemo, kana kuti kubhuroka zvachero ndezvomubatanidzwa chete uye hadzigoni kunzwiwa mudare rehurumende.

Apo mhaka inoiswa mudare rehurumende asi ingagona kuva yakachengetwa mudare rehurumende, mukwirirwi anogona kudare reruwa repedyosa rehurumende. Dare rehurumende ipapo rinoshandisa mitemo yaro rimene yetsika asi rinoshandisa mutemo mumwe chetewo wedzero (mubatanidzwa kana kuti hurumende) uyo dare rehurumende ringadai rakashandisa.

Kukwirira kuDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States

Dare reChibvumirano chikuru reU.S. rinogona kuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakaitwa nehurumende matare makurusa, asi bedzi kana mhaka yacho ichibatanidza danda remhosva ] rakadai sokududzirwa kwebumbiro reMitemo reU.S., chibvumirano chehurumende, kana kuti mutemo wehurumende. Iyi ndiyo nzira bedzi iyo chisarudzo chedare rehurumende chinogona kudzokororwa nayo nedare rehurumende. Boka rinotsvaka kuhwirudzura mafaira nokuda kwechikumbiro chechipfuro checeritiari, icho Dare Rapamusorosoro rinopa apo bedzi nhau yapamutemo yorudzi kana kuti apo matare ehurumende asvika mhedziso dzinorwisana panhau imwe cheteyo yomubatanidzwa.

Somuenzaniso, mupomerwi wemhosva wehurumende uyo anotaura kuti hurumende yakavanzvera zvisiri pamutemo mukuputswa kweGadziriro Yechina anogona kukwidza kurambwa kwedare gurusa kwezvinotaurwa neDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States.

Dzidziso Inokosha

Munhau dzedzorusarudzi, matare ehurumende anowanzoshandisa mutemo wehurumende wapakarepo. Mhaka yechiratidzo iririeri Railtraund Co. v. Tompkins (38) akatanga kuti matare ehurumende anonzwa mutemo wehurumende anofanira kushandisa mutemo wehurumende maanogara, kana mutemo iwoyo uchibva mumirau kana kuti pazvisarudzo zvehurumende. Ikoku kunodzivisa kutenga uko vatengi vehurumende vaizongosarudza zvavo dare renyika kuti vawane mutemo wakarurama zvikuru wechisarudzo. Dzidziso yeErie inovimbisa kuti muuyo wenhau unofanira kuva wakafanana kana uchibva mudare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende.

Kutenda Kwakazara Nekupiwa Mubayiro

Chikamu IV cheBumbiro reMitemo chinoda kuti zvive zvinotaura kuti "kutenda kwakazara nechikwereti" kumabasa avose, zvinyorwa, uye kutonga kwedzimwe nyika. Ikoku kunoreva kuti rutongeso rwakapiwa nedare rehurumende runofanira kuzivikanwa ndokushandiswa nematare mune dzimwe nyika. Ikoku kunodzivisa mativi kudzikamisa kutaura kwemitsetse yehurumende uye kunovimbisa dzikamo munhau dzakadai semiraudzo yechatanuro, mirairo yekodzero yokuchengeta mwana, uye rutongeso rwemari.

Kusarudza Dare Rakarurama: Nhungamiro Inoshanda

Kune vanhu vari kubatanidzwa mugakava repamutemo, kuziva kuti kunyora mudare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende kunogona kukanganisa nzira, mari, uye mitemo yemitemo. Hezvino zvinhu zvinokosha zvokufunga nezvazvo:

  • Kutongwa kwemhosva: Kana kutaura kwacho kumuka mumutemo wehurumende (g., kuputswa kwemitemo yemitemo yehurumende, kudzorwa kwekodzero, mutemo webasa wehurumende), kunofanira kuunzwa mudare rehurumende. Kana kukamuka pasi pomutemo wehurumende (g., kuputswa kwechibvumirano, kurambana), dare rehurumende ndiyo nzvimbo yenguva dzose.
  • Kutsakatika kwohunzi: Apo mupurisa nomukwirirwi vanobva kunyika dzakasiana uye chitsama chiri $75 000, mhaka ingachengetwa mungava dare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende. dare reFederal ringava rakanakisisa kana mukwirirwi achikarira shanje dzomunzvimbomo kana kuti kana kuti kana mitemo yehurumende (g., kuwana kwakafara) inobetsera.
  • matare enguva neMarongedzero: ane mipimo yenguva yetsika yakasiana, mitemo yokuwana, uye miitiro yeappel. Matare eFederal, somuenzaniso, ane mitemo inoraira kuzivisa uye kazhinji kazhinji anoronga kutonga nokukurumidza zvikuru kupfuura mamwe matare ehurumende anoremedzwa.
  • Jury Comition: madziva edare rinobetsera vatongi anotorwa muruwa rwakafara zvikuru, nepo matare ehurumende anobva muruwa. Ikoku kunogona kutapura uwandu hwevagari vedare uye, sezvingabvira, muuyo.
  • Mitengo yokunyepedzera, kurovedzana negweta, uye muitiro womunzvimbomo zvinogona kupesvedzera chisarudzo. matare ehurumende anowanzova anowanika zvikuru nokuda kwemapepa anozvimirira amene uye ane miitiro iri nyore nokuda kwezvirevo zviduku.

Gweta rinogona kuongorora kana kuendeswa kudare rehurumende kuchibvira, kuona kuti nyaya yacho yakanyatsosimba sei pasi pomutemo wehurumende kana kuti wenyika, uye kuona kuti inoda kugadziriswa here.

Misiyano Mikuru Pakati Pematare Ehurumende Nehurumende Pamutambo

AspectFederal CourtsState Courts
Source of AuthorityU.S. Constitution, federal statutesState constitution, state statutes
Types of CasesFederal laws, constitutional issues, diversity, bankruptcy, patentsMost criminal, family, contract, tort, property, probate
Judicial SelectionPresident appoints, Senate confirms, lifetime tenureElected or appointed, fixed terms (varies by state)
Appellate Structure94 district courts → 13 circuit courts → Supreme CourtState trial courts → intermediate appellate courts (if any) → state supreme court
Finality of DecisionsSupreme Court decisions binding across U.S.State supreme court decisions final on state law; can be appealed to U.S. Supreme Court only on federal questions

Zviwanikwa Zvokudzora Tsika Yepamutemo

Kunzwisisa dare inhano yokutanga.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende nerehurumende mbiri inoreva kudzorwa kweAmerica. Matare eFederal anobata nhau dzoukoshi hwenyika nehwebumbiro remitemo, nepo matare ehurumende anotarisira mativi mazhinjisa enhau dzemitemo yezuva riri rose. Kubatira pamwe kwawo, kupfurikidza nebvumirano yenguva imwe cheteyo, kubvisa, uye kuhwirudzura, kunovimbisa nhevedzano yemitemo inowirirana inoremekedza zvose zviri zviviri chinzwano chorudzi nouchangamire hwehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa mabasa, mitemo, uye pfuma yetsika imwe neimwe, vagari vemo nevanotonga vanogona kuita zvisarudzo zvaunoziva pamusoro penzvimbo uye nzira yokutsvaka nayo ruramisiro. Kana uchitarisana nemhosva, kukwidzanisa kukwidza mutongo, kana kuti kutsvaka zvako kunzwisisa kodzero dzako dzose, zivo yedare ibasa rinokosha munzanga inosarudzwa nehurumende.